Extramural Activities Research Articles

Academic Freedom and Tenure: Between Fiction and Reality

Perhaps no belief has been more central to academic life than that of academic freedom. In the twentieth century academic freedom became enshrined as the raison d'etre for the professorate. For many individuals, colleges and universities existed in large part to enable the search for truth by the faculty. Academic freedom codified the belief about the search for truth. was the structure that ensured the belief would be violated. No less a body than the United States Supreme Court has weighed in on the importance of academic freedom by stating, Our Nation is deeply committed to safeguarding academic freedom, which is of to all of us and merely to the teachers concerned (Keyishian v. Board of Regents, 1967). As a structure, tenure safeguards the freedom of faculty members to speak, write, and associate however they choose. In the hallmark statement on Academic and Tenure, the American Association of University Professors stated in 1940 Tenure is a means to a certain ends, specifically: Freedom of teaching and research and of extramural activities (AAUP, 1940). Once a faculty member receives tenure, the individual has received a structural safeguard; the individual cannot be subjected to adverse employment conditions, such as dismissal, without proof of cause. The Supreme Court's statement that academic freedom is a transcendent value suggests that the idea of academic freedom, like the idea of democracy itself, is ageless; it transcends time and is passed down from one generation to the next. From an interpretivist perspective, however, a transcendent value, is always shaped and redefined within emergent social and cultural contexts. Democracy is very different today as a belief and than in 1776 when women could vote and African Americans were considered equal to white citizens. Similarly, academic freedom and tenure became in the United States only in the last century. Prior to the twentieth century professors could be fired without proof of cause much more easily than today, and the idea that a central goal of the professorate was to search for truth had taken hold as a widely held belief. Thus, we benefit in understanding complex ideas such as academic freedom and tenure when we consider the socio-cultural contexts in which they currently reside. How might we consider such contexts? There numerous ways one might try to gauge how concepts such as academic freedom and tenure discussed and defined in the broader public arena. A review of newspaper articles and opinions, for example, sheds light on how one segment of society thinks of the concepts. An analysis of discussions and portrayals on television and in the movies also lends insights into how one mass medium constitutes ideas about academic life. Obviously, any number of communicative vehicles exists with which one might analyze how society in part comes to define a particular belief. In this essay I look at how tenure and academic freedom portrayed in novels about academic life. In The Art of the Novel, Milan Kundera has observed that the novel provides unique opportunities to explore philosophical questions. Specifically, Kundera suggests that novels allow readers to examine meaning rather than truth, existence as opposed to reality. Thus, the novel suggests what is possible, which reality forecloses insofar as from a realist position reality is definite, describing what the author believed actually happened, rather than what might have happened. Novels also helpful for understanding public attitudes about a topic such as academic freedom because novels reach mass audiences who likely to have input into how the larger society shapes academic life. Unlike academic articles in scholarly journals that read by only a handful of interested scholars, novels have a broad reach. As Janice Rossen has observed, novels are important because they widely believed by their readers to constitute an accurate representation of academic life, whether they do so or not (1993, p. …

Ann Hagan Named Associate Director for Extramural Activities

Ann Hagan Named Associate Director for Extramural Activities

학교내,외 체육활동에 대한 학생의 인식

학교내,외 체육활동에 대한 학생의 인식

Breve historia y sentido de la extensión universitaria.

Although extramural activities are one oJ the fundamental tasks carried out by universities, they have received very little attention compared to other university duties, such as research and teaching. This lack of concern for the subject has translated into multiple different views and opinions on the meaning, the scope and the importance of extramural activities, which many people with dissemination. Others do not make a distinction between academic extramural activities, continuing education or cultural and artistic extension. Some people view activities carried out by university services as extramural activities while others do not. OnIy a few acknowledge extramural activities not only as a tool and a platform to project university thinking and creation but also as a space and a possibility for contact with the needs and requirements of society. Therefore, extramural activities carried out by universities are viewed by some as a supplementary function while others consider it to be a primordial duty in the actions implemented by a university. The purpose of this article is to provide a first approach to the subject of extramural activities implemented by universities, based primarily on a review of historical elements and an analysis in light oJ the author experience in this matter

Rural internship in dentistry in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

This paper describes a rural internship experience developed between 1998 and 1993 by the School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University. The objective of this program was to raise the social consciousness of undergraduate students. Extramural activities were carried out in the form of supervised 3-month internships in the dentistry services offered by public health units at several locations in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Besides working in the clinics, students took part in activities aimed at assessing oral health in the community, organizational and programmatic structures of the health services, and priorities, appropriate technology, education, and prevention in oral health. These internships integrated the critical thinking of professors, students, class associations, and service-providing institutions regarding the adequacy of education received by future dentists in addressing the true situation of oral health in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

Is Prevention of Sports Injuries a Realistic Goal? A Four-Year Prospective Investigation of Sports Injuries Among Physical Education Students

To assess the reliability of injury registration and to determine the incidence of injury in intramural (program of the institution) and extramural (leisure time) sports activities, we prospectively recorded information on sports injuries for 4 years in a group of 136 physical education students. Registration forms were completed every 3 weeks, and data on medical consultations were recorded. During the last year, we asked 59 students to recall all injuries sustained to establish the reliability of retrospective injury registration. In the prospective study, 525 sports injuries were recorded: 58% during intramural activities and 42% during extramural. The incident rate per 1000 hours of intramural activities (1.26) was significantly lower than that for extramural activities (1.77). A gradual decline in response rate from 98.4% the 1st year to 87.7% in the final year indicated a decreasing compliance during the study period. Eighteen percent of all injuries with recorded medical consultations were not reported by the students. At the retrospective injury registration in the final year of the study, students had forgotten 54% of the recorded injuries and 50 injuries (20% of all recorded injuries) were mentioned that had not been recorded during the previous years. We conclude that, even in a well-supervised population, prospective injury registration is not complete, and the reliability of retrospective injury registration is even poorer.

Careers-perspective interview

My PhD research at the University of Florida, Gainesville, looked at the influence of paternal and maternal genes on sea urchin development. I did a postdoc at the same institution (while my husband finished his PhD) on cell differentiation in slime moulds. I moved with my husband to a small college town in Michigan, where I became the business manager of The Society for Developmental Biology and worked part time at the local college where my husband was employed. I then took a job in science administration at the National Institutes of Health. My first job at the NIH involved direct management of a grants programme in cell biology, in the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. I was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility, first in the NIGMS and later in other parts of the NIH. I returned to the NIGMS in 1989 as Associate Director for Extramural Activities.

Continuity of information for breast cancer patients: the development, use and evaluation of a multidisciplinary care-protocol

The multidisciplinary nature of much patient-care may lead to gaps in the continuity of information which they receive, as well as to different care-professionals giving them contradictory information. As a counter-measure, a protocol has been developed which integrates medical, nursing, and a variety of extramural events and activities into a comprehensive description of 15 ‘moments’ in the care of breast cancer surgery-patients. Among innovations, the protocol includes information about psychosocial guidance following diagnosis, and about the discharge procedure and contact with fellow-sufferers. The protocol was implemented in Rotterdam in 1994, in two hospitals and in the community; and evaluated formatively on the basis of reactions from 53 patients and 81 careprofessionals. Both groups found its form and content to be successful and informative.

NIH Contemplates Changes In Its Peer Review Process, Worrying Researchers

Acommittee of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is floating L a set of 10 recommendations that, if adopted, could profoundly change the way research proposals are evaluated at the agency. The group's intention is to bring current knowledge of the way people make decisions to bear on how research grant applications are scored. However, some of the recommendations are meeting with a lot of resistance. The group that put together the recommendations is a subcommittee of the NIH Committee on Improving Peer Review, which is headed by Constance W. Atwell, associate director for extramural activities at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke. This subcommittee, charged with evaluating the rating of grant applications, is composed primarily of NIH staff and is assisted by experts in psychometrics and decision-making. The group believes peer review of research grants at NIH could be improved by having study sections assess applications on three separately scored criteria—significance, appr...

Is prevention of sports injuries a realistic goal? A four-year prospective investigation of sports injuries among physical education students.

To assess the reliability of injury registration and to determine the incidence of injury in intramural (program of the institution) and extramural (leisure time) sports activities, we prospectively recorded information on sports injuries for 4 years in a group of 136 physical education students. Registration forms were completed every 3 weeks, and data on medical consultations were recorded. During the last year, we asked 59 students to recall all injuries sustained to establish the reliability of retrospective injury registration. In the prospective study, 525 sports injuries were recorded: 58% during intramural activities and 42% during extramural. The incident rate per 1000 hours of intramural activities (1.26) was significantly lower than that for extramural activities (1.77). A gradual decline in response rate from 98.4% the 1st year to 87.7% in the final year indicated a decreasing compliance during the study period. Eighteen percent of all injuries with recorded medical consultations were not reported by the students. At the retrospective injury registration in the final year of the study, students had forgotten 54% of the recorded injuries and 50 injuries (20% of all recorded injuries) were mentioned that had not been recorded during the previous years. We conclude that, even in a well-supervised population, prospective injury registration is not complete, and the reliability of retrospective injury registration is even poorer.

Assistenza psichiatrica a Firenze. Indagine “ad hoc” sulla prevalenza dei casi in trattamento nei servizi psichiatrici pubblici (1991)

SummaryObjective - The aim of our research is to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric illnesses by means of data collected at the Florence municipality community mental health services encompassing all hospital and extramural activities, providing the same kind of information given by Psychiatric Case Register (PCR) covered areas. Design - It has been carried out a one week prevalence assessment through a cross-sectional analysis of clinical records gathered by psychiatric services of the submitted area. Population studied - The inquiry has considered the area of USL (Administative Local Authority of National Health Service) 10/A, 10/B, 10/C and 10/D, which constituite togheter with USL 10/E, the Florence municipality area. Results - Total and specific rates for diagnostic categories, sex and age reveal a large variability among the four considered USLs confirmed by standardized rates: the 10/A and 10/B USLs, that include the historic centre of Florence, present the highest standardized rates (10/A 207/100.000, 10/B 189/100.000), especially for the most severe disorders (Schizophrenia: 10/A 110/100.000, 10/B 87/100.000; Major Affective Disorders: 10/A 32/100.000, 10/B 38/100.000; Organic Psichosys: 10/A 6/100.000, 10/B 9/100.000). Conclusion - In the present study, the prevalence rate for all diagnoses for the whole area considered, is about 150.6/100.000, quite close to the estimate calculated in Verona-Sud (200/100.000). As to the different rates among USLs we have to bear in mind the development of the delivery care system, and the available clinical settings (on day hospital and residentials activities for long-term patients).

‘Only a Librarian’: WH Ifould and the Sydney Establishment

ABSTRACTFrom the moment he set foot in Sydney, WH Ifould, Principal Librarian of the Public Library of New South Wales from 1912 to 1942, began to cultivate a network of contacts in politics, business, industry, the arts, the press and the professions. This article illustrates the merging of Ifould's private and public life, describing how he used extramural activities to make and maintain contact with the Sydney establishment, and tracing links between many of his associates. The author is currently undertaking a PhD at the University of Sydney on WH Ifould and the development of library services in New South Wales.

Conversation with Emma

Too often educators, and parents too, assume that very able students if they are achieving well at school and in extramural activities are also developing well in the emotional and social domain. "Conversation with Emma" reveals some of the deep problems and anxieties some pupils may have and emphasises the need for counselling and support.

Current National Cancer Institute Center programs.

CancerVolume 29, Issue 4 p. 887-888 ArticleFree Access II. Current National Cancer Institute center programs William M. Roberson MD, William M. Roberson MD Program Director, Cancer Research Centers, Extramural Activities, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.Search for more papers by this author William M. Roberson MD, William M. Roberson MD Program Director, Cancer Research Centers, Extramural Activities, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1972 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197204)29:4<887::AID-CNCR2820290426>3.0.CO;2-N AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume29, Issue4April 1972Pages 887-888 RelatedInformation

Role of the National Cancer Institute in the development of cancer centers.I. National Cancer Institute center programs

CancerVolume 29, Issue 4 p. 882-887 ArticleFree Access Role of the National Cancer Institute in the development of cancer centers. I. National Cancer Institute center programs J. Palmer Saunders PhD, J. Palmer Saunders PhD Associate Director for Extramural Activities, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.Search for more papers by this author J. Palmer Saunders PhD, J. Palmer Saunders PhD Associate Director for Extramural Activities, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1972 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197204)29:4<882::AID-CNCR2820290425>3.0.CO;2-4Citations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume29, Issue4April 1972Pages 882-887 RelatedInformation

Role of the National Cancer Institute in the development of cancer centers. IV. Planning for cancer centers.

CancerVolume 29, Issue 4 p. 891-893 ArticleFree Access IV. Planning for cancer centers William A. Walter MD, William A. Walter MD Deputy Associate Director for Extramural Activities, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.Search for more papers by this author William A. Walter MD, William A. Walter MD Deputy Associate Director for Extramural Activities, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1972 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197204)29:4<891::AID-CNCR2820290428>3.0.CO;2-Y AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume29, Issue4April 1972Pages 891-893 RelatedInformation

Mental patients in nursing homes. I. Social deprivation and regression.

Abstract: A one‐year controlled study was made of 16 nursing homes containing 1,400 patients, 141 of whom were former patients of the Boston State Hospital. The purpose was to determine the effect of therapeutic activities in these settings. The design of the study is described.Institutional deprivation may be physical, intellectual or spiritual. Deprivation in nursing homes was found to be particularly related to: 1) lack of stimulation, 2) lack of adequate walking space inside and outside the homes, 3) lack of recreational and occupational therapy, 4) lack of space for group socialization and activities, 5) lack of a common dining room, so that patients have to eat off trays in their rooms, 6) absence of volunteer workers from the community, 7) separation of patients on different floors, and 8) minimal socialization between male and female patients. Case reports exemplifying deprivation reactions and regressive behavior (a warning signal of possible organic changes) are presented.Proposed programs for overcoming these problems include: 1) in‐service training of staff, 2) better communication between the state hospital and the nursing home, 3) intervention for emergencies or recurring problems, 4) the establishment of recreational and occupational therapy, and 5) the recruitment of volunteers to visit, conduct group games, and arrange extramural activities.

Role of the Public Health Service in Housing and Urban Life

HEALTH PROBLEMS associated with housing and the neighborhood that the housing serves-are too important to be dealt witlh on a strictly categorical basis. The problems of the slums and ghettos in America demand the broadest possible attention, and health officials at all levels must give the highest priority to their solution. The job to be done is simply too big to be handled in a unified, sharply delineated way. Indeed, much of what the Public Health Service does in support of research and developmient, preparation of standards, training of manpower, provision of technical assistance, and sharing in the costs of program development anid operation bears significantly on our national efforts to improve the quality of housing and urban living. Provocative as it might be to attempt to present data on the dollars spent by the Service for these activities and on the man-years of effort put into them, it is not only unrealistic, but also usually misleading, to attempt such a finite approach to portrayal of a diverse undertaking. Suffice it to say that all five of our bureaus-and innumerable subdivisions thereof-are partieipating to a greater oir lesser extent. Add to this participation the role,s of the various staff offices in the Office of the Surgeon General, and one perceives that we are deeply, if noit categorically, involved in the hygie,ne of housing. The question of coordination of these intramural anid supportive efforts has been the subject of -careful review. Characteristically, whenever the Service engages in a progra.m that has far-reaching implications and diverse roots within the organization, many s,pecialists, believe that we should have either a vice president-in-charge-of or a coordinating committee for. However, there are equally persuasive exponents of the theory that such organizational arrangements tend to inlhibit, rather than advance, problem-solving. In my opinion, the evolution and motivation of our program planning and budgeting system and the full flowering of our comprehensive health planning and services activities will provide logical frameworks within which we can effectively translate our scientific and technical activities into action progra,ms for the hygiene of housing. In addition to intramural efforts and finatncial support for extramural activities, we also afford substantial teichnical assistance to other Federal agencies that are trying to improve the quality of urban living. Specifically, the Service works with the Departments of Housing and Urban Development, of C'ommerce, and of Justice and with the Office of Economic OpporMr. Pond is Assistant Surgeon General for Special Projects of the Public Health Service. He presented this paper on October 25, 1967, at the engineering and sanitation section program, 95th annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, Miami Beach, Fla,. (The photographs for the frontispiece and paper were supplied by the National Center for Urban and Industrial Health, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.)

Hospital Epidemiology

The need for closer liaison between hospitals and public health agencies arose from the increasing concern of hospitals with community health services and the broadening compass of public health epidemiology. The impetus for these expanded interests came in part from an appreciation of the importance of ecological factors in disease causation and prevention. Considerations such as these led to the organization of a hospital epidemiology program in New York city. In this pilot project 16 hospitals in the borough of Brooklyn each nominated a staff member as hospital epidemiologist. The epidemiologist, acting for both the hospital and the health department, conducts a variety of investigative, educational, and related activities in his institution. These are coordinated with extramural activities of the health department's field epidemiologists. Steps are being taken to expand the hospital epidemiology program throughout the city.

Hospital epidemiology. Its development and potential.

The need for closer liaison between hospitals and public health agencies arose from the increasing concern of hospitals with community health services and the broadening compass of public health epidemiology. The impetus for these expanded interests came in part from an appreciation of the importance of ecological factors in disease causation and prevention. Considerations such as these led to the organization of a hospital epidemiology program in New York city. In this pilot project 16 hospitals in the borough of Brooklyn each nominated a staff member as hospital epidemiologist. The epidemiologist, acting for both the hospital and the health department, conducts a variety of investigative, educational, and related activities in his institution. These are coordinated with extramural activities of the health department's field epidemiologists. Steps are being taken to expand the hospital epidemiology program throughout the city.