Extract Of Foeniculum Vulgare Research Articles

The benefits and protective effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Foeniculum vulgare extract on rats with heart failure following myocardial infarction

This study explores the potential of green-synthesized copper nanoparticles (Cu@Fv NPs) derived from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds for treating heart failure after a myocardial infarction. Fennel boasts a rich history in traditional medicine, and this research leverages its properties for a novel approach to nanomedicine. We successfully synthesized Cu@Fv NPs with well-defined spherical morphology and an average size of 48.46 nm, as confirmed by advanced characterization techniques. In vivo studies on rats with induced heart failure demonstrated the protective effects of Cu@Fv NPs. Notably, oral administration of Cu@Fv NPs at specific doses significantly reduced the lung/body weight ratio, inhibited neurohormonal activation, and led to a remarkable decrease in infarct size. Additionally, Cu@Fv NPs treatment resulted in improved cardiac function, evidenced by increased +/−dp/dt(max) and decreased LVEDP. These findings unveil the promising potential of Cu@Fv NPs as a biocompatible and potentially superior therapeutic strategy for managing heart failure post-myocardial infarction. This green synthesis method offers a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional nanoparticle production, paving the way for further exploration in nanomedicine.

Determination of Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, and Anti-human Lung Cancer Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Green-Formulated by Foeniculum vulgare Extract Combined with Radiotherapy.

The current investigation involved the silver nanoparticles green synthesis utilizing the aqueous extract derived from the Foeniculum vulgare leaves (AgNPs@FV). The effectiveness of these newly developed nanoparticles in conjunction with radiotherapy was evaluated on lung cancer cells. The synthesized AgNPs@FV underwent characterization through various analytical techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. The efficacy of AgNPs@FV in conjunction with radiotherapy against human lung cancer was assessed through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The AgNPs@FV exhibited a spherical morphology ranging in size from 10.16 to 42.74 nm. The EDX diagram of nanoparticles shows energy signals at 3.02 and 2.64 keV, which are attributed to Ag Lβ and Ag Lα, respectively. During the antioxidant evaluation, AgNPs@FV and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) displayed IC50 values of 166 and 59 µg/mL, respectively. The cells treated with AgNPs@FV in conjunction with radiotherapy were evaluated using the MTT assay over 48h to determine cytotoxicity and anti-human lung cancer characteristics on normal (human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC)) and lung cancer cells and exhibited IC50 values of 211, 166, and 296µg/mL against NCI-H2126, NCI-H1299, and NCI-H1437, respectively. Furthermore, the malignant lung cell viability decreased when treated with a combination of AgNPs@FV and radiotherapy. Based on the aforementioned findings, it is possible that the newly developed AgNPs@FV could serve as a novel chemotherapeutic medication or adjunct for addressing lung cancer following the completion of clinical trials involving human subjects.

Effects of 70% Ethanol Extract of Foeniculum vulgare and Coleus amboinicus as a Potential Diarrhea Treatment Using Intestine Transit Method

Effects of 70% Ethanol Extract of Foeniculum vulgare and Coleus amboinicus as a Potential Diarrhea Treatment Using Intestine Transit Method

Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles using Foeniculum Vulgare Seed Extract and Evaluation of their Biological Activities

Abstract: Copper nanoparticles are gaining popularity due to their multifarious properties and use in medicine, industry, and research. An extract of Foeniculum vulgare seed is used to green synthesize copper nanoparticles. The produced NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, X-ray Diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The absorption spectra at 570nm indicated the reduction of copper metal and the effective production of CuNPs. Its absorbance peak at 3345.3cm-1 and 1638.2cm-1 shows the existence of the N-H group and C=C stretching, as well as secondary amines (-NH-). CuNPs with a size range of 84-140nm were found to be spherical in SEM at 50kX magnification. XRD micrograph revealed a face-centered cubic structure with 19.97nm crystalline size. CuNPs showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Salmonella enterica ATCC14028, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, with ZOI ranging from 22 to 39mm. The results of the DPPH assay showed that CuNPs exhibit promising antioxidant properties, with an IC50 of 14.372 µg/ml. CuNPs had IC50 values of 4.341µg/ml for alpha-amylase and 3.37µg/ml for alpha-glucosidase, respectively. The IC50 of CuNPs from fennel seed extract was 4.1µg/ml, showing that CuNPs have anti-hyperlipidemic potential and can be utilized to treat hyperglycemia. This study found that green-synthesized CuNPs have numerous therapeutic applications in the medical and biotechnological domains.

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation and ameliorates neuroinflammation-mediated behavioral deficits in mice

Objective: To investigate the effect of Foeniculum vulgare extract against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation in vitro as well as cognitive behavioral deficits in mice. Methods: LPS-activated BV-2 cell viability was measured using MTT assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied using DCF-DA assay. The antioxidative enzymes and pro-inflammatory mediators were analyzed using respective ELISA kits and Western blotting. For in vivo testing, LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was given daily for five days in male Swiss albino mice to produce chronic neuroinflammation. Cognitive and behavioral tests were performed using open-field, passive avoidance, and rotarod experiments in LPS-induced mice. Results: Foeniculum vulgare extract (25, 50 and 100 μg/mL) significantly attenuated the LPS-activated increase in nitric oxide (NO), ROS, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible NO synthase, IL-6, and TNF-alpha (P < 0.05). Moreover, LPS-induced oxidative stress and reduced antioxidative enzyme levels were significantly improved by Foeniculum vulgare extract (P < 0.05). The extract also regulated the NF-κB/MAPK signaling in BV-2 cells. In an in vivo study, Foeniculum vulgare extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) markedly mitigated the LPS-induced cognitive and locomotor impairments in mice. The fingerprinting analysis showed distinctive peaks with rutin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and anethole as identifiable compounds. Conclusions: Foeniculum vulgare extract can ameliorate LPS-stimulated neuroinflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells and improve cognitive and locomotor performance in LPS-administered mice.

Advance In-Vivo Activities of Polyherbal Formulations (Foeniculum Vulgare, Emblica Officinalis and Ocimum Sanctum) with Different Pharmacological Studies

Herbal products with potential therapeutic and nutritional values are gaining importance among people around the world. Herbal products are typically regarded as safe for use on humans. The preparation and marketing of extracts from various herbal items or purified bioactive components takes many different forms. Products with more than two herbal extracts are called polyherbal products. They are frequently regarded as prophylactically or therapeutically useful due to their complimentary and/or potentiating functions as a result of the advantages of one another. The phytochemical screening was performed for presence of various phytoconstituents. Our interest was to study the effect of polyherbal formulation (PHF), composed of Foeniculum vulgare, Emblica officinalis and aerial part of Ocimum sanctum. The anxiolytic activity of polyherbal formulations were examined by using the elevated plus maze test (EPMT), open field test (OFT), and motor coordination test assessed by Rota rod test (RT) and hole board test (HST). The present study is designed to evaluate the Acute toxicity studies, anti-stress effect and anti-anxiety effect of extract of Foeniculum vulgare, Emblica officinalis and aerial part of Ocimum sanctum using various experimental models in rodents. A current investigation concluded that PHF exhibited a strong anti-stress effect and anti-anxiety effect.

Foeniculum vulgare Extract Enhances Estrogen Levels, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Protect Ovarian Histology in Rats Exposed to Bisphenol A

Foeniculum vulgare Extract Enhances Estrogen Levels, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Protect Ovarian Histology in Rats Exposed to Bisphenol A

Nanosuspension of Foeniculum Vulgare Promotes Accelerated Sensory and Motor Function Recovery after Sciatic Nerve Injury.

The seed extract of Foeniculum vulgare (FV) was used for the preparation of a nanosuspension (NS) with an enhanced bioavailability of phytoconstituents. Subsequently, it was employed as a potent source of polyphenols, such as quercetin and kaempferol, to accelerate the regeneration and recovery of motor and sensory function in injured nerves. The NS was administered through daily gauging as NS1 (0.5 mg/mL) and NS2 (15 mg/mL), at a dose rate of 2 g/kg body weight until the end of the study. The NS-mediated retrieval of motor functions was studied by evaluating muscle grip strength and the sciatic functional index. The recovery of sensory functions was assessed by the hotplate test. Several well-integrated biochemical pathways mediate the recovery of function and the regeneration of nerves under controlled blood glucose and oxidative stress. Consequently, the NS-treated groups were screened for blood glucose, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant status (TOS) compared to the control. The NS administration showed a significant potential to enhance the recuperation of motor and sensory functions. Moreover, the oxidative stress was kept under check as a result of NS treatments to facilitate neuronal generation. Thus, the nanoformulation of FV with polyphenolic contents accelerated the reclamation of motor and sensory function after nerve lesion.

Green formulation, chemical characterization and anti-acute leukemia effects of vanadium nanoparticles containing Foeniculum vulgare extract

In this study, vanadium nanoparticles (VNPs) were green synthesized using Foeniculum vulgare extract. VNPs were characterized using chemical analysis techniques including FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM and EDS. The microscopy techniques revealed a spherical morphology for the particles with size less than 50 nm. According to XRD data V2O5 was confirmed for VNPs. Maybe significant anti-human acute leukemia potentials of the synthesized nanoparticles against common human acute leukemia cell lines are linked to their antioxidant activities. MTT assay was used on common acute leukemia cell lines i.e., 32D-FLT3-ITD, MOLT-3 and Jurkat, Clone E6-1 to survey the cytotoxicity and anti-acute leukemia effects of the synthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles had very low cell viability and high anti-acute leukemia activities dose-dependently against 32D-FLT3-ITD, MOLT-3 and Jurkat, Clone E6-1 cell lines without cytotoxicity on the normal cell line (HUVEC). To determine the antioxidant properties of the synthesized nanoparticles, the DPPH test was used in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene as the positive control. The IC50 of VNPs were 25, 33 and 26 µg/mL against 32D-FLT3-ITD, MOLT-3 and Jurkat, Clone E6-1 cell lines, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles inhibited half of the DPPH molecules in the concentration of 28 µg/mL.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Foeniculum vulgare Seed Extract using Disk Diffusion Method

The most popular Indian spice is the seed of Foeniculum vulgare. It is extensively grown in temperate and tropical areas of the world for its flavorful fruits, which are used in cooking. It is a good source of calcium, vitamins, iron, magnesium, dietary fibre, proteins, and other nutrients. Additionally, it has antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytoconstituents of Foeniculum vulgare seed extract in various solvents and to ascertain the antibacterial activity of the hydro-methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare seed against gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus, as well as gram negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli. The antibacterial activity was assessed using agar disc diffusion methods, and phytochemical tests were based on visual observation of the change in colour or precipitate development with the addition of particular reagents. According to the findings, gram positive and gram negative bacteria are both susceptible to the antibacterial effects of a methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare seed. We came to the conclusion that the Foeniculum vulgare seed extract has potent antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogens, making it useful for everyday use in the food and pharmaceutical industries as well as for everyday life.

Optical, structural and morphological properties of ZnO and Fe+3 doped ZnO-NPs prepared by Foeniculum vulgare extract as capping agent for optoelectronic applications

The green method was utilized to synthesize pure,0.02Fe and 0.05Fe doped ZnO NPs at room temperature. The capping agent (extract of Fennel leaves) was handled throughout the preparation process. The prepared samples have been characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR, UV–vis and XRD. XRD showed that all the prepared samples have a hexagonal structure with average crystallite size is in the range 27–24.65 nm. SEM appeared the difference in the morphology of pure and 0.05Fe doped ZnO NPs. EDX spectra confirmed the presence of O, Zn in all samples and Fe in 0.05Fe doped ZnO sample. The FT-IR spectrum confirmed the existence of Fennel leaves extract as a capping agent. The UV–visible showed the change in the band gap between the pure sample and doped samples, which were in the range 3.87–4.22 eV. This blue shift is attributed to the quantum confinement effect. The antibacterial analysis displayed that 0.02 and 0.05Fe doped ZnO NPs have a higher activity as compared to pure ZnO NPs. The results also showed that there were more positive antibacterial effects on Gram-positive bacteria than on Gram-negative bacteria. This materials with great optical, structural and antibacterial properties can be used for antibiotics development and can be widely used in medical applications and optoelectronic devices.

Whey Beverage Emulsified System as Carrying Matrix of Fennel Seed Extract Obtained by Supercritical CO2 Extraction: Impact of Thermosonication Processing and Addition of Prebiotic Fibers.

Whey beverages that were enriched with fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and xylooligosaccharides (XOS) were used for carrying Foeniculum vulgare extract that was obtained by the supercritical CO2 extraction technique to produce novel functional products. Fennel-based whey beverages were subjected to thermosonication processing (100, 200, and 300 W at 60 °C for 15 min) to verify the performance of the dairy colloidal system for protecting the bioactive fennel compounds. The impacts of thermosonication processing on the quality attributes of the functional whey beverages were examined according to their droplet size distribution, microstructure, kinetic stability, color parameters, browning index, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid) assays. The enrichment of the whey beverages with FOS and XOS did not affect their kinetic stability. However, the addition of prebiotic dietary fibers contributed to reducing the mean droplet size due to the formation of whey protein–FOS/XOS conjugates. The thermosonication treatments did not promote color changes that were discernible to the human eye. On the other hand, the thermosonication processing reduced the kinetic stability of the beverages. Overall, the colloidal dairy systems preserved the antioxidant capacity of the fennel seed extract, regardless of thermosonication treatment intensity. The whey beverages enriched with FOS and XOS proved to be effective carrying matrices for protecting the lipophilic bioactive fennel compounds.

Effects of herbal extracts (Foeniculum vulgare and Artemisia annua) on growth, liver antioxidant capacity, intestinal morphology and microorganism of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

The effects of diets supplement Foeniculum vulgare extract (FE) and Artemisia annua extract (AE), single or combined, on the growth, liver antioxidant capacity and intestinal flora immunity of Micropterus salmoides were investigated. Largemouth bass juvenile (10.77 ± 0.02 g) were divided into 4 groups and each group was fed with diets supplemented with or without the medicinal herb extracts (additive quantity: 0.05%) for 8 weeks. The results showed that the largemouth bass fed with diets supplemented with AE or a combination of the FE and AE (FAE) significantly enhanced the specific growth rate (SGR) and feed intake (FI). Furthermore, the largemouth bass fed with two medicinal herbs alone or in combination significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT) and their gene expression levels, and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver (P < 0.05). In addition, AE supplement also significantly increased the number of intestinal villus, affected the intestinal bacterial structure, increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus, and decreased the abundance of Plesiomonas in the intestine(P < 0.05). Bugbase phenotypic prediction analysis indicated that fish fed with AE remarkably upregulated gram-positive bacteria and downregulated gram-negative bacteria, while potential pathogenicity was obviously reduced (P < 0.05). All in all, this study revealed that AE can enhance the liver antioxidant capacity, improve intestinal morphology and regulate intestinal flora, thus promoting the growth of largemouth bass, and can be used as a feed additive to improve health and promote growth of fish.

Screening of Foeniculum Vulgare L, Coriandrum Sativum L, Pegnum Harmala L. and Achilleae Millefolium L Collected from Balochistan Against Fungi Causing Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis is referred to as fungal nail infection or toe nail infection generally caused by Trichophyton, Candida albicans , Microsporum and Aspergillus species. The Aim of the study was to investigate antifungal potential of four medicinal flora of Balochistan namely, Foeniculum vulgare L. , Coriandrum sativum L. , Pegnum harmala L. and Achilleae milefolium L. against causative fungal strain of nail infection. Different fractions were prepared using different solvents such as hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate and antifungal activity was determined through agar well diffusion method against fungal strain candida albicans. For the qualitative determination of phytochemical composition different tests were carried out including tests for alkaloids, terpenoids , carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, steroids, saponins, phenols and tannins. The highest inhibition zone were observed in aqueous 80% crude methanolic extracts of Foeniculum vulgare L. i.e 26 mm and Coriandrum sativum L. 30mm respectively. Aqeous layer of the crude extract of both plants showed potent activity that were 24 mm and 25mm for Foeniculum L. vulgare and Coriandrum sativum L.. the ethylacetet fractions showed inhibition zone 19mm and 18mm in Foeniculum vulgare L. and Coriandrum sativum L. Chloroform and hexane fractions showed least activity against fungi causing onychomycosis. An Antifungal activity highest inhibition zones were observed in aqueous 80% crude methanolic extracts of Pegnum harmala L. i.e 39 mm and Achilleae millefolium 34 mm respectively. Aqeous layer of the crude extract of both plants showed potent activity that were 32 mm for Pegnum harmala L. and 25mm for Achilleae millefolium L. The choloroform fractions showed inhibition zone 19mm in Pegnum harmala L. while 16mm in Achilleae millefolium L. Hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of Pegnum harmala L. and Achilleae millefolium L. showed least activity against fungi causing onychomycosis. Keywords: Onychomycosis , Phytochemical composition , Candida albicans, Agar well diffusion, Antifungal activity.

Phytochemical and GCMS analysis on the ethanol extract of Foeniculum Vulgare and Petroselinum crispum leaves

The species Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) and Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) are aromatic herbs belonging to the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae family respectively. The leaves of both plants were consecutively extracted based on separation using ethanol and subjected to phytochemical testing that revealed the presence of biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids and glycosides. The GC- MS evaluation of Foeniculum vulgare revealed two bioactive compounds (1,4 Cyclohexadiene and Metronidazole) and Petroselinum crispum revealed six bioactive compounds (Cineole, I-Limonene, Cyclohexane, Phenol, Neophytadiene and 9,12,15 octadecatrienoic). In the FTIR analysis, the Petroselinum crispum displayed strong bands at 2915.50 cm-1 which corresponds to C–H stretching and medium band at 1476.80 cm–1 which corresponds to N-H stretching vibrations due to the presence of amino acids. The Foeniculum Vulgare displayed strong bands at 2832.61 cm-1 which corresponds to C–H present in alkenes and alkanes respectively, and medium band at 1029.98 cm-1 corresponds to C–O present in esters.

Detection of Active Compounds in the Water Extract of Foeniculum Vulgare L. and Its Effects on Serum Estrogen and Prolactin Levels in Female Albino Rats

The present study was designed to estimate the active ingredients in the aqueous extract of fennel Foeniculum vulgare L. fruits and test the effects of different concentrations of the extract on serum estrogen and prolactin levels in female rats. The work was conducted to prepare the aqueous extract in the laboratory, while the secondary active substances in the extract were estimated using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technology. The experiments were conducted in the animal house of the College of Science, Tikrit university,on a total of 12 adult albino virgin female rats divided into four groups, each having three rats.The aqueous extract of the fruit plant was administrated orally to animals at three concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%) per day for 45 days. The fourth group was the control group that was left without treatment. Blood samples were obtained from the corner of the eye with a capillary tube and the serum was extracted to determine the hormone levels. The results showed that the aqueous extract of fennel fruits contains eleven active secondary metabolites, namely Eucalyptol, Terpinene, Anisole, Camphor, Anethole, Anisaldehyde, Apiole, a-pinene, Estragole, Fenchone, and Limonene, which seemed to played a role in regulating the levels of prolactin and estrogen hormones in rats treated with the extract. The results showed a direct relationship between the concentration of the fruit extract given to the animals and their serum levels of estrogen and prolactin. Increases in the levels of estrogen (44.56 ± 0.90 ng/ml) and prolactin (134.66 ± 0.80 ng/ml) were recorded using the concentration of 100% of the watery extract of Foeniculum vulgare L., as compared to the control group (126.33 ± 1.18; 6.37 ± 0.45 ng / ml, respectively). The results demonstrated the effective role of the aqueous extract of fennel fruits in stimulating estrogen and prolactin in female rats through their content of active compounds, which can be of great importance in stimulating the process of milk secretion in animals.

Foeniculum vulgare seed extract induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells partly through the down-regulation of Bcl-2

The factors behind the pathogenesis of lung cancer are not clear, and treatment failure is generally caused by drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis. Development of new therapeutic agents to overcome drug-resistance remains a challenge clinically. Various extracts of Foeniculum vulgare have shown promising anticancer activity; however, effects on lung cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms of action are not clear. In the present study, we found that the ethanol extract of Foeniculum vulgare seeds (EEFS) significantly reduced lung cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. EEFS decreased the viability of and triggered apoptosis in the lung cancer cell lines NCI-H446 and NCI-H661. EEFS induced apoptosis mainly through inhibition of Bcl-2 protein expression, reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, and release of Cytochrome C. Moreover, EEFS significantly inhibited colony formation and cell migration in lung cancer cells. EEFS also effectively inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors derived from NCI-446 cells by reducing Bcl-2 protein expression and inducing apoptosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that EEFS exerts anti-lung cancer activity by targeting the Bcl-2 protein and may have potential as a therapeutic drug for lung cancer.

Methanolic extract of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) escalates functional restoration following a compression injury to the sciatic nerve in a mouse model.

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the major health concerns faced by the community at present. Till now, available therapeutic approaches are ineffective to fully heal a nerve injury and to assure the functional recovery entirely. Natural compounds can prove attractive and effective drug candidates to bridge up this gap. In this scenario, the present study was designed to explore the role of methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare (F. vulgare) seeds in accelerating the function regain following a sciatic nerve injury in a mouse model. For this purpose, 12 adult healthy albino mice (BALB/C), 8–10 weeks old, were grouped as control (Ctrl, n = 6) and treatment (Trt, n = 6). The treated group was given methanolic extract of F. vulgare (200 mg/kg per day) started from the day of nerve crush until the end of the study. The sensorimotor function regain assessed by hot plate test, grip strength, and SFI assessments was found significantly (p < .05) ameliorated in the F. vulgare‐treated group. A prominent improvement in the muscle mass of the treated group further affirmed these effects. Furthermore, morphometric analysis of muscle fiber cross‐sectional area of tibialis anterior muscle between groups revealed a noticeable improvement in muscle fibers’ diameter of the treated group. Conclusively, these findings suggest that F. vulgare methanolic extract exhibits the potential to escalate functional recovery following a peripheral nerve injury. However, the real players of this extract and the mechanism involved in boosting functional restoration need to be dissected by further work.

A HPTLC Method for Determination of Anethole in Essential Oil, Methanolic Extract of Foeniculum vulgare and Commercial Herbal Products

A rapid and feasible method of HPTLC is standardized for quantification of anethole in essential oil’s extract and from herbal formulations of fennel seed. The developed densitometric HPTLC method was performed to estimate the existence of anethole in the essential oil, extract and herbal formulations of fennel with the optimized concentration of hexane: Ethyl acetate (8:2%, v/v, mobile phase) on glass coated silica gel 60 F254 plates (20 × 10 cm) scanned with the absorbance of λ260 nm under densitometric condition. The Linearity of regressions revealed a satisfactory relationship between peak area and concentration of anethole in between the range of 100-600 ng/spot. This reliable method was validated as per the ICH guidelines to fulfill the necessary parameters such as accuracy and robustness. The amount of anethole in essential oil (0.098 ± 0.002%), extract (0.101 ± 0.004%) and three herbal formulations A (0.024 ± 0.004%), C (0.019 ± 0.002%) while anethole is not detected in B formulations from fennel seed was completely estimated by the developed method. The standardized methods and its validation gave new insights of HPTLC based detection and quantification of anethole in other aromatic plants as well as in other pharmacological formulations.

Fennel and ammi seed extracts modulate antioxidant defence system and alleviate salinity stress in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

The use of biostimulants, including plant extracts, enables plant species to noticeably lessen abiotic stress effects, including salinity. The aim of this study was to explore the potential impacts of two biostimulants; seed extracts of Foeniculum vulgare (FSE) and Ammi visnaga (ASE), foliarly applied at 2000 ppm, on growth, yield, physiological parameters, nutrient status, and antioxidant system ingredients in Vigna unguiculata plants growing under irrigation with diluted seawater (3.5 and 7 dS m−1) during the 2017 and 2018 seasons. Salt stress significantly increased Na+ content, electrolyte leakage (EL), and oxidative stress biomarkers [malondialdehyde ‒ (MDA), hydrogen peroxide ‒ (H2O2), and superoxide‒(O2‒)], which were associated with high concentrations and activities of osmoprotectants and antioxidant system (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) ingredients. On the other hand, growth and output traits, leafy relative content of water (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), photosynthetic efficiency, contents of nutrients (e.g., N, P, K+, and Ca2+), ratio of K+/Na+, and plant anatomical features were decreased. The adverse impacts of saltiness were more noticeable under 7 dS m−1. Both ASE and FSE applications significantly increased contents of osmoprotectants and activities of antioxidant system ingredients, which were reflected in reduced Na+ content, EL, and oxidative stress biomarkers and in increased growth and yield traits, RWC, MSI, photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient contents, K+/Na+ ratio, and anatomical features (using ASE only) in both seasons. Compared to FSE, better results were obtained by ASE application, which can be recommended for use to maximize Vigna unguiculata productivity in environments having salinities up to 7 dS m−1.