Extraction Behavior Research Articles

The Metal Ion Extraction Behaviour with Glycolamide Extractants: Evidences from Electronic Spectroscopy and Dft Calculations

The Metal Ion Extraction Behaviour with Glycolamide Extractants: Evidences from Electronic Spectroscopy and Dft Calculations

Extraction behavior of a novel functionalized ionic liquid for separation of platinum group metals from aqueous nitric acid solution.

A novel ionic liquid (IL) functionalized with thiodiglycol amic acid containing a soft S donor was synthesized for the effective and efficient extraction of platinum group metals (Ru, Rh, and Pd) from aqueous nitric acid solutions, such as high-level radioactive liquid waste (HLLW). The IL enabled rapid extraction of Pd(II) with an extraction ratio of approximately 100%. The extractions of Ru(III) and Rh(III) by the IL were slower than that of Pd(II), but the rates were accelerated by temperature elevation. The extractions of Ru(III) and Rh(III) at 50°C reached equilibrium within 4 and 8h, respectively, with the extraction ratios of over 90% without assisting agents or other methods for the extraction system. Furthermore, the IL could extract more than 90% of Ru(III), Rh(III), and Pd(II) from the simulated HLLW within 2h at 50°C.

Extraction Behavior of Metal-Thiocyanato Complexes into Third Phase Formed in an Ionic Liquid Extraction System Using Trioctylphosphine Oxide

Extraction Behavior of Metal-Thiocyanato Complexes into Third Phase Formed in an Ionic Liquid Extraction System Using Trioctylphosphine Oxide

Increasing RG-I content and lipase inhibitory activity of pectic polysaccharides extracted from goji berry and raspberry by high-pressure processing

The impact of high-pressure processing (HPP) extraction on the structural, rheological, and functional properties of goji berry and raspberry pectic polysaccharides were investigated under acidic and alkaline conditions. These properties were compared with those of pectic polysaccharides extracted by conventional hot-acid and cold-alkali methods. Extraction yield, molecular weight, rheological behavior, and antioxidant activity of pectic extracts depended on the source materials of extraction. The solvent pH was the driving factor for the degree of esterification, as revealed by NMR and FTIR analysis. Monosaccharide composition was the primary variable between the extracts. The hot-acid extraction led to the highest galacturonic acid (GalA) contents, 46.9% for goji berry and 65.2% for raspberry, indicating the prevalence of homogalacturonans (HG) regions. HPP-assisted acidic/alkaline extractions gave rise to higher rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) regions, pointing to the prevalence of hairy regions. The antioxidant activity of raspberry extracts was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than goji berry extracts. The higher amount of RG-I may determine the higher antioxidant activity of raspberry pectic polysaccharides. The correlation between structural parameters and the lipase inhibitory activity also revealed that the higher lipase inhibitory activity of pectic polysaccharides is mostly correlated with the higher content of RG-I (r = 0.9259, P = 0.00033). Thus, HPP-assisted extraction may intensify the lipase inhibitory activity of pectic polysaccharides by increasing their RG-I content.

Study on Extraction Behavior of Re(VII) with Bis-triamide Extractants

ABSTRACT In this paper, three bis-triamide extractants L1, L2 and L3 containing two tertiary amines groups and six amide groups were synthesized and the effects of contact time, HNO3 concentration, salts, different acids on the extraction behavior of Re(VII) were studied in the kerosene-HNO3 system. The results established that the extraction kinetics allow the system to reach equilibrium within 2 minutes. When HNO3 is 1.0 × 10–2 mol/L and the concentration of L is 1.0 × 10–2 mol/L, the DRe of L1 and L2 for the extraction of Re(VII) are 28.9, 47.3, respectively. The increase of NaNO3 and NaClO4 concentration will lead to the decrease of D Re, and the inhibition by NaClO4 is more significant. Among the three acid systems (HNO3, HCl, H2SO4), HNO3 had the most obvious inhibition on extraction of Re(VII) because NO3 − has the largest standard Gibbs hydration energy value (ΔGh°) among three anions. L3 could extract Re(VII) selectively from Re(VII)/U(VI) solution, the SF Re/U of L3 is 1.06 × 103 when the concentration of L3 and HNO3 are both 1.0 × 10–2 mol/L. According to slope method and extraction capacity analysis, the extraction compound is composed of one bis-triamide molecule and one ReO4 – ion, and thermodynamic studies showed that the extraction reaction is an endothermic and spontaneous process.

Synthesis of new carbazole derivative extractants and study on extraction of perrhenate/pertechnetate

It is very necessary to remove radioactive TcO4− from nuclear waste because TcO4− is harmful to the environment and public health due to the extremely high mobility and long-term radioactivity. In this paper, four carbazole derivative extractants L1-L4 were synthesized, and their extraction behavior for ReO4− (as an analog of radioactive TcO4−) was preliminarily studied in the chloroform-HNO3 system. Compared with L1-L3, L4 showed excellent extractability toward ReO4−, and DRe is more than 100 at pH = 2 when the initial concentration of L4 is 50 mmol/L, with the high selectivity for ReO4− over other competition anions due to the pre-organized cavity of L4 matching the size of ReO4−. L4 also showed the high SFRe(VII)/U(VI)(5000). And more, ReO4− could be easily and efficiently stripped from the loaded organic phase by Na2CO3 solution with about 100% of the stripping yield. The mechanism was further studied by NMR, HRMS, and theoretical calculation, and the results found that the process of ReO4− extracted by L4 conformed to the anion-exchange extraction model, and the extraction compound is [H2L2+·ReO4−][NO3−]. Finally, the distribution ratio (4–33) of TcO4− by L4 is better than ReO4− (1–5). This research provides a new idea for the design of extractants for efficient separation of TcO4−.

The pervasive impact of critical fluctuations in liquid-liquid extraction organic phases.

Liquid-liquid extraction is an essential chemical separation technique where polar solutes are extracted from an aqueous phase into a nonpolar organic solvent by amphiphilic extractant molecules. A fundamental limitation to the efficiency of this important technology is third phase formation, wherein the organic phase splits upon sufficient loading of polar solutes. The nanoscale drivers of phase splitting are challenging to understand in the complex hierarchically structured organic phases. In this study, we demonstrate that the organic phase structure and phase behavior are fundamentally connected in a way than can be understood with critical phenomena theory. For a series of binary mixtures of trialkyl phosphate extractants with linear alkane diluents, we combine small angle x-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate how the organic phase mesostructure over a wide range of compositions is dominated by critical concentration fluctuations associated with the critical point of the third phase formation phase transition. These findings reconcile many longstanding inconsistencies in the literature where small angle scattering features, also consistent with such critical fluctuations, were interpreted as reverse micellar-like particles. Overall, this study shows how the organic phase mesostructure and phase behavior are intrinsically linked, deepening our understanding of both and providing a new framework for using molecular structure and thermodynamic variables to control mesostructure and phase behavior in liquid-liquid extraction.

Tomato maturity recognition using YOLOV 5 machine learning

The implementation of robotic systems and digitalization in agriculture are important tasks today. In this paper, the possibility of using pattern recognition and machine learning methods as a computer model of an agricultural robot for harvesting is considered. The grading of tomato fruits can be classified based on their ripeness according to their life cycles, which can be identified by their color: green in the growing stage, yellow in the pre-ripening stage, and red when ripe. Conventional skill-based methods cannot meet the exact selection criteria for modern production management in the agricultural sector as they are time-consuming and of low accuracy. Automatic feature extraction behavior using machine learning is most effective in image classification and recognition tasks. Thus, the article presents the results of a study on the recognition of ripe tomato fruits by a robotic system, carried out within the framework of the grant project of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan AP08857573 and implemented classical algorithms based on the HSV color model and color segmentation using the k-means algorithm as comparative algorithms and based on machine learning, a universal intelligent tomato classification system is proposed for practical use using Yolo 5. This study aims to provide an inexpensive solution with the best performance and accuracy for assessing tomato ripeness. The results are collected in terms of accuracy, loss curves and confusion matrix. The results showed that the proposed model outperforms other machine learning (ML) methods used by researchers for tomato classification problems, providing 99% accuracy.

Chinese Investments in Nigeria and the Political Economy of Trade, 1999 - 2019: A Leadership Perspective

This article explores the nature and patterns of Chinese-Nigeria trade relations between 1999 and 2019 through the theoretical prism of leadership. The period 1999-2019 captures the rising trends in investments and trade relations between China and Nigeria and the latter’s efforts at liberal democratization. It raises questions about how the nature of the leadership process conditions economic developments and as well shapes the nature of trade and investments between both countries. Although the article is not necessarily comparative, it demonstrates how the contrasting character of the internal leadership process throws up inclusivity, accountability, productivity and development in China, and exclusion, opportunistic behaviour and underdevelopment in Nigeria. The article thus argues that leadership is dialectically connected to the political economy of development and trade in both China and Nigeria. Drawing on historical and statistical data relating to Chinese Foreign Direct Investments, aid/loans to Nigeria and Chinese-Nigeria trade patterns, it explains that economic relations between both countries are characterized by unequal exchanges in favour of the Chinese state. The major contention of the article is that while Nigeria does benefit from Chinese trade, loans and investments in terms of job opportunities and infrastructural developments, such benefits further deepen Nigeria’s underdevelopment and dependence on China as a result of the extractive behaviour of Nigeria’s political leaders. Nevertheless, a better developmental outcome is possible in Nigeria through transformational leadership that leads to profound changes in policies, institutions and values of accountability.

Extraction and Back-Extraction Behaviors of La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), and Nd(III) Single Rare Earth and Mixed Rare Earth by TODGA.

N,N,N′,N′-Tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA), as a new extraction agent, is effective for its excellent performance and low environmental hazard, and it is very welcome for the rare earth separation process. In this paper, by controlling the extraction time, diluent type, acid type and its concentration, rare earth concentration, etc., the optimum extraction and back-extraction effects of TODGA on La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), and Nd(III) and mixed rare earths were obtained. The experiment showed that 0.10 mol·L−1 TODGA had the best extraction effect on single rare earth under the conditions of using petroleum ether as diluent, 5 mol·L−1 nitric acid, 20 min extraction time, and 0.01 mol·L−1 rare earth. In the mixed rare earth extraction, the percentage concentrations of La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), and Nd(III) could be achieved from 21.7%, 19.9%, 30.8%, and 22.2% at the initial stage to 90.5%, 37%, 51%, and 62% after extraction, respectively, by controlling the number of back-extraction cycles and the concentrations of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid in the back-extraction system. The TODGA–rare earth carrier system showed the best back-extraction effect when the hydrochloric acid concentration was 1 mol·L−1 and the back-extraction time was 20 min. At the same time, the mixed rare earth liquid system with low initial concentration was selected for extraction and separation of mixed rare earth. The separation effect was better, and the recovery rate was higher than that of mixed rare earth liquid system with a high initial concentration.

Ionic Liquid Extraction Behavior of Cr(VI) Absorbed on Humic Acid-Vermiculite.

Cr(VI) can be released into soil as a result of mining, electroplating, and smelting operations. Due to the high toxicity of Cr(VI), its removal is necessary in order to protect ecosystems. Vermiculite is applied in situations where there is a high degree of metal pollution, as it is helpful during the remediation process due to its high cation exchange capacity. The Cr(VI) contained in the vermiculite should be extracted in order to recover it and to reduce the impact on the environment. In this work, adsorption equilibrium data for Cr(VI) in a simulated sorbent for soil remediation (a mixture that included both humic acid (HA) and vermiculite) were a good fit with the Langmuir isotherm model. The simulated sorbent for soil remediation was a favorable sorbent for Cr(VI) when it was in the test soil. An ionic liquid, [C4mim]Cl (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride), was studied to determine its efficiency in extracting Cr(VI) from the Cr- contaminated simulated sorbent in soil remediation. At 298 K and within 30 min, approximately 33.48 ± 0.79% of Cr(VI) in the simulated sorbent in soil remediation was extracted into [C4mim]Cl. Using FTIR spectroscopy, the absorbance intensities of the bands at 1032 and 1010 cm−1, which were attributed to C-O bond stretching in the polysaccharides of HA, were used to detect the changes in HA in the Cr-contaminated simulated sorbent for soil remediation before and after extraction. The results showed that Cr(VI) that has been absorbed on HA can be extracted into [C4mim]Cl. Using 1H NMR, it was observed that the 1-methylimizadole of [C4mim] Cl played an important role in the extraction of Cr(VI), which bonded with HA on vermiculite and was able to be transformed into the [C4mim]Cl phase.

Sorbent extraction behavior of cesium and strontium from nitric acid solutions using a new high thermal stability material

In this study a new low-cost carbonaceous material was prepared from husks of opuntia-ficus-indica as a starting material (precursor) which was accomplished by chemical activation route using H3PO4 impregnation. The material has been identified by different analytical tools. The sorption performance of Cs(I) and Sr(II) from HNO3 solutions was examined through batch system. Variations of the distribution coefficients (Kd) as a function of HNO3 concentration in the range 0.001–5.0 M were presented. Some of separation probabilities were suggested. The results attained signals that the Sr(II) selectivity is higher than that of Cs(I) at high molarities. The retention capacity (qe) of Cs(I) and Sr(II) ions increased with growing temperature. The capacities at 0.001 M HNO3 are 34 and 108 mg/g for Cs(I) and Sr(II), respectively. Whereas, at 2.0 M HNO3 capacities were about 4 and 37 mg/g for each of Cs(I) and Sr (II), respectively. This studies demonstrates that the prepared carbonaceous sorbent is an economically effective sorbent for retention of Cs(I) and Sr(II) species from HNO3 solutions. Cs(I) and Sr(II) removal potential was tested from simulated low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste samples.

Extraction behaviors of aqueous PEG impregnated resin system in terms of impregnation stability and recovery via protein impregnated resin interactions on bovine serum albumin.

BackgroundCurrent advances in biotechnology have been looked at as alternative approaches towards the limited product recovery due to time- and cost-consuming drawbacks on the conventional purification methods. This study aimed to purify bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an exemplary target product using an aqueous impregnated resin system (AIRS). This method implies the concept of hydrophobicity of polymer that impregnated into the resins and driven by electrostatic attractions and hydrophilicity of aqueous salt solution to extract the target product.MethodsThe extraction behaviors of impregnation in terms of stability and adsorption kinetics via protein-aqueous polymer impregnated resin were studied. Impregnation stability was determined by the leaching factor of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The major factors such as PEG molecular weights and concentration, pH of aqueous salt solution, extraction methods (sonication and agitation) and types of adsorbent material and concentration of aqueous salt phase influencing on partitioning of biomolecule were also investigated.ResultsFor impregnation stability, the leaching factor for Amberlite XAD4 did not exceed 1%. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image analysis of Amberlite XAD4 attributes the structural changes with impregnation of resins. For adsorption kinetics, Freundlich adsorption isotherm with the highest R2 value (0.95) gives an indication of favorable adsorption process. Performance of AIRS impregnated with 40% (w/w) of PEG 2000 was found better than aqueous-two phase system (ATPS) by yielding the highest recovery of BSA (53.72%). The outcomes of this study propound the scope for the application of AIRS in purification of biomolecules.

Development of a gamma irradiation loop to evaluate the performance of a EURO-GANEX process

A new irradiation loop design has been developed, which provides the ability to carry out radiolytic resistance studies of extraction systems simulating process relevant conditions in an easy and simple way. The step-by-step loop configuration permits an easy modification of settings and has a relative low volume requirement. This irradiation loop has been initially set up to test the main EURO-GANEX process steps: the lanthanide (Ln) and actinide (An) co-extraction followed by the transuranic (TRU) stripping. The performance and changes in the composition have been analyzed during the irradiation experiment by different techniques: gamma spectroscopy and ICP-MS for the extraction and corrosion behavior of the full system, and HPLC-MS and Raman spectroscopy to determine the degradation of the organic and aqueous solvents, respectively. The Ln and An co-extraction step and the corrosion that occurred during the first irradiation step revealed the favorable expected results according to literature. The effects of acidity changes occurred during the irradiation process, the presence of stainless corrosion products in solution as well as the new possible degradation compounds have been explored in the An stripping step. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of developing realistic irradiation experiments where different factors affecting the performance can be easily studied and isolated.

Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tea preparations: Understanding the extraction of volatile and non-volatile compounds upon variations of the traditional consecutive infusions

Common variations of traditional consecutive infusions of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tea were studied. Effects of tea grinding type and water temperature on the extraction of volatile and non-volatile compounds were elucidated. Extraction behavior was determined mainly by grinding type and to a minor extent by water temperature. The extraction behavior along the series of infusions is mostly driven by the way the water can access and flow through the tea mass. This processes are impaired by the formation of clogging layers which are more intense upon the increasing abundance of tea particles of sufficiently small size and high water temperatures.

Controlling flow patterns and its evolution behavior in microchannel for intensified separation of rare-earth and Al(III) ions: Hints from the hydrodynamics parameters

Abstract Control of flow patterns and its evolution behavior in microchannel is crucial for microfluidic technology to achieve mass transfer intensification in the micro-scale and selective separation of target ions. In the present work, we found that the non-equilibrium extraction and selective separation behaviors of target metal ions from other co-existing background ions have a close relationship with the change of hydrodynamic parameters of the organic and aqueous two phases and the evolution of flow patterns in microchannel. Taking the separation of Er(III) and Al(III) ions in microchannel as a model system, it is revealed that the transition of the flow patterns from parallel flow to slug flow might originate from the decrease of the linear velocity of two phases flow, the increase of viscosity and the decrease of the interfacial tension between the two phases. The change of those hydrodynamic parameters would result in an obvious increase in specific interfacial areas between the two phases and a decrease in wall film thickness of the slug flow. A higher Capillary number corresponds to a larger specific interfacial area and a higher surface renewal rate between the two phases. Therefore, an intensified separation of Er(III) and Al(III) ions can be attributed to the change of those hydrodynamic parameters in microchannel. The present work highlights a novel approach by controlling the flow patterns of aqueous and organic two phases in microchannel for controllable selective separation of target metal ions.

Investigation of indium and other valuable metals leaching from unground waste LCD screens by organic and inorganic acid leaching

• Investigation of indium extraction from waste LCD screen. • Variation of the indium amount on different parts of the LCD screens. • Effect of inorganic and organic acid types on the selective indium leaching. • Reaching relatively high indium concentration while minimizing impurities by H 2 SO 4. • Increasing the indium concentration by reusing the leachate. Indium (In) is the indispensable part of liquid crystal display (LCD) screen which is applied as a thin semiconductor layer on the surface mainly in the form of indium tin oxide (ITO), and feasible end-of-life recycling of indium from this electronic devices is technologically challenging. The present study investigates the recovery of indium from spent untreated liquid crystal display (LCD) screen by inorganic and organic leaching. Critical process parameters such as effects of different acids, leaching duration, reusability of acidic solution and both sides of the organic layers on the LCD were studied to optimize the indium leaching from the waste screen. The efficiencies of inorganic acids (nitric and sulfuric) and organic acids (citric, glycolic, L-ascorbic, maleic and DL-tartaric) to leach metals on LCD were investigated in different leaching duration from 3 to 168 h. Extracted metal concentrations and dissolved organics are characterized by inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometry and total organic carbon analyser, respectively. The results indicate that over 90% extraction of indium and the lowest amount of other impurities can be achieved using 1 M H 2 SO 4 for a leaching period of 48 h. Moreover, similar results could reach with 1 M HNO 3 , while organic acids were less successful under these conditions. Overall, the indium amount could reach up to 69 mg/kg ITO glass for the front and 31 mg/kg ITO glass for the back side glass. However, relatively high amount of organic layer from LCD screen dissolves in nitric acid solution up to 4000 mg TOC /l, which can affect the further stages of a recycling process. Besides, aluminium, zinc and tin were identified as the elements with the highest amount with indium in the leachate. All these elements were found in both, glass and organic layer of the LCD screen. Although metals from LCD screen have limited solubility in organic acids, specifically tartaric acid has a selective extraction behaviour for molybdenum. By reusing the leachate for further leaching processes, the concentration of indium could be increased constantly up to five times, which indicates that it is possible to increase the indium concentration to the industrially processable amount.

Solvent extraction of titanium(IV) from sulfuric acid solution with Cyanex923 and its application in leach liquor of red mud

The extraction behavior of Ti(IV) from sulfuric acid solutions using Cyanex923 has been investigated. The effects of the concentration of H2SO4 and SO42- in the aqueous phase, the extractant concentration in the organic phase, phase ratio, equilibrium time and temperature were studied. Then, the extraction mechanism and thermodynamics of the process were discussed. The load capacity of Cyanex923 for Ti(IV) was also investigated. The selectivity of Ti(IV) with vanadium (V) and iron (Fe) was investigated at different acidity. Furthermore, a selective titanium separation from the sulfuric acid liquor of red mud can be done efficiently using Cyanex923 as extractant.

Synergistic evaluation of Moringa oleifera extract and ß-lactam antibiotic to restore the susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The antibiotic resistance has become a major threat to global health. The combinatorial use of two or more compounds to develop a new formulation may overcome the emerging cases of drug resistance. Moringa oleifera has been utilized as a strong nutritional, immunomodulator and therapeutic agent for decades. In this study, different parts of Moringa oleifera were screened for bioactive compounds that can act as a resistance modifying agent for multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs). Initially, the combined effect of stem bark extracts and ampicillin was calculated by checkerboard assay. Active compounds of effective extract were assessed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) were calculated to evaluate the synergistic behavior of stem bark extract with ampicillin. To study the blocking of resistance pathways of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) western blot was performed. The results revealed that stem bark has significant anti-MRSA activity. The methanolic extract of stem bark in combination with ampicillin showed the highest synergistic effect (FICI value ≤ 0.237) against MRSA. Killing kinetics and membrane potential of ampicillin alone and in combination revealed an increase in the inhibitory potential of ampicillin against MRSA. Decolourization in iodometric assay confirmed the inhibition of β-lactamase, western blot results confirmed the blocking of penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a) expression with the restoration of MRSA sensitivity against β-lactams. It can be concluded that methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera stem bark has bioactive compounds and can be used as an adjuvant with antibiotics to modify the resistance of MDROs.

Ultrasound/Complexing Agent-Assisted Solvent Extraction Behavior of Zn2+ with D2EHPA from Sulfuric Media Containing Transition and Rare-Earth (Fe, Ni, Cd, La, and Ce) Metal Ions

Ultrasound/Complexing Agent-Assisted Solvent Extraction Behavior of Zn2+ with D2EHPA from Sulfuric Media Containing Transition and Rare-Earth (Fe, Ni, Cd, La, and Ce) Metal Ions