Dichloromethane Extract Research Articles

Effect of extracts of petroleum ether, dichloromethane and methanol on thiophenic sulfur release during coal pyrolysis

The existing forms and thermal transformation of sulfur in high sulfur coal directly influence the efficiency of coal clean utilization by the staged pyrolysis conversion. Low molecular compounds distributed in coal are very different from the macromolecular structure of coal and play an important role during coal pyrolysis. In order to investigate the effects of low molecular compounds on the release of typical thiophenic sulfur species during coal pyrolysis by Py-GC/MS, petroleum ether, dichloromethane, and methanol were used for sequential ultrasonic extraction of Linfen coal (LFC). The compositions of extracts were detected by GC×GC/MS. Results show that three primary kinds of thiophenic sulfur species (2-methyl thiophene, benzothiophene, and dibenzothiophene) were released during coal pyrolysis and they are mainly derived from the cracking of macromolecular skeleton containing thiophenic sulfur in coal. The amounts of thiophenic sulfur released during raw coal and residues pyrolysis both increase with temperature. Besides, extracts with different compositions have different effects on the release of thiophenic sulfur during pyrolysis. In detail, the cyclization of aliphatic compounds could provide active hydrogen. On the one hand, the active hydrogen promotes the break of bridge bonds around thiophenic sulfur. On the other hand, active hydrogen may attack sulfur atoms of thiophenic sulfur, reducing the energy barriers of thiophenic sulfur decomposition. Aromatic compounds polymerize with sulfur-containing groups converting to benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene with larger molecular weight. In addition, thiophenic sulfur may be oxidized by esters to sulfones or sulfoxides, which further decompose, resulting in the inhibition effect on thiophenic sulfur formation during coal pyrolysis.

Comparison of solvent systems on extraction, quality characteristics, and volatile compounds of palm kernel oil

AbstractHexane (HEX) and dichloromethane (DCM) have been used to extract oils from various sources due to their expansive solubility and low volatility that ease removal at low temperatures. However, environmental and health concerns make them undesirable solvents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extraction efficiency and physicochemical characteristics of palm kernel oil (PKO) extracted with the addition of acetone in HEX‐acetone (1:1, vol/vol) and DCM‐acetone (1:1, vol/vol) mixtures as an alternative to DCM and HEX alone. PKO extracted with co‐solvent systems had better quality characteristics compared with single solvent extracts. The oil recovered, free fatty acid content, peroxide value and other quality characteristics, and thermal properties were within the range for PKO, and similar oils as stipulated in standards. Monounsaturated fatty acid content in PKO was up to 70% of which lauric acid was the most abundant (48%–52%). A total of 50 volatile compounds were identified by GC–MS in all the extracts including amide (1), alcohol (1), aldehydes (2), ketones (3), acids (6), esters (6) and hydrocarbons (31) with higher numbers of volatiles in the HEX extracts compared to the DCM extracts. Dodecanoic acid, hexanal, and 2‐undecanone were the most abundant acid, aldehyde, and ketone, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) differentiated the volatiles identified on the polar and non‐polar columns with 88.2% and 8.8%, and 67.3% and 19.6% of the variation accounted for by PC1 and PC2, respectively, with several common volatile components forming a cluster from all the solvents used.

Acacia mangium: A promising plant for isolating anti-hepatitis C virus agents.

Background: Medicinal plants are potential resources for isolating drug candidates. Various plants have been reported to possess pharmacological effects including anti-hepatitis C activities. The current study examined the anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activities of Acacia mangium extracts in solvents with various polarities and further evaluated the mechanism of action of the extracts using Western blotting and combination treatment models. Methods: The leaves of A. mangium were extracted in two phases, first in ethanol and then in solvents with different polarities (n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol). HCV-infected Huh7it-1 cells were treated with the extracts at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, and 100 µg/mL. Results: The results revealed the strong anti-HCV activities of the extracts. The 50% inhibition concentrations (IC 50s) of the ethanol, n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts were of 4.6 ± 0.3, 2.9 ± 0.2, 0.2 ± 0.3, and 2.8 ± 0.2 μg/mL, respectively, and no cytotoxic effect was detected. These extracts displayed stronger effects than the positive control ribavirin. The mode of action of the ethanol extract was evaluated at 30 µg/mL, revealing that the inhibitory effect was stronger on the post-entry step than on the entry step. Western blotting revealed that the extracts decreased NS3 protein expression, indicating that virus replication was suppressed. Further evaluation illustrated that combined treatment with the ethanol extract enhanced the anti-viral activity of simeprevir. Conclusions: These results indicated that A. mangium leaves could represent sources of anti-HCV agents.

Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activity of Crude Extracts and Extraction Time and Temperature Optimization of Pectin from Cissampelos pareira Leaves

This research studied crude extracts of Cissampelos pareira leaves using fi ve solvents as hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and ethanol for nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity and maximize pectin yields from facile green extraction. Five crude hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts were obtained from the leaves of C. pareira at 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.3%, 3%, and 1%, respectively. The hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate extracts showed the most potent decrease in NO production with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 49.85±5.07, 56.26±1.49, and 64.55±2.37 (μg/mL), respectively. Concentrations of all crude extracts of C. pareira indicated no cellular toxicity. Pectin was aqueously extracted at 40 to 90 °C for 15 to 120 min and yields and quality were examined. Highest pectin yield (36.12%) was obtained after 60 min at 60 °C, with quality meeting the criteria established by the International Pectin Producers Association (IPPA) and categorized as high methoxyl pectin.

Evaluation of α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Antihyperglycemic Activity of Extracts Obtained from Leaves and Flowers of Rumex crispus L.

Among antihyperglycemic drugs used for treating diabetes, α-glucosidase inhibitors generate the least adverse effects. This contribution aimed to evaluate the potential antidiabetic activity of Rumex crispus L. by testing its in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition and in vivo antihyperglycemic effects on rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Better inhibition of α-glucosidase was found with the methanol extract versus the n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts. The methanol extract of the flowers (RCFM) was more effective than that of the leaves (RCHM), with an IC50 of 7.3 ± 0.17 μg/mL for RCFM and 112.0 ± 1.23 μg/mL for RCHM. A bioactive fraction (F89s) also showed good α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 3.8 ± 0.11 μg/mL). In a preliminary study, RCHM and RCFM at 150 mg/kg and F89s at 75 mg/kg after 30 days showed a significant effect on hyperglycemia, reducing glucose levels (82.2, 80.1, and 84.1%, respectively), and improved the lipid, renal, and hepatic profiles of the rats, comparable with the effects of metformin and acarbose. According to the results, the activity of R. crispus L. may be mediated by a diminished rate of disaccharide hydrolysis, associated with the inhibition of α-glucosidase. Thus, R. crispus L. holds promise for the development of auxiliary drugs to treat diabetes mellitus.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Stellera chamaejasme L. Roots and Aerial Parts Extracts.

Natural products, mainly plants, have a crucial role in folk medicine. Particularly, Stellera chamaejasme L. has been traditionally used in Mongolian medicine to treat various diseases, including chronic tracheitis, tuberculosis, and psoriasis. In this study, ethanol (EtOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of its roots (R) and aerial parts (AP) were evaluated for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Thin-layer chromatography demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, namely kaempferol and quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside, only in the EtOH-AP. Conversely, it showed that kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside, coumarin, luteolin, rutin, morin, and riboflavin were not present in the other three extracts. The S. chamaejasme extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity. In addition, the roots extracts presented the highest antioxidant activity against peroxyl radicals, with the EtOH-R being the most potent (IC50 = 0.90 ± 0.07 µg/mL). S. chamaejasme extracts also efficiently inhibited the production of one of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, in a dose-dependent manner by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Particularly, DCM-R was the strongest extract, reducing ≈ 91.5% of the IL-6 production. Since this extract was the most effective, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed and demonstrated the presence of two fatty acids (palmitic acid and 9-octadecenoic acid), one fatty alcohol (1-hexadecanol), and one triterpenoid (squalene) that can contribute to the observed bioactivity. Herewith, S. chamaejasme extracts, mainly DCM-R, exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that could be applied as new and innovative natural formulations for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Screening for Chemical Characterization and Pharmacological Properties of Different Extracts from Nepeta italica.

Plants from the Nepeta genus have been proved to possess different pharmacological properties, among which are antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and cytotoxic effects. Nepeta italica is a medicinal plant traditionally used for its analgesic effects, and in the present study, the phytochemical composition and biological effects of hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), ethanol, ethanol-water, and water extracts of the aerial parts were investigated for determining phenolic composition, antioxidant effects, and anti-inflammatory effects in isolated mouse colon specimens exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Polar extracts were the richest in terms of phenolic compounds, especially rosmarinic acid. In parallel, ethanol, ethanol-water, and water extracts were also the most effective as scavenging/reducing and enzyme inhibition agents, especially towards cholinesterases and α-glucosidase, and in inhibiting the LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) gene expression in mouse colon. This poses the basis for future in vivo investigations for confirming the protective effects of polar extracts of N. italica against inflammatory bowel diseases.

Late‐stage functionalization of Vouacapane derivatives from Caesalpinia platyloba by a Groebke−Blackburn−Bienaymé reaction

AbstractAn almost underexplored field within the natural products area is the synthesis of pseudo‐natural product libraries by employing isocyanide‐based multicomponent reactions as powerful synthetic tools and natural products or their functionalized derivatives as starting reagents. In this work, a novel synthetic strategy behind the late‐stage functionalization of fused Vouacapane‐azoles in a two‐step reaction was developed. The first reaction is a Vilsmeier–Haack formylation at furan ring of the natural product 6β‐acetoxyvouacapane, which was isolated from the leaves of Caesalpinia platyloba from its dichloromethane extracts. The second reaction was a Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction to synthesize the pseudo‐natural products 11a‐f in moderate yields, containing pharmacophoric fragments furan and imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine. The compounds described here are good candidates for biological activity assays.

Sensory-directed isolation and identification of an intense salicin-like bitter compound in infected teas with bird’s eye spot disease

Teas infected with bird’s eye spot disease generally exhibited a lingering and long-lasting, salicin-like bitter taste, which was unpalatable to consumers. Sensory-directed isolation processes have been performed in this study to investigate the salicin-like bitter compounds in infected teas. Results showed that infected teas were extracted using a 70% methanol aqueous solution to produce methanol extract, which was then further separated by sequential solvent extraction (SSE) to obtain dichloromethane extract, which contained the salicin-like bitter compounds. The dichloromethane extract was then isolated by flash chromatography to produce two salicin-like bitter fractions, eluted using 60% and 65% methanol aqueous solution. Finally, these two salicin-like bitter fractions were analyzed by RP-HPLC using 60–68% and 70–75% methanol aqueous solution, respectively, affording the location of the salicin-like bitter compounds in RP-HPLC chromatograms. Moreover, a new ursane-type triterpenoid, camellisin A methyl ester, was identified from infected teas. This study has provided preliminary isolation methods of salicin-like bitter compounds from the infected teas, which were essential to designing targeted debittering strategies for infected teas and improving the quality of the finished tea and the effective utilization of fresh tea leaves.

Unraveling the chemical profile, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, cytotoxic potential of different extracts from Astragalus caraganae.

Six extracts (water, ethanol, ethanol-water, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-hexane) of Astragalus caraganae were studied for their biological activities and bioactive contents. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), the ethanol-water extract yielded the highest total bioactive content (4242.90 µg g-1 ), followed by the ethanol and water extracts (3721.24 and 3661.37 µg g-1 , respectively), while the least total bioactive content was yielded by the hexane extract, followed by the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts (47.44, 274.68, and 688.89 µg g-1 , respectively). Rutin, p-coumaric, chlorogenic, isoquercitrin, and delphindin-3,5-diglucoside were among the major components. Unlike the dichloromethane extracts, all the other extracts showed radical scavenging ability in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay (8.73-52.11 mg Trolox equivalent [TE]/g), while all extracts displayed scavenging property in the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay (16.18-282.74 mg TE/g). The extracts showed antiacetylcholinesterase (1.27-2.73 mg galantamine equivalent [GALAE]/g), antibutyrylcholinesterase (0.20-5.57 mg GALAE/g) and antityrosinase (9.37-63.56 mg kojic acid equivalent [KAE]/g) effects. The molecular mechanism of the H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress pathway was aimed to be elucidated by applying ethanol, ethanol/water and water extracts at 200 µg/mL concentration to human dermal cells (HDFs). A. caraganae in HDF cells had neither a cytotoxic nor genotoxic effect but could have a cytostatic effect in increasing concentrations. The findings have allowed a better insight intothe pharmacological potentialof the plant, with respect to their chemical entities and bioactive contents, as well as extraction solvents and their polarity.

Cyclic Hexapeptide from Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schltdl. and Neuroprotective Effects of Root Extracts.

Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schltdl. is a shrub that belongs to the Rubiaceae family and is distributed throughout México; it has been used for its antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. This work aimed to evaluate the protective effects of B. ternifolia root extracts on the blood-brain barrier and the positive regulation of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the characterization of compounds present in the dichloromethane (BtD) and hexane (BtH) extracts. Male ICR mice were orally administered with B. ternifolia extracts for 5 days before a single injection of LPS. Administration of BtH and BtD significantly decreased Evans blue leakage into brain tissue by 70% and 68%, respectively. Meloxicam (MX) decreased the concentration of IL-1β by 39.6%; BtM by 53.9%; BtAq by 48.4%; BtD by 31.9%, and BtH by 37.7%. BtH was the only treatment that significantly decreased the concentration of IL-6 by 32.2%. The concentration of TNF-α declined with each of the treatments. The chemical composition of BtD and BtH was characterized by GC-MS, and the cyclic hexapeptide was identified by 13C, 1H NMR, and two-dimension techniques. In the BtD extract, seven compounds were found and in BtH 13 compounds were found. The methanolic (BtM) and aqueous (BtAq) extracts were not subjected to chemical analysis, because they did not show a significant difference in the BBB protection activity. Therefore, the results suggested that the extracts BtD and BtH protect the blood-brain barrier, maintaining stable its selective permeability, thereby preventing LPS from entering the brain tissue. Simultaneously, they modulate the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. It is important to note that this research only evaluated the complete extracts.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Endemic Jeffreycia zeylanica Plant Found in Sri Lanka

Aims: Determination of antibacterial efficacy of aqueous, methanol, dichloromethane, and hexane extracts from Jeffreycia zeylanica leaves against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
 Methodology: Completely ballooned leaves of J. zeylanica were gathered, air-dried, and milled into fine powder. Then macerated in all four selected solvents for about 1-2 weeks, the extracts were obtained by vacuum evaporation under reduced pressure. Antibacterial activity was performed against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) using the agar well diffusion method and disc diffusion method. The positive control utilized was Gentamicin. The inhibitory zone's diameter (in mm) was measured and noted. The entire experiment was done in triplicates.
 Results: Findings from the study indicated that methanolic leaves extract (EC50 39.03mg/mL) had the highest effectiveness and potency against S. aureus using agar well diffusion method and, methanolic leaves extract (EC50 2.301mg/mL) had the highest effectiveness and potency against S. aureus using agar disc diffusion method.
 Conclusion: This study designates that, leaves of J. zeylanica have potential antibacterial activity using aqueous, methanol, Dichloromethane(DCM), and hexane extracts. Among them methanolic extract showed the highest activity indicating the highest inhibition zones and the most susceptible organism is S. aureus. Additional study is required to understand the mechanism and active ingredients behind the antibacterial activity of further plant sections.

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 invitro potential of castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) leaf extract: in-silico virtual evidence.

Ricinus communis L. is a medicinal plant that displays valuable pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. This study targeted to isolate and identify some constituents of R.communis leaves using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) and different chromatographic techniques. In vitro anti-MERS and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity for different fractions and for two pure isolated compounds, lupeol (RS) and ricinine (RS1) were evaluated using a plaque reduction assay with three different mechanisms and IC50 based on their cytotoxic concentration (CC50) from an MTT assay using Vero E6 cell line. Isolated phytoconstituents and remdesivir are assessed for in-silico anti-COVID-19 activity using molecular docking tools. The methylene chloride extract showed pronounced virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 (IC50=1.76 μg/ml). It was also shown that ricinine had superior potential activity against SARS-CoV-2, (IC50=2.5 μg/ml). Lupeol displayed the most potency against MERS, (IC50=5.28 μg/ml). Ricinine appeared to be the most biologically active compound. The study showed that R.communis and its isolated compounds have potential natural virucidal activity against SARS-COV-2; however, additional exploration is necessary and study for their invivo activity.

Beneficial sterols in selected edible insects and their associated antibacterial activities

Edible insects are increasingly gaining popularity as research reveals multiple benefits. However, the rediscovery of natural products from insects as medicinal agents has received limited attention. This study aimed at evaluating the diversity of sterols in extracts of nine edible insects and potential antibacterial activities. Dichloromethane extracts of these insects were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to identify important sterols, followed by evaluation of their anti-bacterial activities. Nineteen sterols were identified with the highest recorded in African fruit beetle [Pachnoda sinuata (47.37%)], crickets [Gryllus bimaculatus (36.84%) and Scapsipedus icipe (31.58%)]. Cholesterol was the most prevalent, except in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Bioactivity revealed S. icipe as the most potent extract against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis whereas G. bimaculatus was highest against Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus 25923. These findings unravels the diversity of sterols in edible insects and their possible application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

In-silico and in-vitro assessments of some fabaceae, rhamnaceae, apocynaceae, and anacardiaceae species against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and triple-negative breast cancer cells

Medicinal plants play a huge role in the treatment of various diseases in the Limpopo province (South Africa). Traditionally, concoctions used for treating tuberculosis and cancer are sometimes prepared from plant parts naturally occurring in the region, these include (but not limited to) Schotia brachypetala, Rauvolfia caffra, Schinus molle, Ziziphus mucronate, and Senna petersiana. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the potential antimycobacterial activity of the five medicinal plants against Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155, Mycobacterium aurum A + , and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB 231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. Phytochemical constituents present in R. caffra and S. molle were tentatively identified by LC-QTOF-MS/MS as these extracts showed antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activity. A rigorous Virtual Screening Workflow (VSW) of the tentatively identified phytocompounds was then employed to identify potential inhibitor/s of M. tuberculosis pantothenate kinase (PanK). Molecular dynamics simulations and post-MM-GBSA free energy calculations were used to determine the potential mode of action and selectivity of selected phytocompounds. The results showed that plant crude extracts generally exhibited poor antimycobacterial activity, except for R. caffra and S. molle which exhibited average efficacy against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 0.25–0.125 mg/mL. Only one compound with a favourable ADME profile, namely, norajmaline was returned from the VSW. Norajmaline exhibited a docking score of –7.47 kcal/mol, while, pre-MM-GBSA calculation revealed binding free energy to be –37.64 kcal/mol. All plant extracts exhibited a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of < 30 μg/mL against MDA-MB 231 cells. Flow cytometry analysis of treated MDA-MB 231 cells showed that the dichloromethane extracts from S. petersiana, Z. mucronate, and ethyl acetate extracts from R. caffra and S. molle induced higher levels of apoptosis than cisplatin. It was concluded that norajmaline could emerge as a potential antimycobacterial lead compound. Validation of the antimycobacterial activity of norajmaline will need to be performed in vitro and in vivo before chemical modifications to enhance potency and efficacy are done. S. petersiana, Z. mucronate, R.caffra and S. molle possess strong potential as key contributors in developing new and effective treatments for triple-negative breast cancer in light of the urgent requirement for innovative therapeutic solutions.

Phytochemical, biological, and in-silico analysis of Colutea armata Hemsl. &amp; Lace: A possible source of bioactive natural compounds

The Colutea genus of plants has been studied for its medicinal qualities, particularly antifungal. The current study is the first to examine and contrast the biological functions and chemical makeup of whole-plant extracts of Colutea armata Hemsl. & Lace. made with dichloromethane (DCM) solvent and methanol (MeOH) solvent. The ability of the extracts under study to block specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and phosphodiesterase. Likewise, spectrophotometric techniques were used to estimate the total bioactive components and potential for antioxidants (DPPH). Additionally, GC–MS metabolomics was done to establish the composition of potential secondary metabolites. Moreover, the in-silico docking studies confirmed the specific compound responsible for biological activities. The varying concentrations of alkaloidal, phenolic and flavonoid components were found in MeOH and DCM extracts, which might be responsible for the notable DPPH, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase inhibitory potentials. In the contrast, moderate AChE, BChE, and phosphodiesterase inhibition were noted. Additionally, the extracts presented considerable antifungal (S. cerevisiae) and anti-bacterial (K. pneumoniae, S. typhi, E. coli, and S. aureus). In addition, GC–MS profiling of both the MeOH and the DCM extracts revealed the tentative presence of 19 and 33 secondary metabolites, respectively, mostly phenolic, flavonoid, glycoside, terpenes, steroids, and alkaloids, this may be the cause of the plant extract under study's reported biological potential. To conclude, our findings highlighted C. armata as a lead source for naturally bioactive compounds that may open the door to industrial uses.

A Comparative Study of Dichloromethane and Ethyl Acetate Root Extracts of &lt;i&gt;Celosia trigyna&lt;/i&gt;: Phytochemical and Wound Healing Effect Analyses

Background: &lt;i&gt;Celosia&lt;/i&gt; species have been validated to possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potential. This study was thus designed to comparatively determine the effect of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate root extracts of &lt;i&gt;Celosia trigyna&lt;/i&gt; on Wistar rat wounds created by 8 mm biopsy punches.Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed on dichloromethane and ethyl acetate root extracts of &lt;i&gt;C. trigyna&lt;/i&gt;. For animal studies, 25 adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (group A-E; n=5). Group A served as the negative control, group B as a positive control, group C received dichloromethane extract (once/day), group D ethyl acetate extract (once/day), and group E was the vehicle control. All extracts and medication were administered topically. Wound area, wound contraction, period of epithelialization, macroscopic analysis, and histological examination were studied.Results: Phytochemical screening showed that saponins and terpenoids were particularly high in dichloromethane extracts while ethyl acetate extracts were highly rich in terpenoids. The results of wound areas, wound contraction, periods of epithelialization, and macroscopic and histological analyses showed that dichloromethane extract, ethyl acetate extract, and penicillin-treated groups showed better remediation respectively in order of efficacy compared to the negative and vehicle control groups. The histological examination revealed an evidence of tissue regeneration and collagen deposition in the extract-treated groups compared to the positive, negative, and vehicle control groups.Conclusion: In conclusion, both extracts of &lt;i&gt;C. trigyna&lt;/i&gt; have a better healing potential compared to penicillin treatment with dichloromethane extract having a better wound healing potential than the ethyl acetate extract.

Evaluation of the antiproliferative activity of three types of Annona muricata extract in the traditional treatment of cervical cancer induced in Wistar rats

This study was concerned with the evaluation of the antiproliferative activity of Annona muricata in the traditional treatment of cervical cancer induced in Wistar rats. The aim of the present work was to compare the effect of ethyl, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of Annona muricata leaves to determine the most effective one on cervical cell differentiation in wistar rats. For this purpose, we made three extracts namely: ethyl extract, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate) from dried leaf powder of Annona muricata. The antiproliferative (anticancer) activity was evaluated by assaying the alkaline phosphatase and total protein parameters on cervical crushings of Wistar rats, in which cervical cancer was previously induced by exposure to Cycas revoluta extract through gavage of 100mg/kg of the ethyl extract of Cycas revoluta. The antiproliferative (anticancer) activity was effective by administration of a dose of 100 mg/kg of ethyl, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of Annona muricata leaves. This activity showed a variation of intensity according to the type of extracts. Thus the dichloromethane extract was the most active.

&lt;em&gt;In-vitro&lt;/em&gt; wound healing potential of &lt;em&gt;Ziziphus oenoplia&lt;/em&gt; (L.) Miller

Non-healing wounds are a global health problem. Substances that enhance cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and prevention of bacterial infections accelerate the wound healing process. In this study, the wound healing potential of Ziziphus oenoplia, is investigated for its ability in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and antibacterial potential. The potential of cell proliferation enhancement (mean percent wound closure) and angiogenic response (mean vascular index) of hexanes, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of leaf and bark of Z. oenoplia were evaluated by scratch wound assay (SWA) using Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, respectively. The antibacterial activity of these extracts was evaluated against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by disc diffusion method. Enhanced cell proliferation was shown by the hexanes, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and the hexanes extract of bark. An enhanced angiogenic response was shown by the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and the methanol and hexanes extracts of bark. Dichloromethane extract of both leaf and bark showed considerable antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa which is less susceptible to common antibiotics. SWA-directed fractionation of the hexanes extract of the leaf has resulted in the isolation and identification of an active fraction showing mean percent wound closure of 86.4% (positive control 90.2%) and mean vascular index of 34.5 (positive control 48.6). This fraction contained lupeol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, hexacosanol, and octacosanol. The present study provides supportive evidence for the potential of wound healing enhancement of leaf and bark extracts of Z. oenoplia.

SHORT NOTES: A CHEMOTAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE RESINS FROM THREE DIPTEROCARP SPECIES (Shorea macrophylla, Shorea pinanga, and Shorea hopeifolia)

A chemotaxonomic study on the resins of Shorea macrophylla, Shorea pinanga, and Shorea hopeifolia was conducted. The dichloromethane extracts were separated into neutral and acidic fractions and then analyzed using GC-MS. The neutral fraction analysis revealed that spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, aromadendrene oxide, and isoaromadendrene epoxide were the major constituents in all three species. Furthermore, the main compound in the neutral fraction of Shorea hopeifolia was isocaryophyllene which was undetected in the other two species. The major constituent of the acidic fraction of the three species was hexadecanoic acid, while pentadecanoic acid was the major constituent in the acidic fraction of Shorea pinanga and Shorea hopeifolia. Therefore, the presence of sesquiterpenes as well as fatty acids in S. macrophylla, S. pinanga, and S. hopeifolia was discovered to be a marker for identifying the genus Shorea.