Total Phenolic Content Of Extracts Research Articles

Effects of recycling on the aqueous two-phase extraction of bioactives from haskap leaves

Aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) is an emerging technique that integrates separation, concentration, and partial purification of target compounds from natural resources. One potential issue which may prevent industrial application of ATPE, is the large consumption of phase-forming components such as alcohol, polymers, salt, and sugar. On top of that, post-handling and disposal of these components will increase associated costs. This research evaluated the effects of recycling ATPE components on the extraction of bioactive compounds from haskap (Lonicera caerulea) leaves. In this work, the ATPE systems were combinations of ammonium sulphate/ethanol, sodium dihydrogen phosphate/ethanol, glucose/1-propanol, and maltose/1-propanol. Total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoids, and chlorogenic acid were assessed in terms of their partitioning behavior, extraction efficiencies, and yields. The results showed that with two recycling stages, the extraction performance for all four ATPE systems was maintained. The average TPC extraction efficiencies across the first extraction stage and two recycling stages were 91.4% for ammonium sulphate/ethanol, 99.6% for sodium dihydrogen phosphate/ethanol, 85.1% for glucose/1-propanol, and 85.0% for maltose/1-propanol systems. This suggests that recycling could make ATPE a more sustainable technique in recovering high-value compounds from natural resources.

Simultaneous Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Seeds Using Response Surface Methodology.

This study was designed to optimize three microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) parameters (ethanol concentration, microwave power, and extraction time) of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of avocado seeds using response surface methodology (RSM). The predicted quadratic models were highly significant (p < 0.001) for the responses studied. The extraction of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by both microwave power and extraction time. The optimal conditions for simultaneous extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were ethanol concentration of 58.3% (v/v), microwave power of 400 W, and extraction time of 4.8 min. Under these conditions, the experimental results agreed with the predicted values. MAE revealed clear advantages over the conventional solvent extraction (CSE) in terms of high extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity within the shortest extraction time. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of optimized extract revealed the presence of 10 phenolic compounds, with rutin, catechin, and syringic acid being the dominant compounds. Consequently, this optimized MAE method has demonstrated a potential application for efficient extraction of polyphenolic antioxidants from avocado seeds in the nutraceutical industries.

Study on the components and antioxidant activity of the Bletilla plant in Taiwan

Bai ji (Rhizoma Bletillae) is a well known traditional Chinese medicine, and Taiwan bai ji (Bletilla formosana (Hayaata) Schltr.) is commonly available in Taiwan. In this study, B. formosana (Hayata) Schltr. was collected from Wutai township (Pingtung county), Shaolin township (Hualien county) and Datung township (Yilan county), while B. formosana (Hayata) Schltr. f. kotoensis (Hayata) T. P. Lin was collected from Orchid Island (Taitung county). Four components, namely militarine, cinnamic acid, 1,8-bi(4-hydroxybenzyl)-4- methoxyphenanthrene-2,7-diol (BHMD), and 4,7-dihydroxy-1-p-hydroxybenzyl-2- methoxy-9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene (DHMD), were used as marker compounds for quantitative analysis by HPLC. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to measure the total phenolic content in extracts. DPPH radical-scavenging assay was employed to measure antioxidant activity. Our results showed that the contents of cinnamic acid and militarine in the tubers from Yilan were higher than those in other regions. Moreover, the contents of BHMD and DHMD in the tuber of the plants from Orchid Island were higher than those in other regions. In addition, the content of the components in the seedlings grown by tissue culture were lower. B. formosana (Hayata) Schltr. f. kotoensis (Hayata) T. P. Lin from Taitung had a higher total phenolic content and higher DPPH scavenging ability.

Oxidative stability of soybean oil enriched with ethyl acetate extract of olive by-products

In this study, oxidative stability of soybean oil (SBO) enriched with ethyl ecetate extracts of olive by-products was investigated. Total phenolic contents, phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of olive wastewater (OMWW) and olive pomace (OP) extracts were also determined. Total phenolic contents of extracts obtained from OMWW and OP were 134.45 and 281.43 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, respectively. While antioxidant activities of OMWW extracts in the linoleic acid emulsion were in the range of 85.79 % and 88.54 %, OP extracts had 83.30 % and 90.09 % at different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2 ve 3 mg/mL) after incubation at 37 °C. β-carotene bleaching activities of the extracts at 50 °C were found as 26.80-66.63% in OMWW extracts and 18.76-53.32% in OP extracts, respectively. 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of OP extracts were higher than those of OMWW extracts and ranged from 30.6% to 87.7% in OP extracts and 16.6% to 54.1% in OMWW extracts at these concentrations. Both the antioxidant and antiradical activities of extracts significantly increased with increased concentration (p

The antioxidant index and chemometric analysis of tannin, flavonoid, and total phenolic extracted from medicinal plant foods with the solvents of different polarities

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of four solvents (water, methanol, ethyl acetate, and n‐hexane) on the extraction of total phenolic content (TPC), tannin, flavonoid, ferric reducing power (FRAP), and radical scavenging activity from Centella asiatica, Musa acuminata, Peperomia pellucida, and Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. The extraction of TPC, tannin, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity varied significantly according to solvent polarity and plant species. The strong linear correlation found between solvent polarity index and TPC, tannin, FRAP as well as radical scavenging activity indicated solvents with increasing polarity favored the extraction of phenolic antioxidants. Plant species and extraction solvents contributed to 51.7% and 21.8% of total activity variation, respectively. C. asiatica, M. acuminata flower, and P. pellucida were best extracted with 80°C distilled water for a short duration, while methanol was preferred for P. tetragonolobus. The antioxidant index could be a potential ranking tool to identify the ideal extraction solvent for medicinal plants. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Considering the high commercial and health‐oriented values of natural phenolic antioxidants such as tannin and flavonoid, efficient extraction of these phytochemicals from different plant sources remains a challenging task due to their varying physicochemical characteristics and solubility. This study has addressed that the choice of solvents and types of plant species are critical extraction parameters for natural plant products. Comparison of tannin and flavonoid content among the different solvent extracts could reveal the ideal solvent which maximizes the extraction of phenolic antioxidants from different medicinal plants. The finding in this study may inspire nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries to re‐evaluate their procedure in selecting the optimal extraction solvent and condition for different plant materials. The proposed antioxidant index in this study could serve as a potential tool to rank extraction solvents based on the antioxidant values extracted from different medicinal plants.

Pressurized GRAS solvents for the green extraction of phenolic compounds from hibiscus sabdariffa calyces

An environmental friendly extraction procedure has been tested to extract phenolic compounds from H. sabdariffa calyces using pressurized GRAS solvents. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was performed to evaluate the influence of the main operational conditions: temperature (40–200 °C) and solvent composition based on aqueous hidroalcoholic solutions (0–100% ethanol). Phenolic composition of experimental extracts analyzed by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS showed that higher temperatures and greater ethanol percentages drove to solvents with lower dielectric constants, which resulted in extracts with major quantities of phenolic compounds. An exception was the extraction of cyanidin-3-sambubioside that could only be quantified in extracts performed at the lowest temperature (40 °C) due to its thermal sensibility. In addition, a RSM was carried out with the aim to maximize the extraction of total phenolic content. To this end, the predicted optimal extraction conditions by RSM were 200 °C and 100% (v/v) of ethanol. Results showed that temperature and ethanol percentage had a significant influence on the extraction of total phenolic compounds (p value < 0.05). The mathematical model pointed out 200 °C of temperature and 100% of ethanol as the optimum conditions to perform the isolation of phenolic compounds by means of pressurized GRAS solvents.

The Development of Phyllanthus emblica Extract in Ethosomes for Hair Loss Prevention

Background: Hair loss is not a serious health problem but leads to decreased self- confidence, personality, and psychological problems. According to Thai traditional medical wisdom, Phyllanthus emblica has the property to prevent hair loss. Ethosomes are a drug delivery system, which can increase drug delivery to deep skin layers and enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredient. Objective: This research aims to develop ethosomes of Phyllanthus emblica extract with beneficial properties. Materials and Methods: Phyllanthus emblica was extracted by a maceration method with 95% ethanol as a solvent. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidation activity was evaluated by DPPH assay. Ethosomes were formulated by a cold method and their properties were observed. Results: The results showed that the total phenolic content of Phyllanthus emblica extract was 406.37±2.39 mg GAE/g extract. The IC50 of antioxidant activity was 7.05±0.17 μg/ml. Ethosomes with 0.03% of Phyllanthus emblica extract, 2% of soya phosphatidylcholine, and 20% of ethanol had the highest percentage of entrapment efficiency (65.26%±1.80%). The ethosomes of Phyllanthus emblica extract was the spherical shape and white colloid. The particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and pH of ethosomes were 0.43±0.00 μm, 0.44±0.03, -10.40±0.28 mV, and 4.06±0.03, respectively. Conclusion: The ethosomes of Phyllanthus emblica extract had good properties and area possible alternative product for hair loss prevention.

Improving the recovery of phenolic compounds from spent coffee grounds by using hydrothermal delignification coupled with ultrasound assisted extraction

This study focuses on the extraction of phenolic compounds from spent coffee grounds by coupling hydrothermal delignification with ultrasound assisted extraction. The hydrothermal treatment was carried out at three different temperatures (200 °C, 230 °C and 260 °C) and two residence times (1 h and 3 h). The ultrasound assisted extractions were performed onto dry hydrochars and slurry fraction, prior treated with three solvents: water, methanol and a water-methanol mixture. The results show that ultra sound assisted extraction applied to the hydrochars using methanol as a solvent lead to the highest extraction of total phenolic content (11.7–20.3 mg GAE/mg of dry sample). The hydrothermal process conditions strongly affect the following extraction: the mildest the delignification process conditions, the highest the extraction of phenols from hydrochar. The hydrochars show also good energy properties in terms of fuel ratio (0.3–0.7), energy yield (83.0–95.2%) and HHV values (28.5–33.2 MJ/kg) and this is promising for their usage as solid biofuels.

Optimizing the extraction of bioactive compounds from pu-erh tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) and evaluation of antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antihemolytic, and inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities

The aims of this study were to quantify and optimize the extraction of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids (TF) and antioxidant activity (AA) of aqueous pu-erh (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) extracts, as well as to compare the optimized pu-erh tea extract (OPT) with toasted mate (Ilex paraguariensis), black and green (Camellia sinensis) teas. The optimization process increased the TPC and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The results showed that the green tea extract presented the highest values for TPC and antioxidant capacity. The pasteurized OPT showed lower TPC and TF, and higher FRAP, DPPH and Cu2+ chelating ability compared to the non-pasteurized OPT. The lyophilized OPT showed inhibition of lipid peroxidation in Wistar rat brain homogenate and displayed antibiofilm activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 25212 and 19433, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Additionally, lyophilized OPT presented cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects against tumor cell lines (Caco-2, A549 and HepG2), inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species in A549 and IMR90 cells, and presented antihemolytic activity in human erythrocytes. The lyophilized OPT inhibited α-glucosidase (IC50 = 47.0 µg/mL) and α-amylase at 30.0 mg/mL. The main compounds detected in OPT were gallic acid, caffeine and theobromine.

Antioxidant and anti-prostate cancer activities of Moringa oleifera, Phyllanthus amarus and Carica papaya

Background: Globally, interest in herbal medicines is increasing. In Ghana, most herbalist use herbal medicines for treatment of various ailments including prostate cancer, although no empirical evidence on their efficacies exists. Objective: The aim of the presentstudy was to test for antioxidant and anti-prostate cancer activities of Moringa oleifera, Phyllanthus amarusand Carica papaya. Methods: Plants parts used were air-dried, ground and sequentially extracted using solvents with increasing order of polarity (petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous). The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, Folin Ciocalteu method and tetrazolium-based calorimetric assay were used to determine total antioxidant capacities, total phenolic content of extracts and cytotoxicities of the extracts against LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells, respectively. Results: Ethanolic extract of P. amaruspossessed the highest phenolic content while its aqueous extract showed the strongest antioxidant activity (EC50=19.32±1.13 μg/mL). Aqueous extract of C. papayaexhibited anti-prostate cancer activity with good selectivity towards PC3 cells [IC50= 45.68 ±1.16 μg/mL,selectivity index (SI) =18], whereas dichloromethane extract of P. amarusshowed the strongest anticancer activity against LNCaP cells (IC50= 43.97±1.14 μg/mL). Conclusion: These findings lend pharmacological credence to the anecdotal evidence of the anti-prostate cancer property of the plants. Further studies must be performed to identify the active principles in the bioactive plant components.

Antioxidant, antiradical and antipyretic effects of olive oil extract of propolis

This study was carried out to determine the antioxidant, antiradical and antipyretic effects and the total phenolic content of poplar-type olive oil extract of propolis (OOEP). As a result of the analysis of olive oil extract of propolis with HPLC, it was determined that the main phenolic compounds were caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), dimethoxycinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and vanillin. Propolis was extracted with cold-pressed virgin olive oil at different concentrations (control, 10, 20, 30 and 40%). The total phenolic content of these extracts was determined by Folin Ciocalteu, antioxidant activity by phosphomolybdenum, and antiradical activity by DPPH methods. It was determined that as the propolis concentration increased, total phenolic content, antioxidant, and antiradical activity also increased. The olive oil extract of propolis showed antipyretic effect in Wistar albino rats in which hyperthermia was induced by yeast. As a result, it is suggested that olive oil extract of propolis has antioxidant, antiradical and antipyretic effects; and it may be a healthier alternative to alcoholic extracts.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill. var. Drymifolia): optimization and modeling

AbstractUltrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was performed to extract the total phenolic compounds from avocado (Persea americana Mill. var. Drymifolia; Lauraceae) leaves with different electric powers (UAE 0%, UAE 60%, and UAE 100%) and extraction times. Ultrasonic extraction parameters were optimized by using a mathematical model made by stepwise regression (SWR) for the determination of the maximum total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity. Moreover, TPC extraction was modeled applying heterogeneous models to elucidate the involved mechanisms phenomena that determine the extraction rates. Optimization results found that the maximum value of TPC reached 48,732 mg GAE/100 g D.M. at 84.5% electric power and 29.7 min of extraction, which was superior to 0% electric power UAE. It was also found that the ultrasound causes the degradation of phenolic compounds, whereas the final extraction yield of TPC increases and their antioxidant activity decreased with the increase of ultrasound electric power. Proposed models gave a satisfactory quality of fit data using a second-order reaction for the degradation kinetics of TPC under ultrasound application. The estimated effective diffusivity values were in a range from 1.3889 × 10−11 m2/s to 2.2128 × 10−11 m2/s for the UAE 0% and UAE 100%, respectively. UAE significantly increased the extraction yield through the enhancement of the effective diffusivity, demonstrating that it is a promising technology to extract phenolic substances from avocado leaves.

Phenolic Compounds Extraction of Arbutus unedo L.: Process Intensification by Microwave Pretreatment

Arbutus unedo L., commonly known as the strawberry-tree fruit, is an endemic species of the Mediterranean flora. Microwave extraction technology has been considered as a fast and “green” method for the production of extracts rich in bioactive compounds, although the energy consumption is high. To overcome this bottleneck, microwave was used as a pretreatment procedure in short time periods. This technique promotes the burst of intracellular vacuoles leading to an increase in the lixiviation of phenolic compounds. Different approaches were tested, namely a solvent-free irradiation (SFI), a solvent-assisted irradiation (SAI) and a pressurized solvent-assisted irradiation (PSAI). After irradiation, a solid–liquid extraction procedure was performed using a mixture of water and ethanol. A kinetic evaluation of the total phenolic content (TPC) was performed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. For the total anthocyanin content, a UV-spectrophotometric method was used. HPLC-UV and LC-MS were used for TPC and identification of present compounds. Microwave irradiation led to an increase in TPC of extracts after SAI (52%) and PSAI (66%) along with a reduction in time of extraction from 30 min to less than 2 min. The anthocyanin content also increased by 66% for the SAI and PSAI extractions.

Total polyphenol content of green, roasted and cooked Harar and Yirgacheffee Coffee, Ethiopia

The effect of solvent composition on the total polyphenols content of green, roasted coffee and traditional coffee beverage preparation stages (Abol, Tona and Bereka) were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The maximum extracted polyphenol of 640.3 mg GAE/100 g and 641.9 mg GAE/100 g were obtained at Harar and Yirgacheffee green coffee extracts with at 85% methanol, respectively. The results showed that total phenolic contents of extracts were found to be in the order of green> roasted >cooked (Abol>Tona>Bereka) in both coffee samples. Application of ANOVA revealed that a significant variation (p <0.05) was noted between the green, roasted, Abol, Tona and Breka coffee processing procedures. In general, this study revealed that there was a loss of substantial amount of total polyphenols through the traditional way of coffee brewing, probably ascribed to continuous provision of heating leads to degradation of existing polyphenols and formation of less stable and volatile products. Keywords: Coffee, Green, Roasted, Cooked, Polyphenol

Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential of Aloe niebuhriana Latex Extract from Yemen

The aim of this study was to quantify the total phenolic content of Aloe niebuhriana latex extract and validate its antioxidant, hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activity. The total phenolic content of the extract was estimated spectrophotometrically using Folin Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity of the latex extract was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay. Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity rat model was used to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the extract. Cytotoxic effect of Aloe niebuhriana latex extract was screened against breast MCF-7, liver HepG2 and colon HCT-116 cancer cell lines using sulphorhodamine B assay. The extract showed high total phenolic content (245.19 mg GAE/g) and strong antioxidant activity (IC50, 19.14 μg/ml). Aloe niebuhriana extract showed significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, as compared to paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity model. Hepatoprotective potential of Aloe niebuhriana latex extract was significantly (p<0.05) better than that of the control group and silymarin (100 mg/kg/day). Results of the study were well supported by the histopathological observations. Aloe niebuhriana latex extract exhibited a weak cytotoxicity effect against MCF-7, HepG2 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines. The present results provided evidence that the plant extract inhibited hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol, which was possibly mediated via free radical scavenging and/or inhibition of free radical generation.

Bioprospecting nutraceuticals from soybean (Glycine max) seed coats and cotyledons

Food security coupled with nutritional security is a great concern to address the menace of malnutrition. In the present study, total phenolic contents and antioxidant potential of 35 soybean genotypes have been determined (2018). Besides, the solvent system for efficient extraction of total phenolic content coupled with antioxidants (nutraceuticals) has been optimized. The results revealed that the higher total phenolic contents from soybean seed coats and cotyledons were obtained in acetone-water-acetic acid (70:28:02, v/v) mixture. Total phenolic content (TPC) in soybean genotypes were in the range of 2.58–51.37 μg/mL and 4.26–12.76 mg/mL in seed coats and cotyledons, respectively. In soybean seed coats, higher phenolic content was observed in JS76-205 genotype with 128.5 μg/ml, while JS-2 and MAUS-158 showed 9.00 μg/mL. On the other hand, TPC derived from soybean cotyledons of NRC-37 and MAU-81 showed 12.76 mg/mL; whereas in PS-1347 resulted 4.26 mg/mL. Characterization of phenolic compounds in soybean seed coat and cotyledon revealed the presence of protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde, vanillic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Further, antioxidant studies performed from soybean seed coats and cotyledons were in the range of 9.00–128.50 μg eq. ascorbic acid and 2.13–4.27 mg eq. ascorbic acid, respectively. This study demonstrates that the TPC derived from soybean coat and cotyledon can be used not only as nutraceutical but also ensure food and nutritional security.

Optimisation of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from chokeberry pomace using response surface methodology.

Chokeberry pomace is a valuable by-product of fruit processing because of its high levels&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. The study was aimed to optimise chokeberry pomace extraction of total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity using response surface methodology. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of the concentration of ethanol (in the range of 60&ndash;96%) and sonication time (from 10 to 30 min) as independent variables on total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and total anthocyanin content as the response functions. The results showed that ethanol concentration, but not sonication time, had a significant influence on total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and total anthocyanin content. The optimal extraction conditions for total phenolic content (188.5 mg GAE/g DM) and antioxidant capacity (49.2 mM Tr/100 g DM) were 60% ethanol and 20 min sonication time. The optimal conditions in the case of total anthocyanin content (89.3 mg C3GE/g) were an 65% ethanol concentration and 13 min sonication time. The development of optimal extraction parameters should allow food producers to use efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly technology to isolate biologically active molecules from chokeberry pomace, while the selected extract could be a component of health-promoting bioactive products.

Biological and Chemical Insights of Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Bark: A Source of Bioactive Compounds with Functional Properties.

The present study aimed, on the one hand, to improve the yield of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of polyphenols from beech bark by using a design of experiments (DoE) approach. On the other hand, beech bark extracts (BBE) were characterized in terms of their phytochemical profile and evaluated for biological potential (antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antimutagen, anti-α-glucosidase, and anti-tyrosinase). The extraction time varies with the amount of extracted total phenolic content (TPC). The microwave power favors TPC extraction but in different proportions. The optimum conditions which gave the highest TPC (76.57 mg GAE/g dry plant material) were reached when the microwave power was 300 W, extraction time was 4 min, and the solvent was an ethanol–water (50:50) mixture. The practical value of TPC after a controlled experiment was 76.49 mg GAE/g plant material. The identified compounds were vanillic acid, gallic acid, epicatechin, catechin, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and isoquercitrin. The antioxidant potential of BBEs was demonstrated by in vitro experiments. The BBEs were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Candida species. All extracts were antimutagenic and expressed an inhibition on α-glucosidase and tyrosinase activity. Regarding antimutagen activity, the assayed extracts may be considered to have low or no antimutagen effects.

Kinetic Improvement of Bioactive Compounds Extraction from Red Grape (Vitis vinifera Moldova) Pomace by Ultrasonic Treatment.

Grape pomace from a red grape variety (Vitis vinifera Moldova) cultivated in the northeastern region of Romania has been studied as a source for the extraction of total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) and total phenolic content (TPC) using ultrasonic treatment. The method of extraction described here uses two different solvents, namely 2-propanol and methanol. For each of the extraction solvents, we evaluated the singular influence and the impact of interactions between process parameters (solvent concentration, ultrasonic frequency, temperature, and extraction time) on the extraction yields of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds. Response surface methodology was implemented via a Box–Behnken design to optimize the extraction of TMA and TPC from grape pomace. According to the optimization, in order to achieve the highest yield of TPC (62.487 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g (d = 1.0)), the following conditions are necessary: solvent—2 propanol, solvent concentration 50%, temperature −50 °C and extraction time 29.6 min.

The Anticancer and Antioxidant Effects of Muscadine Grape Extracts on Racially Different Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cells.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype, predominant in African American women. In this study, the antioxidant/anticancer activity of muscadine grape extracts and the role of their phenolic and flavonoid contents in exerting these properties were investigated in TNBC cells. Berry extracts from muscadine genotypes were investigated for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant capacity, and anticancer effects using breast cancer cell lines, representing Caucasians and African Americans. The antioxidant activity was associated with high TPC content. Extracts showed cytotoxicity up to 78.6% in Caucasians and 90.7% in African American cells, with an association with high antioxidant capacity. There was a strong correlation between TPC and anticancer/antioxidant activities. The anticancer and antioxidant effects of muscadine grapes are attributed to the TPC of extracts, which showed a stronger positive correlation with growth inhibition of African American breast cancer cells compared to Caucasians.