Onion Extract Research Articles

Non-surgical methods for the treatment and prevention of skin scars

Hypertrophic scars and keloids mostly develop as a result of wound healing and skin burns. Depending on their location, pathological scars can be not only aesthetically distressing, but also present challenges associated with limited function of the limbs, frequent trauma, inflammation, and persistent pain syndrome. The urgency of the problem of hypertrophic and keloid scars has led to a plethora of therapeutic strategies and innovation techniques to prevent or attenuate pathological scar formation. At the same time, preventing pathological scarring is undoubtedly more effective and cheaper than treating it later on. Next to surgical techniques, injection therapy and an appropriate general postsurgical care for fresh wounds, a multitude of topical drugs are now available for scareless wound healing. Parallel to various silicone-based products, onion extract or cepalin has been highlighted as one of the potential anti-scarring agents over recent years. Based on several studies, onion extract alone or in combination with allantoin and heparin helped to alleviate the woundhealing process in wounds of various origins and prevent their pathological scarring. Considering that hypotrophic scar and keloid formation following surgery or trauma is almost impossible to predict, it is advisable to actively use topical dosage forms to improve wound healing and minimize aesthetic defect, the more so as the prevention of pathological scarring is more effective, safe and comfortable than its treatment. The simplicity of their use opens up vast opportunities for the treatment and prevention of the pathological scar formation in outpatient practice.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Bawang Merah dan Kecambah dengan Pemberian Pupuk Cair Hayati terhadap Pertumbuhan Seedling Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.)

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) seeds from seed, or commonly called seedling, have relatively few lateral roots and are poor in root hairs so that their growth is slow (having a long juvenile period of up to 10-15 years). For this reason, it is necessary to make efforts so that mangosteen seedlings can have a good root system through the addition of natural growth regulators. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of red onion extract, a mixture of onion extract and mung bean sprouts combined with biological liquid fertilizer on the growth of mangosteen seedling. This research was carried out in the Horticulture FP greenhouse in March 2020–July 2020. This study was arranged in a factorial (3 x 2) in a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with three replications. The first factor was natural ZPT treatment: without extract, red onion extract 400 g/L, and mixed extract of onion 200 g/L and green bean sprouts 200 g/L. The second factor is the provision of biological fertilizers, namely without biological fertilizers and 15 ml/L). The results showed that the administration of mixed extracts of shallots and mung bean sprouts tended to have better growth which could be seen from the highest average value for the variable plant height 6.04 cm, stem diameter 2.93 mm, and the number of secondary roots. The mixed extract treatment of shallots and mung bean sprouts also increased the widest leaf area by a difference of 3.5 cm² compared to the control. Keywords : extract of shallot/ green bean sprout, growth regulator, mangosteen

English

The study investigated the effect of 10% aqueous extracts of ginger, garlic and onion on the quality and shelf life of frozen chevon and pork as reflected by changes in values of 2-thiobartituric acid reactive substances (2-TBARS) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) over a 14 day storage under frozen conditions.  The pH, 2-TBARS and TVB-N of chevon and pork were measured from frozen storage at -20°C after 14 days. The 10% aqueous extracts resulted in low pH values of 5.63, 5.79 and 5.67 at 14 day for chevon mixed with ginger, garlic and onion, respectively. After 14 days of frozen storage, results on 2-TBARS expressed as mg MDA/kg meat, for chevon mixed with aqueous extracts of ginger, garlic and onion were 2.62±0.01, 1.45±0.01 and 4.71±0.03 which were lower compared to 5.93±0.01 for raw chevon. On the other hand, on day 14 of frozen storage, pork mixed with garlic aqueous extracts had lower TBARS value of 2.13±0.01 compared to the values obtained in pork mixed with onion, ginger and control pork sample, respectively. TVB-N, in mg/100 g, was highest in control raw chevon and pork registering values of 95.70±0.32 and 84.00±0.40, respectively after 14 days. Low values of TVB-N of 7.24±0.23, 12.37±0.23 and 16.61±0.50 were observed in chevon mixed with ginger, garlic and onion compared to the values for pork mixed with ginger, garlic and onion. Therefore, findings from this study have revealed that natural aqueous antioxidant extracts of ginger, garlic and onion has antioxidative effect on lipid peroxidation in frozen stored fresh chevon and pork.   Key words: 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (2-TBARS), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), antioxidants, pork, goat meat (chevon), ginger, garlic, onion.

Anti-bacterial Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Onion, Garlic and Cinnamon on Xanthomonas Species

Onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) are edible herbs but they contain many chemicals which can be used as medicine. These herbs also contain many antibiotic molecules that are capable to inhibit or reduce growth of many types of microbes including bacteria. Due to the development of resistance of bacteria against synthetic antibiotic now there is a need to have natural antibiotic which must be harmless, cheap and easily available. To know the effectiveness of garlic, onion, and cinnamon on disease causing bacteria such as Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, extracts of each sample was made in water and ethanol. Antibacterial potential of plant extracts was observed at two different stages: at the time of inoculation and after growth of pathogen on media. Results showed extracts applied on all the bacteria before growth inhibited maximum bacterial growth as compared to applied after growth. Moreover, cinnamon extract in ethanol effectively control bacterial growth than onion and garlic extracts. Maximum inhibition zone was shown by ethanolic extract of cinnamon before growth of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (7.333 mm), Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum (7.83 mm) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (5.1 mm). After 24 hours, maximum growth of Xanthomonas oryzae and Xanthomonas axonopodis was inhibited by ethanolic extracts of cinnamon (2.82 and 3.35 mm, respectively) while Xanthomonas campestris was inhibited by ethanolic extract of onion (6.55 mm). Extract diluted from 66mg/ml to 0.01mg/ml showed different minimum inhibitory concentration against pathogens. As concentration decreases inhibition of bacteria also decreases. Ethanolic extracts of cinnamon showed maximum MIC against Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum (3.5 mm to 1.5 mm) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (5 mm to 2 mm) while for Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri ethanolic extract of garlic (3 mm to 1 mm) was effective ranging between 66mg/ml to 33 mg/ml. This study highlighted that natural products possess ability to inhibit pathogenic bacterial growth and would also be helpful in medicinal field for further study.

A nutraceutical combination of cinnamon, purple onion, and tea linked with key enzymes on treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is concomitant with significant morbidity and mortality and its prevalence is accumulative worldwide. The conventional antidiabetic agents are known to mitigate the symptoms of diabetes; however, they may also cause adverse effects. This study was to explore the efficacy of polyherbal dietary supplement cinnamon, purple onion, and tea on the mediation of postprandial hyperglycemia in the search of combinations with a maximal response. A starch solution (3g/kg Bwt) of oral starch tolerance test (OSTT) and glucose solution (4g/kg Bwt) of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with and without cinnamon, purple onion, tea extract (15mg/kg Bwt), and mixture (each 5mg/kg Bwt, 1:1:1), metformin (14mg/kg Bwt), or acarbose (50mg/kg Bwt) was administered to high fat plus high fructose-induced diabetic mice after an overnight fast. Postprandial plasma glucose levels were measured and changed areas under the response curve were calculated to find out the maximal efficacy of optimal polyherbal combinations. Compared with acarbose, the mixture of extracts (purple onion, cinnamon, and tea) indicated the decreasing blood glucose in OSTT. In OGTT, the mixture of extracts showed greater efficacy for hypoglycemia when compared with metformin. The molecular docking of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and AMPK was further confirmed the putatively acting molecules from the extracts of purple onion, cinnamon, and tea. Overall, this investigation evidenced a beneficial mediation for the progression of lowering blood glucose with a combinatory extract of cinnamon, dietary onion, and tea, implicating their prospective as nutraceuticals that might ameliorate hyperglycemia in diabetes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Diabetes mellitus (DM), one of metabolic syndrome, attributes to risk factors like obesity, physical inactivity, ageing, life style, and genetic predisposition even with significant morbidity and mortality. DM is increasing and accounts for an estimated annual medical expenditure of US$ 827 billion worldwide. Therefore, maintaining blood glucose levels within the normal range is critical for preventing diabetes and its co-morbidities. The conventional antidiabetic agents are known to mitigate the symptoms of diabetes; nevertheless, they may also cause adverse or side effects. In an effort to design novel and well-tolerated solutions to halt the progression of DM, however evidence-base is extremely limited regarding the efficacy of polyherbal dietary supplement individual herbs for the management of glycemia. In this investigation evidenced a beneficial mediation for the progression of lowering blood glucose with a combinatory extract of cinnamon, dietary onion, and tea, implicating their prospective as nutraceuticals that might ameliorate hyperglycemia in diabetes.

Antioxidant Power on Dermal Cells by Textiles Dyed with an Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Extract.

In this study, the phenol loading and antioxidant activity of wool yarn prepared with the aqueous extract of onion (Allium cepa L.) skin was enhanced by implementing the dyeing process with the use of alum as a mordant. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods were applied for the characterization of polyphenolic substances loaded on the wool yarn. The antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated by determining the level of intra- and extra-cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts pre-treated with lipopolysaccharide put in contact with artificial sweat. An elevated dye uptake on wool was observed for the pre-mordanted sample, as demonstrated by high absorbance values in the UV-Visible spectral range. Chromatographic results showed that protocatechuic acid and its glucoside were the main phenolic acid released in artificial sweat by the wool yarns, while quercetin-4′-glucoside and its aglycone quercetin were more retained. The extract released from the textile immersed in artificial sweat showed a significant reducing effect on the intra-and extracellular ROS levels in the two cell lines considered. Cytofluorimetric analyses demonstrated that the selected mordant was safe at the concentration used in the dyeing procedure. Therefore, alum pre-mordanted textiles dyed with onion-skin extracts may represent an interesting tool against skin diseases.

Evaluating efficacy and safety of the topical silicone gel containing onion extract in the treatment of post-cesarean surgical scars.

Cesarean section scars are post-surgical problems in women. Many active ingredients have been found to diminish scar formation. Clinical investigations on the onion extract have gained more attention due to its properties, such as improvement of scar appearance and texture. However, published studies evaluating the usefulness of the onion extract in the treatment of scars are controversial. The three-month study period followed a prospective, randomized, and double-blinded design. Each enrolled subject's post-cesarean completely sealed wounds were divided into two halves along the closure axis. Each half was randomly assigned to the treatment with either silicone gel containing 5% onion extract or the silicone gel containing vitamin C. All subjects were respectively evaluated at the one, two, and three months of the treatment. After the three-month follow-up, there was a statistically significant difference in scar improvement between before and after treatment. None of statistically significant difference in the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) and Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) scores and melanin value was found between silicone gel containing 5% onion extract and the control silicone gel. However, the improvement of scar erythema by treatment with the silicone gel containing 5% onion extract was significantly greater than in the control group. No adverse effects were reported in either group.

Ameliorative Effect of Allium Cepa L. (Red Onion) Extract against Potassium Bromate Induced Intestinal Injury‏ In Rats

Potassium bromate is an oxidizing agent and one of the cheapest dough improvers in the baking and food industry. This agent is classified as carcinogenic in rats and nephrotoxic in both man and experimental animals when given orally. The red onion, Allium cepa, is used in the daily diet for taste. Compounds in onions also have various medicinal properties, such as being anticancer, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and anti-inflammatory. We therefore sought to investigate whether aqueous extract of red onion would be protective against injury to the intestine
 Materials and Methods: 36 Wistar male rats were divided into 6 batches. Over a 4-weeks experimental period, group I rats served as a control and group II received 100 mg/kg b.w of KBrO3 on the 24th and 27th days. Group III received red onion juice at 1ml/100 g bw every day and 100 mg/kg bw of KBrO3 on the 24th and 27th days. Group IV received 50 mg/kg bw of KBrO3 twice per week, group V received red onion juice daily at 1ml/100 g bw and 50 mg/kg bw of KBrO3 twice per week, and group VI received 30 mg/kg KBrO3 every day. The body and four organs weights, including the kidney, testis, lung and liver of all experimental rats were measured. The histopathological investigation was performed for the intestine tissues of all groups.
 Results: KBrO3-treated small intestines exhibited destruction in the villi, decreased number of goblet cells, crypt loss and cell infiltration in the epithelial lining. Treatment with extract of red onion appeared to significantly ameliorate the toxic effects of KBrO3.
 Conclusion: Our findings suggest that red onion ameliorates the extent of intestinal injury and appears to act as an antioxidant. This study supports that red onion has beneficial properties, although no direct clinical conclusions can be drawn from these data.

Toward Efficient and Safe Control Strategy Against cotton leaf worm Spodoptera Littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Applying Onion and Pepper extracts and their Oils.

Toward Efficient and Safe Control Strategy Against cotton leaf worm Spodoptera Littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Applying Onion and Pepper extracts and their Oils.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL BAWANG DAYAK (Eleutherine polmifolia (L.) Merr) TERHADAP Salmonella typhi dan Escherichia coli

Dayak onion (Eleutherine polmifolia (L.) Merr) was a typical plant of Kalimantan. Empirically dayak onion (Eleutherine polmifolia (L.) Merr) used by the comunity to treat skin infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of dayak onion power against Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli bacteria. The highest concentration used was 100%, and the lowest concentration was 0,5%. As a control of cloramfenikol for Salmonella typhi and ciprofloxacin for Escherichia coli bacteria. This research method used agar diffusion. The results showed the ethanol extract of dayak onion (Eleutherine polmifolia (L.) Merr) contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and phenols with the highest levels was by tannins at 7,45%. Dayak onion (Eleutherine polmifolia (L.) Merr) are inhibiting the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)of 1% with a inhibition zone diameter of 6,24 mm and 0,9% with a inhibition zone diameter of 6,20 mm at Escherichia coli bacteria.Keywords : Eleutherine polmifolia (L.) Merr, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Agar diffusion, MIC

Silicone gel sheeting for treating hypertrophic scars.

Silicone gel sheeting for treating hypertrophic scars.

Evaluation of plant extracts for the management of Cowpea anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

The fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is both seed and soil borne which is the causative of cowpea anthracnose. This causes a significant loss of the crop and becoming a major hindrance in its bumper productivity in all countries where such crop is grown. In order to find out an environment friendly, sustainable control protocol, experiments were conducted by taking eight different plant extracts against the pathogen. The extracts were applied to the plant samples after the 25th day of germination in the field. Application of neem followed by ginger, onion, garlic and tulsi extracts effectively reduce the percent disease incidence by 90%, 85%, 82%, 79% and 76%, respectively. Similarly, the percent green pod yield increased by 134,127, 114, 93 and 84, respectively over control as well as the cost-benefit ratio which can be recommended to the farming community.

Comparative Phytochemical Profiling of Garlics (Allium sativum L.) and Onion (Alium cepa L.)

Aims: This research aims to perform the extraction of garlic samples and onion as well as to carry out qualitative phytochemical screening by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and phytochemical analyses for the detection of carbohydrates, flavonoids, and alkaloids. 
 Study Design: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and some preliminary qualitative phytochemical tests to detect the presence of carbohydrates and reducing sugars, flavonoids, and alkaloids were carried out to compare and identify the chemical compositions in black and white garlic as well as onion.
 Place and Duration of Study: Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam. The whole study was conducted and completed in 12 months.
 Methodology: Black garlic (BG) is derived from raw white garlic (WG) that is modified by treating it with highly controlled temperature and humidity. In addition to the black and white garlic powder samples, this comparative study was also performed on smoked garlic and onion. The extraction of black garlic (BG), white garlic (WG), crushed smoked garlic (CSG), and onion was performed by using ethanol and ethyl acetate. The comparative phytochemical profiling was conducted by using TLC and qualitative phytochemical analyses were done using standard methods.
 Results: The presence of amino acid in the ethanolic extracts of black garlic (BG), crushed smoked garlic (CSG), and onion were detected. Ethyl acetate extracts might contain triterpene. Phytochemical screening tests showed the presence of reducing sugars and alkaloids in ethanolic extracts of black garlic (BG), while white garlic (WG) contains flavonoids, alkaloids, and a trace amount of carbohydrates. Both extracts of onion showed the presence of carbohydrate, reducing sugars and flavonoids. Meanwhile alkaloids are only detected in ethanolic extract of onion.
 Conclusion: The extracts of garlics and onion samples in this study had shown appreciable presence of some important phytochemical compounds in Allium species such as amino acids, flavonoids, alkaloids and carbohydrates.

The natural antiviral and immune stimulant effects of Allium cepa essential oil onion extract against virulent Newcastle disease virus

Fifty broiler chicks were divided into five groups to study the antiviral and immune-stimulant effect of Allium cepa essential oils (ACEO). The effect of Allium cepa essential oils administration single or combined with NVD vaccine in broilers, more than one parameter was studied in this study i.e., the clinical symptoms that appeared on the chicks after the experimental infection with velogenic Newcastle disease virus, postmortem lesions, pathological lesions scoring, mortality rate (MR), and viral shedding, birds immunity was assessed by HI test and protection percent post-challenge with vNDV. Our result showed that mild clinical signs, lesion scoring, decreased viral shedding in ACEO treated groups 3 (G 3) more than control groups post-challenge with vNDV. Delayed onset of mild clinical signs in G3 followed by complete recovery 7th-day post-challenge (DPC). Low MR (40 and 0%) and high protection percent (100 and 60%) in ACEO treated G3 and G5, respectively. spleen, thymus, cecal tonsil, proventriculus, and cerebrum lesions scoring in G3 and G5 were significantly ((p ≤ 0.05).) lower than the control group, proving a decrease in NDV replication and effective antiviral activity of ACEO. HI titer significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) In G3, G4 and G5 compared with control groups. There is no significant difference in HI titer in ACEO treated groups and vaccinated groups. In conclusion, oral administration of ACEO combined with NDV vaccines significantly reduces or eliminates lethal clinical signs, lesions, viral shedding, and enhances immune response and protection percent after vNDV challenge proving the natural antiviral and immune stimulant effect of ACEO onion extract. Implementing such a regime might aid NDV control in broiler flocks in endemic areas and reduce the epidemiological load of NDV in the environment.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK BAWANG MERAH DAN LAMA PERENDAMAN STEK JAMBU AIR MADU VARIETAS DELI HIJAU (Syzygium aqueum L.)

This study was conducted to determine the effects of interaction and the main response of the onion extract concentration and soaking time on cuttings guava water honey of green Deli variety (Syzygium aqueum L.). A completely randomized design (CRD) factorial was used in this study, consisting of 2 factors. The first factor was the concentration of onion extract consisting of 4 levels, i.e control, 100 g, 300 g, and 500 g of onion extract per 100 ml water. The second factor was the soaking time which consisted of 4 levels, i.e the soaking time of cuttings 3 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, and 12 hours. The parameters observed were percentage of cuttings grown, age of germination days after planting, number of shoots, number of roots, longest root length, root volume. Observational data were analyzed statistically and continued with Tukey's HSD tests (p< 0.05). The results showed the interaction of onion extract concentration and soaking time had significant effects on the parameters for the percentage of cuttings grown, sprout age, number of shoots, number of roots, longest root length, and root volume. The best treatment was the combination of onion extract 300 g per 100 ml of water and soaking time on 9 hours.

Pengaruh Kombinasi Polimer Polivinil Pirolidon dan Etil Selulosa terhadap Karakteristik dan Uji Penetrasi Formulasi Transdermal Patch Ekstrak Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia (L)

The transdermal patch can deliver the active substance with good bioavailability, then made formulations of such preparations from dayak onion extract, which has a compound content of flavonoids, with a combination of polymer PVP K30 and ethyl cellulose to produce transdermal patches with good physical evaluation and penetration. The research aims to carry out the effect and ideal formulation of transdermal patches of dayak onion extract with a combination of polymers PVP K30 and ethyl cellulose based on physical evaluation and penetration—manufacture of transdermal patches using the solvent evaporation method. Physical evaluation includes organoleptic testing, weight uniformity, thickness, folding resistance, and moisture testing. Then evaluate the penetration of the active substance using Franz diffusion cells. Analyze data with One Way ANOVA. The physical evaluation results of weight uniformity, patch thickness, folding resistance, and moisture test of transdermal patches on F1, F2, F3, and F4 meet the requirements. As for the results of penetration tests, F1, F2, F3, and F4 can be penetrated from 120 minutes to 180 minutes with the concentration of active substances that are linearly penetrated. The combination of polymers PVP K30 and ethylcellulose has affected the physical evaluation of transdermal patches of dayak onion extract. Based on the physical evaluation and penetration test in vitro obtained, the most optimal formula results are F3 with comparison PVP K30 and ethyl cellulose (100:300).

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae as an Untapped Source of Fungal Chitosan for Antimicrobial Action.

Despite being widely available, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has not been widely explored for direct extraction of chitosan biopolymer for antimicrobial applications. In our study, S. cerevisiae from Baker's yeast and Aspergillus niger from moldy onion extracts are studied as alternative sources of chitosan; and S cerevisiae chitosan tested for antimicrobial efficacy. The properties of S. cerevisiae chitosan are compared with moldy onion chitosan and shrimp chitosan extracted from shrimp shells. Chitosan extracted from S. cerevisiae is tested for antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus Aureus. The maximum yields of fungal chitosan are 20.85 ± 0.35mg/g dry S. cerevisiae biomass at 4th day using a culture broth containing sodium acetate, and 16.15 ± 0.95mg/g dry A. niger biomass at 12th day. The degree of deacetylation (DD%) of the extracted fungal chitosan samples from S. cerevisiae and A. niger is found to be 63.4%, and 61.2% respectively, using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. At a concentration of 2g/L, S. cerevisiae chitosan shows the maximum inhibition zone diameter of 15.48 ± 0.07mm. Baker's yeast S cerevisiae biomass and A. niger from moldy onions has not been previously explored as a source of extractible fungal chitosan. This study gives insight that S. cerevisiae and A. niger from agricultural or industrial wastes could be a potential biomass source for production of the chitosan biopolymer. The S. cerevisiae chitosan displayed effective antimicrobial properties against S aureus, indicating the viablitiy of S cerevisae as a resource for extraction of high-quality chitosan.

Evaluation of Anti-hyperlipidemic Activity of Red Onion In Experimental Animals

Objective: To evaluate antihyperlipidemic effect of red onion on poloxamer 407 induced hyperlipidemia in wistar albino rats.
 Methods: Hyperlipidemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of poloxamer-407 (P-407) at a dose of 1.0g/kg body weight in wistar albino rats. Drug treatments were done by oral gavage for 21 days. At the end of the study, animals were kept fasted over night and then blood samples were collected. The serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and High density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured while low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were calculated by Friedewald formula and atherogenic index was also calculated.
 Results: From the present investigation, it was observed that ethanolic extract of red onion have shown significant reduction in serum cholesterol, triglyceride and lipoprotein levels and increase in HDL level in P-407 induced hyperlipidemia.
 Conclusion: The findings in this study revealed the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of red onion against hyperlipidemic activity.

Antibacterial effect of Allium cepa (onion), Allium sativum (garlic), Azadirachta indica (neem) extract against different bacteria isolated from clinical sample.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate and screen the antibacterial activity of medicinal plant which were most cultivated in ancient time. Study Design: Experimental Study. Setting: Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, Sheikh Zayed Hospital/Medical College Rahim Yar Khan. Period: February 2019 to May 2019. Material & Methods: The fresh aqueous extract of garlic cloves (Allium sativum), onion bulb (Allium cepa) and neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves used against the clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus), Escherichia coli (E.coli), Klebsiella, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species by using agar well diffusion method. Aqueous extract of used plant tested at different concentrations of 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%. Results: All these concentrations showed inhibitory effect towards Gram positive bacteria (S.aureus), while Gram negative bacteria more sensitive to higher concentration. In this analysis, on comparison we observed that fresh garlic juice extract was more efficient on all tested bacteria either Gram positive or Gram negative than other and give maximum zone of inhibition on S.aureus (40mm) due to their high chemistry. Gram negative bacteria mainly E. coli somehow resistant to onion and neem extract because they possess the ability to rapidly mutate their genetic makeup towards phytochemical compounds. Conclusion: The result of study also elicits that efficacy of fresh extract depends upon concentrations levels. The plant showed maximum zone of inhibition at 100% than at 25% because on higher level they contain higher bioactive compounds.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active- and Placebo-Controlled Trial Evaluating a Novel Topical Treatment for Keloid Scars.

Keloid and hypertrophic scars are fibroproliferative disorders resulting from abnormal wound healing in genetically susceptible individuals. Current therapies are often ineffective. Kynurenine shows promise as a topical treatment for keloids and hypertrophic scars. In this study, healthy adult male and female subjects seeking treatment for mature keloid scars were enrolled. Subjects were randomized in double-blind fashion to receive kynurenic acid 0.5% (FS2) cream (Group 1), an active onion extract comparator treatment (Group 2), or the inactive vehicle (Group 3). Each treatment was applied twice-daily. Qualitative assessments were made using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), as well as the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scales (POSAS). Among subjects in Group 1, there was a substantial decrease in mean PGSS scores after 30 days of treatment that continued to trend downward, becoming significant versus Group 2 at days 90 and 180 (P<0.05) and versus Group 3 at day 180 (P<0.01). Based on mean VSS scores, subjects in Group 1 achieved beneficial effects that became significant versus Group 2 at day 90 (P<0.01), day 120 (P<0.05), and day 180 (P<0.001) and versus Group 3 at day 180 (P<0.05). There were no significant improvements in Groups 2 or 3. There were no adverse events or local skin reactions. The twice-daily application of FS2 Cream represents a potentially new and effective treatment for mature keloid scars. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(9):964-968. doi:10.36849/JDD.6197.