Crude Drug Extracts Research Articles

Physicochemical Evaluation and Pharmacological Screening of Fernando Adenophylla Steenis Fruits.

The current study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of Fernandoa adenophylla. Powder studies were carried out to estimate the quantitative physicochemical characteristics of the crude drug, including moisture content, ash content, and extractive values. Using a Soxhlet apparatus and different analytical grade solvents, 3 sample extracts of a crude drug were made. To evaluate the potentially toxic nature, an acute oral toxicity study was performed as per OECD guideline no. 423. Sample extracts were tested and analyzed by ANOVA for pharmacological potential (analgesic, antipyretic, and antidiabetic) using Wister-Albino rats. Where physicochemical analysis indicated purity, quality, and presence of organic/inorganic materials in crude drug extracts, no sign of mortality was found up to 2000 mg/kg of body weight of Fernandoa adenophyllas extracts. Analgesic activity was observed in all sample extracts, whereas only chloroform and ethanolic extracts expressed antipyretic and antidiabetic potential. Ethanolic extract was found to be most potent in pharmacological potential as 200 mg/kg extract dose exhibited %age pain inhibition of 55.12 % and reduced body temperature from 39.78±0.03 °C to 37.22±0.02 °C in hyperthermic rats. A decrease in blood glucose levels up to 57.88 % was observed on the 21st day of the treatment with 500 mg/kg ethanolic extract.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Mouthwash

Oral health is important as overall health. Now-a-days people may faces more oral problems like periodontal disease, sore throat, gingivitis, plaque and so on. For maintaining good oral health various formulations are formulated. A mouthwash is recommended for controlling plaque, bad breath, toothache and bacteria. Herbal mouthwash are preferred over chemical mouthwash as it shows less side effects and is non-irritant, less toxic, and do not contain alcohol. Medicinal plants, because of their antiviral and antibacterial action against human microorganisms, have a major role in healing and preventing illnesses. Herbal mouthwash consists of extracts of crude drugs which has no or less side effects as compared to synthetic mouthwash. Herbal mouthwashes are prepared from various plant extracts. The herbs described in this article are cinnamon, neem, pomegranate, tulsi, peppermint, and clove that are useful in dentistry. Mouthwashes that may be readily produced and used safely by people at home using natural materials could enhance the population's overall oral health. The major goal of this review is to preserve dental health by using natural mouthwash

Review on Herbal Mouthwash for Management and Prevention of Oral Diseases

General health and dental health are equally important. Periodontal disease, gingivitis, plaque, and sore throats may affect a higher proportion of the population these days. To support maintaining the best possible dental health, several formulae are available. To support maintaining the best possible dental health, several formulae are available. Using mouthwash is recommended to lessen plaque, discomfort, bacteria, and bad breath. Herbal mouthwash is preferred over chemical mouthwash since it has fewer side effects or almost no side effects, doesn't include alcohol, and is not irritating. Medicinal plants can be used for prevention, treatment and management of disease as they have antibacterial qualities against pathogens that afflict humans. Compared to synthetic mouthwash, herbal mouthwash has fewer or no negative effects because it is made from extracts of crude drugs. Several plant extracts are used to make herbal mouthwashes. The following herbs which are helpful in dentistry are mentioned in this article: clove, peppermint, miswak, Tulsi, wintergreen, guava, pomegranate, and cinnamon. Mouthwashes made with natural ingredients that people may easily make and use safely at home could improve dental health in general. Using natural mouthwash to maintain dental health is the main objective of this review.

Ameliorative effect of bofutsushosan (Fangfengtongshengsan) extract on the progression of aging-induced obesity.

This study aimed to compare fat accumulation in young and aged mice raised on a high-fat diet and to characterize the obesity-reducing effects of a Kampo medicine, bofutsushosan (BTS; fangfengtongshengsan in Chinese). Aged mice fed a high-fat diet containing 2% BTS extract for 28days exhibited a significant reduction in weight gain and accumulation of visceral and subcutaneous fat, which were greater degree of reduction than those of the young mice. When the treatment period was extended to two months, the serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels and the accumulation of fat droplets in the hepatocytes decreased. The mRNA expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the brown adipose tissue was significantly reduced in the aged mice compared to the young mice but increased by 2% in the BTS-treated aged mice. Additionally, the effect of BTS extract on oleic acid-albumin-induced triglyceride accumulation in hepatoblastoma-derived HepG2 cells was significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. Evaluation of the single crude drug extracts revealed that Forsythia Fruit, Schizonepeta Spike, and Rhubarb were the active components in BTS extract. These results suggest that BTS extract is effective against visceral, subcutaneous, and ectopic fats in the liver, which tend to accumulate with aging. Thus, BTS extract is useful in preventing and ameliorating the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Antiviral effect of alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract on respiratory syncytial virus infection.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory tract infection in children. Despite decades of efforts, no effective therapies are available. We recently reported that extracts of Ephedra Herb and Cinnamon Bark interacted with the G attachment protein of RSV to inhibit infectivity. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the antiviral effect of ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract (EFE), which is characterized by free of harmful effects of ephedrine alkaloids in Ephedra Herb, on experimental RSV infection. Infection of RSV into A549 cells simultaneously with EFE resulted the significant reduction of RSV RNA, viral protein, and viral titers after the incubation of the cells. We found that RSV attachment to the cell surface was inhibited both in the presence of EFE and when RSV particles were pre-treated with EFE. We also found that EFE specifically interacted with the central conserved domain of RSV G protein by surface plasmon resonance, demonstrating that specific binding of G protein to the cellular receptor was inhibited by EFE. Another mechanism was found in which a higher concentration of EFE inhibited the viral load immediately after the viral entry into host cells, suggesting the inhibition of viral RNA replication. These results demonstrate that EFE worked against RSV infection through multiple antiviral mechanisms, a unique feature of this crude drug extract.

Antibacterial screening of Terminalia chebula Retz. against certain bacterial strains

The aim of the study was to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of four different crude drug extract of Terminalia chebula (Badi Harad) extracted in methanol, ethanol acetone and aqueous solvent against certain food borne microorganisms i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus subtilis. Methanolic extract had the strongest antibacterial effect, followed by acetone, ethanol, and aqueous extract. Maximum antibacterial activity obtained at 100% crude drug extract in methanolic was recorded against E. coli (25.6 mm) whereas in acetonic extract highest inhibition at 100% conc. was visualized against S. typhi and V. cholerae (22 mm).All four solvent crude extract crudes showed varient response in term of inhibition zone against all test organisms. Phytochemical analysis by standard methodology as well as by HPLC of the extracted crude samples showed presence of various phytoconstituents.

Inhibitory effect of extracts of hainosan (painongsan) and its constituent crude drugs on production of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and interleukin‐6 in murine fibroblasts treated with Porphyromonas gingivalis

AbstractAimHainosan (painongsan), composed of Platycodon grandiflorum root (PG), Paeonia lactiflora root (PL), and Citrus aurantium immature fruit (AF), is a formula used in traditional Japanese (Kampo) and Chinese medicine to treat purulent diseases, including gingivitis. In this study, we investigated the anti‐inflammatory effects of hainosan extract (HNS) using both traditional direct and serum pharmacological techniques.MethodsBALB/c mice were orally treated with HNS or extracts of its constituent crude drugs for one week. Murine RCB2767 fibroblasts were incubated with a medium containing heat‐killed Porphyromonas gingivalis and HNS, extracts of the constituent crude drugs, or serum samples collected from mice orally treated with these extracts. The monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) and interleukin (IL)‐6 in the medium were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of HNS and its constituent crude drugs on the proliferative potential of fibroblasts was evaluated by radioisotope‐labeled thymidine uptake capacity.ResultsThe concentrations of MCP‐1 and IL‐6 in the culture supernatants were significantly increased by treatment with heat‐killed bacteria. In addition, PG and PL extracts significantly inhibited MCP‐1 and IL‐6 production. Furthermore, supplementation of serum samples from mice orally treated with the extracts to the culture medium resulted in significant inhibition of induction of these cytokines. HNS, extracts of PG, PL and AF, and serum samples collected from mice treated with these extracts significantly augmented 3H‐thymidine uptake in fibroblasts.ConclusionOur results demonstrated that HNS has anti‐inflammatory effects in murine fibroblasts and that PL and PG could contribute to the effects of hainosan.

Herbal mouthwash: A Review

Oral health is important as overall health. Now-a-days people may faces more oral problems like periodontal disease, sore throat, gingivitis, plaque and so on. For maintaining good oral health various formulations are formulated. A mouthwash is recommended for controlling plaque, bad breath, toothache and bacteria. Herbal mouthwash are preferred over chemical mouthwash as it shows less side effects and is non-irritant, less toxic, and do not contain alcohol. Medicinal plants, because of their antiviral and antibacterial action against human microorganisms, have a major role in healing and preventing illnesses. Herbal mouthwash consists of extracts of crude drugs which has no or less side effects as compared to synthetic mouthwash. Herbal mouthwashes are prepared from various plant extracts. The herbs described in this article are cinnamon, neem, guava, pomegranate, tulsi, wintergreen, tulsi, peppermint, miswak and clove that are useful in dentistry. Mouthwashes that may be readily produced and used safely by people at home using natural materials could enhance the population's overall oral health. The major goal of this review is to preserve dental health by using natural mouthwash.

The novel preventive effect of a Japanese ethical Kampo extract formulation TJ-90 (Seihaito) against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity

Background and purposeChinese herbal medicine has been developed as the traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, and it has been widely used to cure various symptoms in clinical practice. However, only a few studies are currently available on the effect of the Kampo medicine on renal disease. Nephrotoxicity is one of major side effect of cisplatin, the first metal-based anticancer drug. In the present study, we examined the effect of the Kampo medicine against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN). MethodsFirst, we screened the ethical Kampo extract formulation having positive effect against CIN using HK-2 cells. Next, we examined the preventive action of the selected ethical Kampo extract formulation against CIN in vivo using a mouse model. ResultsCisplatin-induced cell death was significantly suppressed by TJ-43 (Rikkunshito) and TJ-90 (Seihaito); however, cisplatin-induced cleaved caspase-3 expression was inhibited only by TJ-90. In an in vivo mouse model of cisplatin-induced kidney injury with dysfunction and increased inflammatory cytokine expression, TJ-90 showed amelioration of these damaging effects. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis and superoxide production were inhibited by treatment with TJ-90. The expression of cleaved caspase-3, 4-hydroxynonenal, and MAPK phosphorylation increased after cisplatin administration, but decreased after the administration of TJ-90. Among 16 crude drug extracts present in Seihaito, Bamboo Culm (Chikujo in Japanese) inhibited cisplatin-induced cell death and cleaved caspase-3 expression in HK-2 cells. Moreover, the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin was not affected by TJ-90 co-treatment in cancer cell lines. ConclusionTJ-90 might have a novel preventive action against CIN through the suppression of inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress without interfering with the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin. Collectively, these findings might contribute to innovations in supportive care for cancer treatment-related side effects.

Activity-differential search for amyloid-β aggregation inhibitors using LC-MS combined with principal component analysis

Aggregation of amyloid β42 (Aβ42) is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation is thus a promising approach for AD therapy. Kampo medicine has been widely used to combat dementias such as AD. Crude drug known as Shoyaku is an ingredient of Kampo that could have potential as a natural source of novel drugs. However, given that a mixture of compounds, rather than singular compounds, could contribute to the biological functions of crude drug, there are very limited studies on the structure and mechanism of each constituent in crude drug which may have anti-Aβ42 aggregation properties. Herein we provide an efficient method, using LC-MS combined with principal component analysis (PCA), to search for activity-dependent compounds that inhibit Aβ42 aggregation from 46 crude drug extracts originating from 18 plants. Only 5 extracts (Kakou, Kayou, Gusetsu, Rensu, and Renbou) from lotus demonstrated differentially inhibitory activities depending on the part of the plant from which they are derived (e.g. petiole, leaf, root node, stamen, and receptacle, respectively). To compare the anti-aggregative properties of compounds of active crude drug with those of inactive crude drug, these extracts were subjected to LC-MS measurement, followed by PCA. From 12 candidate compounds identified from the analysis, glucuronized and glucosidized quercetin, as well as 6 flavonoids (datiscetin, kaempferol, morin, robinetin, quercetin, and myricitrin), including catechol or flatness moiety suppressed Aβ42 aggregation, whereas curcumol, a sesquiterpene, did not. In conclusion, this study offers a new activity-differential methodology to identify bioactive natural products in crude drugs that inhibit Aβ42 aggregation and that could be applied to future AD therapies.

Detection of Decarboxylated Amino Acids after in Vitro Protease Digestion of the Hydrophilic Fraction of Crude Drug Extracts.

Many constituents of crude drugs in Japanese Kampo formulas are thought to function as pro-drugs, whose pharmacological activity is manifested after oral administration. Proteins and peptides in crude drugs may be digested and metabolized in the digestive tract and liver. However, few studies have reported the pharmacological activity of peptides in crude drugs. Here, we applied an analysis using LC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify the compounds derived from six crude drugs that are assumed to have anti-inflammatory effects. To simulate in vivo protease digestion, each water-soluble fraction of the crude drug extracts was treated with proteases, including endoproteinases and exopeptidases. Amines in the resultant digests were modified by 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate and analyzed using LC-MS/MS, which demonstrated the presence of four decarboxylated amino acids (primary amines). In the digest of the hydrophilic fraction of the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Miller var. inermis Rehder (Taiso), isobutylamine, isoamylamine, and 2-methylbutylamine were identified, which may be derived from valinyl, leucinyl, and isoleucinyl residues, respectively. Additionally, tyramine possibly derived from tyrosyl residues was identified in the digests of all the crude drugs. In primary cultured rat hepatocytes treated with interleukin-1β, all these decarboxylated amino acids suppressed the production of nitric oxide, a proinflammatory mediator. Our approach, i.e., in vitro protease digestion and LC-MS/MS analysis, suggests that decarboxylated amino acids may be formed in vivo from peptides and may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of crude drugs included in Kampo medicine.

Elucidation of Chemical Interactions between Crude Drugs Using Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography Analysis.

To elucidate the interactions between crude drugs in Kampo medicines (traditional Japanese medicines), it is important to determine the content of the constituents in a cost-effective and simple manner. In this study, we quantified the constituents in crude drug extracts using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), an inexpensive and simple analytical method, to elucidate the chemical interactions between crude drugs. We focused on five crude drugs, for which quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods are stipulated in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia XVIII (JP XVIII) and compared the analytical data of HPLC and TLC, confirming that the TLC results corresponded with the HPLC data and satisfied the criteria of JP XVIII. (Z)-ligustilide, a major constituent in Japanese Angelica Root, for which a method of quantification has not been stipulated in JP XVIII, was also quantitatively analyzed using HPLC and TLC. Furthermore, Japanese Angelica Root was combined with 26 crude drugs to observe the variation in the (Z)-ligustilide content from each combination by TLC. The results revealed that combinations with Phellodendron Bark, Citrus Unshiu Peel, Scutellaria Root, Coptis Rhizome, Gardenia Fruit, and Peony Root increased the (Z)-ligustilide content. Quantifying the constituents in crude drug extracts using the inexpensive and simple TLC method can contribute to elucidating interactions between crude drugs in Kampo medicines, as proposed by the herbal-pair theory.

Effect of Crude Drug Extracts on Trypacidin Production in <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>

We examined the production of fungal metabolites as biological responses to 120 crude drugs by culturing the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus CBS101355 with crude drugs and analyzing the culture extracts by HPLC. Nine crude drug extracts [Kyokatsu (Notopterygium), Kyonin (apricot kernel), Kujin (Sophora root), Goboshi (Burdock fruit), Goma (sesame), Shokyo (ginger), Shin’i (magnolia flower), Togashi (Benincasa seed), and Bukuryo (Poria sclerotium)] induced the production of trypacidin, which was not produced by culturing in potato dextrose broth without crude drugs.

Immunological Separation of Bioactive Natural Compounds from Crude Drug Extract and Its Application for Cell-Based Studies.

In this study, we present a review on a useful approach, namely, immunoaffinity column coupled with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), to separate natural compounds and its application for cell-based studies. The immunoaffinity column aids in separating the specific target compound from the crude extract. The column capacity was stable even after more than 10 purification cycles of use under the same conditions. After applying the crude extract to the column, the column was washed with washing buffer and eluted with elution buffer. The elution fraction contained the target compound bound to MAb, whereas the washing fraction was the crude extract, which contained all compounds except a group of target compounds; therefore, the washing fraction was referred to as a knockout (KO) crude extract. Cell-based studies using the KO extract revealed the actual effects of the natural compounds in the crude extract. One-step separation of natural compounds using the immunoaffinity column coupled with MAbs may help in determining the potential functions of natural compounds in crude extracts.

Modulation of circadian clock by crude drug extracts used in Japanese Kampo medicine

Circadian rhythm is an approximately 24 h endogenous biological rhythm. Chronic disruption of the circadian clock leads to an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Hence, it is important to develop circadian clock modulators. Natural organisms are a good source of several medicines currently in use. Crude drugs used in Japanese traditional Kampo medicine or folk medicines are an excellent source for drug discovery. Furthermore, identifying new functions for existing drugs, known as the drug repositioning approach, is a popular and powerful tool. In this study, we screened 137 crude drug extracts to act as circadian clock modulators in human U2OS cells stably expressing the clock reporter Bmal1-dLuc, and approximately 12% of these modulated the circadian rhythm. We further examined the effects of several crude drugs in Rat-1 fibroblasts stably expressing Per2-luc, explant culture of lung from Per2::Luciferase knockin mice, and zebrafish larvae in vivo. Notably, more than half of the major ingredients of these crude drugs were reported to target AKT and its relevant signaling pathways. As expected, analysis of the major ingredients targeting AKT signaling confirmed the circadian clock-modulating effects. Furthermore, activator and inhibitor of AKT, and triple knockdown of AKT isoforms by siRNA also modulated the circadian rhythm. This study, by employing the drug repositioning approach, shows that Kampo medicines are a useful source for the identification of underlying mechanisms of circadian clock modulators and could potentially be used in the treatment of circadian clock disruption.

UHPLC/MS and NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Dried Water Extract of Citrus-Type Crude Drugs.

Citrus-type crude drugs (CCDs) are commonly used to formulate decoctions in Kampo formula (traditional Japanese medicine). Our previous study reported metabolomic analyses for differentiation of the methanol extracts of Citrus-type crude drugs (CCDs) using ultra-HPLC (UHPLC)/MS, and 13C- and 1H-NMR. The present study expanded the scope of its application by analyzing four CCD water extracts (Kijitsu, Tohi, Chimpi, and Kippi); these CCDs are usually used as decoction ingredients in the Kampo formula. A principal component analysis score plot of processed UPLC/MS and NMR analysis data indicated that the CCD water extracts could be classified into three groups. The loading plots showed that naringin and neohesperidin were the distinguishing components. Three primary metabolites, α-glucose, β-glucose, and sucrose were identified as distinguishing compounds by NMR spectroscopy. During the preparation of CCD dry extracts, some compounds volatilized or decomposed. Consequently, fewer compounds were detected than in our previous studies using methanol extract. However, these results suggested that the combined NMR- and LC/MS-based metabolomics can discriminate crude drugs in dried water extracts of CCDs.

Inhibitory activity of flavonoids from Ephedrae Herba on hypoxia signaling in PANC-1 cells and the evaluation of their mechanisms.

Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease with a very poor prognosis. Recent reports indicate that hypoxia signaling mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) contributes to the progression of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, elucidating the inhibitor of hypoxia signaling may lead to the development of a candidate for new anticancer agents. During our screening program for HIF inhibitor from crude drug extracts, new acylated kaempferol glycosides, kaempferol 3-O-[4″-(E)-p-coumaroyl-3″-O-dihydroxypalmityl] rhamnoside (1) and kaempferol 3-O-[4″-(E)-p-coumaroyl-2″-O-dihydroxypalmityl] rhamnoside (2), were isolated from an acetone extract of Ephedrae Herba, together with eight known flavonol glycosides (3-10). The structures of novel compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated based on spectroscopic and chemical analyses. Using a cell-based HRE-driven luciferase reporter assay in a PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell line, we found that these compounds demonstrated potent inhibitory activity on hypoxia signaling with IC50 values of 18.0 ± 0.6 and 13.3 ± 2.2µM, respectively. Mechanistically, 2 reduced the amount of HIF-1α protein in the nuclear at 30µM via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway with no effect on the nuclear translocation of HIF proteins from cytosol and subsequently decreased Glut1 mRNA. These results indicate that 2 inhibits hypoxia signaling through a mechanism involving the reduction of HIF-1α protein levels and Glut1 mRNA and may have anti-pancreatic cancer effects.

Anti Inflammatory Potential of Euphoria Hirta L. Leaves In Jaipur Region

Introduction: Euphorbia hirta Linn. (E.hirta L.) is a medicinal herb belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is commomly known as Asthma plant, Duddhi, Bara duddhi. It has been claimed for the various medicinal properties such as inflammation, diarrhoea, bronchitis, kidney stones, peptic ulcer, menstrual problems etc.
 Objective: the goal of our research work is to assessing the anti inflammatory activity of E.hirta L. leaves in regards to phytochemical studies.
 Methods: The method carragennan induced paw edema in rats was used to assess the anti inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of E.hirta L. leaves. The extract was obtained by maceration method and the analysis of phytochemicals was carried out by performing different chemical test in laboratory. Crude aqueous extract was given orally at different doses of 100mg/kg, 300mg/kg and 500mg/kg in wistar albino rats 30mins before carragennan injection. Ibuprofen (50mg/kg) was taken as reference drug. The volume of paw edema was measured by using plethysmometer at 1, 2 and 3 hr after carragennan administration.
 Results: The preliminary phytochemical study reveals the availibility of flavonoids, terpenoids, sterols, glycosides, tannins etc in different solvents of crude drug extract. The anti inflammatory effect of crude drug extract was exhibited a remarkable dose dependent reduction in paw edema volume. The inhibitory effect was highest at 500mg/kg dose of drug. Extract and ibuprofen showed 52% and 66% inhibition of paw edema respectively, at 3hr after carragennan administration.
 Conclusion: E.hirta L. leaves aqueous extract has a strong anti inflammatory activity. These consequences help in the traditional uses of the plants and in the development of new treatments.

Antimutagenic Effect of Medicinal Plants from Alternative Medicine

Aqueous extracts of Chirayita (Swertia chirayita Linn.) whole herb, Banafshah (Viola odorata Linn.) leaves and flowers and Mameeran (Coptis teeta Roxb.) rhizome were tested for their anti-mutagenic potential by Ames Salmonella Histidine point mutation assay of Maron, et al. with partial modifications as described by Kaur, et al. At a dose of 50 μg/plate, crude drug extracts exhibited the inhibition of His+ revert ants from 36.59% to 96% against direct acting mutagen sodium azide (NaN3) which induced mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA97a, TA98 and TA100. However, at concentrations (5 and 25 µg/ plate) of the plant extracts, a significant decrease in anti-mutagenic activity was recorded. In the present findings, herbal drug extracts at tested concentrations showed no sign of mutagenicity to the tester strains. Potent anti-mutagenic activity of Banafshah was observed followed by Chirayita and Mameeran. Linear regression analysis of the data shows dose dependent anti-mutagenic activity of the extracts. Qualitative analysis reveals the presence of active phytochemical as amarogentin, mangiferin (Chirayita), Cyclotides (Banafshah), Berberine (Mameeran) along with other phyto-constituents flavonoids, phenols in the tested extracts which are responsible for their anti-mutagenic activity.

Penetapan Parameter Standar Simplisia dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Ganitri (Elaeocarpus serratus L.)

Ceylon olive (Elaeocarpus serratus L.) leaves have shown many pharmacological effects. Standardization of crude drug and extract needs to be conducted to assure the quality of the said material and further to support the pharmacological, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity effects. Standardization of Ceylon olive leaf extract is carried out to determine the standard parameters of crude drug and ethanolic extract of Ceylon olive leaves. Determination of the quality standard of crude drug and extract includes specific and non-specific parameters. The extract was obtained from a 70% ethanol maceration method with a yield of 16.02%. Macroscopic observations showed crude drugs of Ceylon olive leaves occurred as green in color, lanceolate leaves, 2-12 mm stems, and jagged leaves not deep, black spots, 10-15 side leaf bones, 6-18 cm long and 2-6 cm wide. Organoleptic of ethanolic extract of Ceylon olive showed thick consistency, blackish-brown colored, with a distinctive odor and a bitter taste. The water-soluble extractive value in crude drugs and extract was 16.48 and 51.54%, while the ethanol-soluble extractive value was 23.17 and 53.67%, respectively. The extract contained tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins. Moisture content in the crude drugs and extracts was 22.09 and 25.53%. Total ash content in crude drugs and extracts was 33.53 and 30.62%, while their acid-insoluble ash content was 15.94 and 10.06%, respectively. Loss on drying of the crude drugs and extracts was 20.52 and 23.84% respectively. As the standard parameters of crude drugs and ethanolic extract of Ceylon olive leaves are not yet included in any formal monograph in Indonesia, the values of parameters reported in this study should be used as the reference of the standard quality parameter for those materials.