Extraction Of Organic Acids Research Articles

Hydrogen-rich solvent method enhances the extraction of phenolics, pigments, reducing sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C from cowslip (Primula veris L.) flower

Cowslip (Primula veris L.) is an anioxidant-rich plant used for many food and medicinal purposes. In this study, the effect of incorporating hydrogen (H2) into water (HRW), ethanol (HRE), and methanol (HRM) on the extraction of flavonoids (TFC), phenolics (TPC), and antioxidants (metal chelation, FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS) as well as color (L*, a*, b*, C*, H°), chlorophyll (a, b), lycopene, and β-carotene of wild cowslip flowers was evaluated. The results were submitted to Principal Component Analysis and correlation. Phenolic compounds, organic acids, vitamin C, and sugar content of the extract were analyzed using high-performance reverse phase liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD/RID). The highest TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity (metal chelation, FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS) were shown for HRM samples, followed by HRE samples, while the lowest were found for pure solvents. Incorporating H2 into all solvents significantly increased TPC, TFC, metal chelation, DPPH, and ABTS scavenging activity, as well as b*, C*, H°, chlorophyll, lycopene, and β-carotene values. The levels of some phenolics (catechin, epicatechin, rutin, and quercetin), organic acids (tartaric acid and succinic acid), reducing sugars (maltose, glucose, and fructose), and ascorbic acid increased by 10–90 % when an H2-rich solvent was used instead of the pure solvent. This is the first report showing the enhanced extraction of organic acids, pigments, and ascorbic acid by hydrogen-rich solvent. The main benefits of the HRS method are its sustainability and high efficiency in extracting bioactive compounds from medicinal plants.

Organic acid-fractionated lignin silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant characteristics

Bioactive substances are utilized to treat a variety of diseases. Green lignin-mediated silver nanoparticles (L-Ag-NPs) have significant promise as a building block in the production of bio-renovation materials. The work optimized organic acid extraction to remove lignin from residual fermented hybrid Napier grass byproducts. We subsequently produced L-Ag-NPs. FTIR, XRD, DLS, and STEM characterized the sample. L-Ag-NPs were tested for antioxidant activity with the DPPH, DMPD, FRAP, and ABTS assays, as well as antibacterial activities. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using four pathogenic bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli). In contrast, cytotoxicity and ROS production assays were carried out using the HeLa cell line. The findings showed that L-Ag-NPs had high antioxidant efficiency. For each bacteria isolate, the antimicrobial activity showed favorable growth inhibition, with significant variations in L-Ag-NPs. L-Ag-NPs were reported to have an IC50 of 43.61 g/mL in the cytotoxicity test, and a significant increase in ROS generation was seen. In conclusion, L-Ag NPs have an excellent prospect in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries and can be a dependable and environmentally safe material for their potential use.

Dual-objective optimization of ultrasound-assisted organic acid extraction of pectin from umbu (Spondias tuberosa L.): a promising Brazilian native fruit from Caatinga biome

Dual-objective optimization of ultrasound-assisted organic acid extraction of pectin from umbu (Spondias tuberosa L.): a promising Brazilian native fruit from Caatinga biome

Advancing green extraction of bioactive compounds using deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion: Application to UHPLC-PAD analysis of alkaloids and organic acids in Coptidis rhizoma

The utilization of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in sustainable extracting and separating of phytochemicals shows promising prospect. An exceptionally fast, eco-friendly, and sustainable approach was proposed for extracting bioactive compounds from Coptidis Rhizoma based on deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion (DES-UA-MSPD). Single-factor experiments and Box-Behnken design were utilized to explore the optimal extraction conditions. The analysis indicated that the acidic DES, especially betaine-acrylic acid (Bet-Aa 1:4 mol/mol) with 50% water content, was proved to be the most effective medium for the extraction of alkaloids (magnoflorine, groenlandicine, coptisine, epiberberine, berberine and palmatine) and organic acid (chlorogenic acid). With the parameters optimized, the total maximum extraction yield of alkaloids and organic acids reached 128.83 mg g−1 applying the optimal DES, which was 1.33–5.33 folds higher than conventional extraction solvents. Additionally, through microstructure analysis using scanning electron microscopy, density functional theory , and frontier molecular orbitals theory, a deeper understanding of the extraction principle was gained, and the molecular mechanism of DES synthesis and the interactions between target compounds were systematically elucidated. The sustainable and green potential of the DES-UA-MSPD method was demonstrated through Green Analytical Procedure Indexanalysis. The overall results of this investigation revealed that the proposed technology was a highly promising and sustainable alternative for effective extraction and quantification of natural products.

Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in beetroot or watermelon juice by combined treatments with organic acid or lemon (Citrus limon) extract and mild heat.

The study aimed to evaluate the synergistic interaction of organic acids (OAAs) or lemon extract (LE) plus mild heat (MH; 55°C) against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in beetroot and watermelon juices. A mixed culture cocktail of E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium or L. monocytogenes was inoculated in beetroot or watermelon juice, followed by treatments with MH, citric acid MH, malic acid MH, tartaric acid MH, and LE MH. Approximately 2.0-log reductions in the number of E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes were observed when these bacteria were heated in juices at 55°C for 5min. A combination of 1.0% OAAs or 20% LE and MH (55°C) for 5min resulted in an additional log-reduction in the count of E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes by 2.2-5.0, 4.5-5.0, and 1.5-5.0, respectively.

Influence of divalent cations on the extraction of organic acids in coffee determined by GC-MS and NMR

The perceived flavor of coffee varies depending on the composition of the brewing water, and the influencing mechanisms are poorly understood. To investigate the effect of dissolved divalent cations on the extraction of organic acids in coffee, magnesium and calcium chloride salts were added pre- and post-brew. Citric, malic, lactic and quinic acid were analyzed using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. At concentrations typically found in drinking water, the salts resulted in limited variation of the acid content, while ten-fold higher salt concentrations produced more pronounced variations. Comparisons between pre- and post-brew additions showed similar acid content in most cases, suggesting that extraction of acids proceeds independent of the water composition. Interactions taking place post-brew may, however, influence the perceived flavor. A scientific basis for water quality recommendations in the coffee industry is long overdue and this work provides experimental and analytical contributions to continued research.

Synergistic fermenter-electrolytic cell integration and phenomena-based process intensification for competitive bio-succinic acid production

The production of bio-succinic acid through fermentation presents a promising strategy for obtaining building-block chemicals from renewable sources. However, the limited yield of bio-succinic acid from fermentation and the complex purification procedures have hindered its competitiveness against petroleum-based succinic acid. One way to tackle this challenge is to develop a more efficient and sustainable production route, that is to integrate process synthesis with process intensification. In the present study, an existing flowsheet from our previous work based on process synthesis on bio-succinic acid batch fermentation was selected and subjected to heuristic and phenomena-based process intensification approaches. The heuristic approach involved integrating an electrolytic cell with the fermenter, employing an anionic exchange membrane for continuous extraction of organic acids. The resulting modified process flowsheet served as a base case for a systematic phenomena-based process intensification approach. Through this approach, intensified unit operations, such as an electro-membrane reactor and a membrane crystallizer, were generated. A total of 114 intensified process flowsheet alternatives were developed and ranked according to an enthalpy index. The top-ranked alternatives were evaluated in terms of economic performance and environmental impact. Notably, all analyzed process flowsheets exhibited improved indicators, with a minimum selling price below that of petroleum-based succinic acid (approximately $2 kg−1).

Recovery of Copper and Zinc from Livestock Bio-Sludge with An Environmentally Friendly Organic Acid Extraction.

Pig farmers in Taiwan tend to overdose copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in animal feeds to ensure pig health. The application of Cu- or Zn-rich livestock compost to fields can result in high Cu/Zn residues in surface soil and violate limitations for zinc and copper in land applications. This study aims to extract Cu and Zn from sludge using organic acid or H2O2/organic acids. The livestock bio-sludge was dried and treated with different concentrations of acetic acid (1N, 2N, and 4N). The acid-extracted sludge was then treated with or without adding H2O2 during different periods (4, 24, and 48 h) to investigate the efficiency of acid extraction of Cu and Zn. The supernatant of the acid-extracted product was separated from the residues through centrifugation. Experimental results showed that the treatment set of dried bio-sludge with 2% H2O2 significantly promoted the removal efficiency of Cu and Zn from the bio-sludge (p < 0.01). The best removal efficiency of Cu and Zn from the bio-sludge was 40% and 70%, respectively, using 4N acetic acid in the 48 h group. The study shows a green method for extracting Cu and Zn from livestock sludge, enhancing the sustainability of intensive livestock farming.

Extraction of Organic Acids with Hydrophobic Eutectic Mixtures Containing Terpenoids and Decanoic Acid

Extraction of Organic Acids with Hydrophobic Eutectic Mixtures Containing Terpenoids and Decanoic Acid

The traces elements absorption, accumulation and translocation ability of Phragmites australis

In this study, the wastewater analyses of Oued K’sob for one year showed a spatiotemporal diminution of zinc content seasonally, it rest light than copper. But Zinc and copper a threat to the environment of the region. The wastewater analyses of Oued K’sob water for one year showed a spatiotemporal diminution of zinc content seasonally, with a minimum and maximum range of 249 ± 219 µg/l and 2382 ± 3426 µg/l obtained in autumn and summer for the zinc and 75 ± 24 µg/l and 433 ± 310 µg/l obtained in winter and spring at the first and fifth station for the copper. These concentrations of zinc and copper a threat to the environment of the region. Like a solution for this problem, the absorption, accumulation and translocation abilities of Phragmites australis were determined toward iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb). In the soils contaminated by different concentrations (100, 200 and 500 mg/L), the absorption, accumulation and transport ability of elements were evaluated via the Bio-concentration (BCF), Bioaccumulation (BF) and Translocation (TF) factors. A proportional increase between the BCF, BFs, TFs and the irrigation concentrations, where BCFs of all metallic elements exceed 1 and the Zn BCF, BFs and TFL are the highest and exceed 1 relative to the other elements which remain lower than 1, which has a low accumulation. Therefore, according to the BCFs obtained and which exceed 1, we can consider this plant as a hyper-accumulator of Zn, Fe, Cu and Pb. Extraction of fatty and organic acids followed by HPLC confirmed the oxalic, citric, malic, succinic, fumaric, formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acid presence, which are responsible for the transport of the metal from roots to leaves. In the light of these results, we can therefore propose Phragmites australis species as an alternative and natural solution to reduce the high concentrations of zinc and copper in the Oued k‘sob (region of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria).

Non-Enzymatic Formation of N-acetylated Amino Acid Conjugates in Urine

Unknown N-acylated amino acid (N-AAA) conjugates have been detected in maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) and other inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism behind the formation of urinary N-AAA conjugates. Liquid–liquid extraction was employed to determine the enantiomeric composition of N-AAA conjugates, followed by liberation of conjugated amino acids through acid hydrolysis. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to separate amino acid enantiomers. In vitro experiments were conducted to test the non-enzymatic formation of N-AAA conjugates from 2-keto acids and ammonia, with molecular modelling used to assess possible reaction mechanisms. Adequate amounts of N-AAA conjugates were obtained via organic acid extraction without concurrent extraction of native amino acids, and hydrolysis was complete without significant racemisation. GC–MS analysis successfully distinguished amino acid enantiomers, with some limitations observed for L-isoleucine and D-alloisoleucine. Furthermore, investigation of racemic N-AAA conjugates from an MSUD case confirmed its non-enzymatic origin. These findings highlight the value of employing chiral strategy and molecular modelling to investigate the origin of unknown constituents in biological samples. Additionally, these conjugates warrant further investigation as potential factors contributing to MSUD and other IEMs.

Miniaturization and Automation Protocol of a Urinary Organic Acid Liquid-Liquid Extraction Method on GC-MS.

The aim of this study was to improve the extraction method for urinary organic acids by miniaturizing and automating the process. Currently, manual extraction methods are commonly used, which can be time-consuming and lead to variations in test results. To address these issues, we reassessed and miniaturized the in-house extraction method, reducing the number of steps and the sample-to-solvent volumes required. The evaluated miniaturized method was translated into an automated extraction procedure on a MicroLab (ML) Star (Hamilton Technologies) liquid handler. This was then validated using samples obtained from the ERNDIM External Quality Assurance program. The organic acid extraction method was successfully miniaturized and automated using the Autosampler robot. The linear range for most of the thirteen standard analytes fell between 0 to 300 mg/L in spiked synthetic urine, with low (50 mg/L), medium (100 mg/L), and high (500 mg/L) levels. The correlation coefficient (r) for most analytes was >0.99, indicating a strong relationship between the measured values. Furthermore, the automated extraction method demonstrated acceptable precision, as most organic acids had coefficients of variation (CVs) below 20%. In conclusion, the automated extraction method provided comparable or even superior results compared to the current in-house method. It has the potential to reduce solvent volumes used during extraction, increase sample throughput, and minimize variability and random errors in routine diagnostic settings.

Acidogenesis of Pentose Liquor to Produce Biohydrogen and Organic Acids Integrated with 1G–2G Ethanol Production in Sugarcane Biorefineries

Second-generation (2G) ethanol production has been increasingly evaluated, and the use of sugarcane bagasse as feedstock has enabled the integration of this process with first-generation (1G) ethanol production from sugarcane. The pretreatment of bagasse generates pentose liquor as a by-product, which can be anaerobically processed to recover energy and value-added chemicals. The potential to produce biohydrogen and organic acids from pentose liquor was assessed using a mesophilic (25 °C) upflow anaerobic packed-bed bioreactor in this study. An average organic loading rate of 11.1 g COD·L−1·d−1 was applied in the reactor, resulting in a low biohydrogen production rate of 120 mL·L−1 d−1. Meanwhile, high lactate (38.6 g·d−1), acetate (31.4 g·d−1), propionate (50.1 g·d−1), and butyrate (50.3 g·d−1) production rates were concomitantly obtained. Preliminary analyses indicated that the full-scale application of this anaerobic acidogenic technology for hydrogen production in a medium-sized 2G ethanol distillery would have the potential to completely fuel 56 hydrogen-powered vehicles per day. An increase of 24.3% was estimated over the economic potential by means of chemical production, whereas an 8.1% increase was calculated if organic acids were converted into methane for cogeneration (806.73 MWh). In addition, 62.7 and 74.7% of excess organic matter from the 2G ethanol waste stream could be removed with the extraction of organic acid as chemical commodities or their utilization as a substrate for biomethane generation, respectively.

Optimization of ultrasound assisted organic acid extraction of pectin from pomelo peel by response surface methodology and its preliminary characterization

Optimization of ultrasound assisted organic acid extraction of pectin from pomelo peel by response surface methodology and its preliminary characterization

Predicting Extraction Selectivity of Acetic Acid in Pervaporation by Machine Learning Models with Data Leakage Management.

The extraction of acetic acid and other carboxylic acids from water is an emerging separation need as they are increasingly produced from waste organics and CO2 during carbon valorization. However, the traditional experimental approach can be slow and expensive, and machine learning (ML) may provide new insights and guidance in membrane development for organic acid extraction. In this study, we collected extensive literature data and developed the first ML models for predicting separation factors between acetic acid and water in pervaporation with polymers' properties, membrane morphology, fabrication parameters, and operating conditions. Importantly, we assessed seed randomness and data leakage problems during model development, which have been overlooked in ML studies but will result in over-optimistic results and misinterpreted variable importance. With proper data leakage management, we established a robust model and achieved a root-mean-square error of 0.515 using the CatBoost regression model. In addition, the prediction model was interpreted to elucidate the variables' importance, where the mass ratio was the topmost significant variable in predicting separation factors. In addition, polymers' concentration and membranes' effective area contributed to information leakage. These results demonstrate ML models' advances in membrane design and fabrication and the importance of vigorous model validation.

Simultaneous extraction and determination of alkaloids and organic acids in Uncariae Ramulas Cum Unicis by vortex-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion extraction coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS.

A simple and efficient vortex-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion with a ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (VA-MSPD-UHPLC-MS/MS) was applied for simultaneous extraction and determination of seven alkaloids and three organic acids from Uncariae Ramulas Cum Unicis. The optimal extraction conditions of the target components were obtained by Box-Behnken design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM). The results of the method validation showed that this analytical method displayed good linearity with a correlation coefficient (r) no lower than 0.9990. The recoveries of ten active ingredients from Uncariae Ramulas Cum Unicis ranged from 95.9% to 103% (RSD ≤ 2.77%). The RSDs of intra-day and inter-day precisions were all below 2.97%. The present method exhibited not only lower solvent and sample usage, but also shorter sample processing and analysis time. Consequently, the developed VA-MSPD-UHPLC-MS/MS method could be successfully and effectively used for the extraction and analysis of ten active components from Uncariae Ramulas Cum Unicis.

Controlling of Mycobacterium by Natural Degradant-Combination Models for Sequestering Mycolic Acids in Karish Cheese.

Degradation of the mycobacterial complex containing mycolic acids (MAs) by natural bioactive compounds is essential for producing safe and value-added foods with therapeutic activities. This study aimed to determine the degradation efficiency of natural organic acid extracts (i.e., citric, malic, tartaric, and lactic), quadri-mix extract from fruits and probiotics (i.e., lemon, apple, grape, and cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus), and synthetic pure organic acids (i.e., citric, malic, tartaric, and lactic), against MA in vitro in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and Karish cheese models. The degradation effect was evaluated both individually and in combinations at different concentrations of degradants (1, 1.5, and 2%) and at various time intervals (0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). The results show that MA degradation percentage recorded its highest value at 2% of mixed fruit extract quadri-mix with L. acidophilus and reached 99.2% after 48 h both in PBS and Karish cheese, unlike other treatments (i.e., citric + malic + tartaric + lactic), individual acids, and sole extracts at all concentrations. Conversely, organic acid quadri-mix revealed the greatest MA degradation% of 95.9, 96.8, and 97.3% at 1, 1.5, and 2%, respectively, after 48 h. Citric acid was more effective in MA degradation than other acids. The fruit extract quadri-mix combined with L. acidophilus-fortified Karish cheese showed the highest sensorial characteristics; hence, it can be considered a novel food-grade degradant for MA and could be a promising biocontrol candidate against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in food matrices.

Insight into the weak interaction between organic primary amine and propionic acid or phenol solvents in solvent extraction

The essence of solvent extraction is to change the interaction degree between extracted molecules and solvents in the system. The study of solvent extraction at the molecular level has important guiding significance for further design. Here, taking the extraction of organic weak acid (phenol/propionic acid) by primary amines N1923 through hydrogen bond association as an example, the quantitative calculation parameters of reactive molecules were discussed, such as the charge distribution, potential distribution, average local ionization energy (ALIE) distribution and abbreviated Fukui function, while the polar index and polar area percentage were calculated. Moreover, the region and intensity of weak interaction were analyzed and visualized by electronic density difference and Van der Waals (VDW) radius. At the same time, the electron density of the critical point of bond (BCP) and the corresponding predicted value of hydrogen bonding energy are calculated. Finally, the solubility energy of primary amines and the Gibbs free energy of extraction reaction were calculated, and the results show that the interaction between organic amine and propionic acid is stronger by the hydrogen bond mechanism. This study provides a set of systematic cases to analyze the interaction between extraction molecules. It provides a new perspective for understanding the essence of solvent extraction, thus promoting the theoretical development of separation science.

Simultaneous extraction of natural organic acid and flavonoid antioxidants from Hibiscus manihot L. flower by tailor-made deep eutectic solvent

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been regarded as a substitute extraction solvent for conventional organic reagents due to their low toxicity and unique solubility. In this study, fifteen choline chloride-based DESs were prepared and successfully integrated with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique for extracting Hibiscus manihot L. flowers natural antioxidants. The selected DES exhibited superior extraction performance than those by water and 60% ethanol. After statistical optimization by single-factor experiments, Taguchi orthogonal design and response surface methodology, the maximal extraction yields of ten natural antioxidants reached 0.880, 0.328, 0.176, 0.243, 5.143, 4.098, 4.852, 0.171, 0.509 and 0.303 mg/g, which was 1.42–1.94 folds to those by conventional extraction media and methods. In addition, ten natural antioxidants were enriched and recovered with a satisfactory recovery yield of 88.45%–92.02%, and the regenerative DES could be recycled at least four times. Overall, this study established a green, safe, high-efficiency and sustainable alternative for efficiently extracting bioactive ingredients from plant matrices.

Development and Characterization of Emulsions Containing Ground Seeds of Passiflora Species as Biobased Exfoliating Agents

Ground seeds from three species of the genus Passiflora, P. ligularis, P. edulis Sims fo edulis, and P. mollissima, were obtained by extraction, drying, grinding, and sieving, and their physicochemical properties (morphology, hardness, and proximal analysis) were compared to those of commercial exfoliant seeds from passion fruit. Particle sizes between 0.5 and 1 mm were obtained, and their properties were similar to the commercial product except for the extractable material content that was higher. Subsequently, prototypes of an exfoliating cosmetic product were developed by using the ground seeds as the main active ingredient. Rheology characterization of samples enables to verify that the particles have minor effects on emulsion properties and that the emulsion is stable even after thermal treatment. In particular, the pH of the emulsion decreased when using the obtained ground seeds. This is consistent with the extraction and solvation of organic acids into the emulsion, in particular, alpha-hydroxy acids, which are present in high concentrations in Passiflora species. This indicates that the prepared emulsions could have a synergic chemical and physical exfoliating activity and could be used in cosmetic products.