Oil Extraction Research Articles

Improved center loss-based metric learning for fault diagnosis of water injection pump

Abstract As the key machine for oil extraction, the water injection pump plays an essential role in ensuring the safe and stable production of oil. However, the water injection pump is prone to failures during operation, leading to considerable losses due to frequent shutdowns. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop an intelligent fault diagnosis method. In this work, a fault diagnosis method with improved center loss-based metric learning is proposed. Firstly, a multi-scale convolution with an attention mechanism is employed to extract key fault features from different temporal-spatial scales with adaptive weighted fusion. Furthermore, an improved center loss is imposed as a constraint on the network-generated embedding space, which enables better clustering of embedding features and consequently a reliable decision boundary for different health states. The proposed method is validated on water injection pump data and outperforms multiple comparative methods, which is able to maintain a better performance even in a highly noisy operating environment.

An investigation into the performance and perikinetics of Brassica nigra meal in the treatment of real vegetable oil refinery condensate effluent.

In this study, the treatment of vegetable oil refinery plant condensate effluent (VORCE) having high total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) generated from acid oil unit was focused. The utilization of waste Brassica nigra meal (BNM) as protein flocculant in treating VORCE was explored. The B. nigra meal flocculant (BNMF) exhibited a crystalline nature, with the presence of amino and carboxyl functional groups, rendering it highly efficient (89.69% efficiency) in floc formation. Zeta potential and particle size (-5.6mV and 240.68 nm, respectively) indicate BNMF's effectiveness in initiating floc formation. The interactive effects of pH, dosage, settling time on COD, and TSS removal were investigated using the Box-Behnken design. At an optimal pH of 6.9 and BNMF dosage of 0.77 g/L, a maximum removal of 85.38% COD and 72.56% TSS was obtained. The perikinetic theory for the coagulation-flocculation followed a second-order rate reaction with high Kc (0.0001 L/mg min), low settling time (37.04 min), and high collision efficiency (2.703 × 1017), indicating the model's significance in achieving maximum COD and TSS removal. These findings highlight the potential use of BNMF in the treatment of VORCE, leading to circular economy by valorizing waste from mustard oil extraction and zero discharge. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Valorization of waste Brassica nigra meal (BNM) as a potent protein flocculant Optimization for vegetable oil refinery condensate effluent (VORCE) treatment was done. Interactive effects of the process parameters were analyzed using Design expert. Perikinetic theory for VORCE treatment follows second-order reaction rate with high Kc.

Viscosity Reduction of Heavy Oil Based on Rice Husk Char-Based Nanocatalysts of NiO/Fe2O3

In recent years, catalytic hydrothermal cracking has gained significant attention as an effective technology for reducing the viscosity of heavy oil in the field of heavy oil recovery. However, the current catalyst temperature window is relatively high, leading to high energy consumption in heavy oil extraction. The development of catalysts that can effectively reduce the viscosity of heavy oil at low temperatures is important to reduce energy consumption in the thermal recovery process of heavy oil. Biochar-based catalysts exhibit good low-temperature activity. Therefore, this study used modified rice husk char as a carrier to develop NiO-RHC, Fe2O3-RHC, and NiO/Fe2O3-RHC catalysts, and investigated their performance in low-temperature catalytic viscosity reduction. Various methods were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the catalysts, and the effects of catalyst type and addition amounts on the catalytic viscosity reduction reaction were examined. The results showed that the catalytic performance of the dual-active component catalyst was better than that of NiO-RHC and Fe2O3-RHC. Under the catalysis of NiO/Fe2O3-RHC, the viscosity of heavy oil decreased by 81.81%. As the catalyst addition amounts increased, the viscosity reduction rate of heavy oil also increased. The optimal catalyst addition amount was 1.00wt.%, and the heavy component content in the oil sample was reduced by 4.14% after the catalytic reaction. Finally, the mechanism of heavy oil viscosity reduction was analyzed. It was found that the breaking of C-S bonds was a significant factor in reducing heavy oil viscosity, and the S in H2S mainly came from thioether and sulfoxide sulfur. This study provides valuable references for further research on low-temperature viscosity reduction in heavy oil.

Ultrasound and low-pressure supercritical CO2 extraction: A synergistic approach to hemp seed oil extraction

Ultrasound and low-pressure supercritical CO2 extraction: A synergistic approach to hemp seed oil extraction

Oil Extraction from Oil Cake

Oil Extraction from Oil Cake

A High-Precision Inverse Finite Element Method for Shape Sensing and Structural Health Monitoring

In the contemporary era, the further exploitation of deep-sea resources has led to a significant expansion of the role of ships in numerous domains, such as in oil and gas extraction. However, the harsh marine environments to which ships are frequently subjected can result in structural failures. In order to ensure the safety of the crew and the ship, and to reduce the costs associated with such failures, it is imperative to utilise a structural health monitoring (SHM) system to monitor the ship in real time. Displacement reconstruction is one of the main objectives of SHM, and the inverse finite element method (iFEM) is a powerful SHM method for the full-field displacement reconstruction of plate and shell structures. However, existing inverse shell elements applied to curved shell structures with irregular geometry or large curvature may result in element distortion. This paper proposes a high-precision iFEM for curved shell structures that does not alter the displacement mode of the element or increase the mesh and node quantities. In reality, it just modifies the methods of calculation. This method is based on the establishment of a local coordinate system on the Gaussian integration point and the subsequent alteration of the stiffness integration. The results of numerical examples demonstrate that the high-precision iFEM is capable of effectively reducing the displacement difference resulting from inverse finite element method reconstruction. Furthermore, it performs well in practical engineering applications.

Production of a dead oil well by a progressive cavity pump and its optimization

In the context of oil and gas extraction, a dead well refers to a well that has ceased to produce hydrocarbons. The major problems that account for this are: the reservoir has been depleted, the pressure has dropped too low to allow for extraction, or there are technical issues such as blockages or equipment failure. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of a dead well called K88 (for confidential reasons) activated by the progressive cavity pump (PCP) in order to improve and maximize the oil flow rate produced. The completion, reservoir, production pressure, volume, and temperature (PVT) data are processed under Excel and Prosper software by using nodal analysis, sensitive analysis, economic analysis, and decline curve methods to obtain the results. The results showed that well K88 activated by the PCP has an oil flow rate of 1600.9 STB/day. The optimization makes it possible to obtain a net oil flow rate of 2005 STB/day associated with a head pressure of 45 psig. According to the economic calculation results, a gain in production is noticed during 10 years of production and a return on investment at the latest 39 days of production.

The Optimization Ratio and Size of Raw Materials in Patchouli Oil Extraction Process Using Hydrodistillation Method with Addition of MgCl2

This research focuses on optimizing patchouli oil yield using the hydrodistillation method and adding MgCl2 as the main component. The RSM method is used to analyze model variance, including the sum of squares model, less of the fit model, and ANOVA analysis. The research results show that adding MgCl2 can increase the yield of patchouli oil by reducing water content and undesirable non-volatile elements, thereby producing more stable patchouli oil. ANOVA analysis of patchouli oil yield was carried out to determine the optimal results from factors such as F/S, material size, and time. The extraction time factor had a p-value of less than 0.05, indicating that the model was suitable for explaining the results. The research results showed that the yield of patchouli oil was optimal with an F/S ratio of 0.075, material size of 20 mesh, and extraction time of 5 hours, with a yield of 0.1 gr/mL being the best choice. The research results showed that the use of specific methods, namely distilled water and MgCl2 in the extraction process, was effective in increasing the yield of patchouli oil

The Effect of Harvest Time of Sapu-Sapu Leaves (Baeckea frutescens L.) the Yield, Characteristics and Composition of Essential Oils Extached Using Steam-Hydro Distillation Method

The sapu-sapu plant (Baeckea frutescens L.) is widespread in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, thriving in sandy areas such as beaches and highlands with less fertile soil. This study aimed to determine the optimal harvest time for sapu-sapu leaves to obtain essential oils' highest yield and most desirable characteristics. The research focused on the duck-type sapu-sapu leaves, using five variations of harvest time (coded as A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5, representing leaves harvested at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months of growth, respectively). Essential oil extraction was performed using the steam distillation method. The resulting oils were then analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine their chemical composition. The results showed that sample A1 (1-month growth) produced the highest essential oil yield at 0.74% (w/w). This sample also exhibited the most optimal essential oil characteristics: clear yellow color, characteristic sapu-sapu odor, warm bitter taste, solubility in 96% ethanol at 1:13, specific gravity of 0.8863 g/mL, optical rotation of (+) 10.28°, and refractive index of 1.474. GC-MS analysis revealed that the main compounds in the A1 sample were α-pinene (43.84%), β-pinene (13.56%), and 1,8-cineol (24.26%). The study concluded that while the variation in harvest time of sapu-sapu leaves did not significantly affect the yield, characteristics, or composition of the essential oils, there were slight differences in yield and color. Sample A1, representing the youngest leaves, produced the most optimal results.

Optimizing Algal Oil Extraction and Transesterification Parameters through RSM, PCA, and MRA for Sustainable Biodiesel Production

This study presents a comprehensive optimization of algal oil extraction and transesterification for sustainable biodiesel production. Freshwater Spirogyra algae underwent Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane. response surface methodology (RSM), principal component analysis (PCA), and multivariate regression analysis (MRA) were employed to investigate the effects of biomass–solvent ratio (BSR), algae particle size (APS), and extraction-contact time (E-CT) on algal oil yield (AOY). The extracted oil was then converted to biodiesel via transesterification, and the impacts of the methanol–oil ratio (MOR) and transesterification-contact time (T-CT) on biodiesel conversion efficiency (BCE) were analyzed. Results demonstrate that optimal BSR, APS, and E-CT for maximal AOY are 1:7, 400 µm, and 3–4 h, respectively. For transesterification, a MOR of 12:1 and a T-CT of 4 h yielded the highest BCE. Predictive models exhibited exceptional accuracy, with R2 values of 0.916 and 0.950 for AOY and BCE, respectively. The produced biodiesel complied with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214, showcasing its potential for renewable energy applications.

Research on the jet active control mechanism of gas-liquid separation in helical-axial multiphase pumps

In the field of deep-water oil and gas extraction, the intermittent gas blocking phenomenon in helical-axial multiphase pumps leads to decreased pump performance and reliability, severely limiting their large-scale application and promotion in engineering projects. To address this challenge, this study is based on the principle of jet flow field control to flow separation, utilizing external energy for active intervention to suppress the separation phenomena and improve the hydraulic efficiency within the impeller flow channel. The research reveals that the jets achieved a reconstruction of the internal flow in the helical-axial gas-liquid mixed transport pumps. Using orthogonal experimental methods, a preliminary predictive analysis of the factors influencing the effectiveness of the jet system was conducted. The study explored the impact of jet parameters on enhancing the performance of helical-axial gas-liquid mixed transport pumps from the perspective of diminishing gas aggregation at the trailing edge of the rotor cascade and curtailing backflow conditions, and established a mathematical model for the head and efficiency of helical-axial multiphase pumps under jet active control. Research indicates that the jet velocity significantly impacts the efficiency enhancement of multiphase pumps, with an optimal jet speed coefficient, Cjet = 10, identified. Beyond this speed, the benefits brought by increased jet velocity do not compensate for the costs of introducing high-speed jets, and instead, may lead to a reduction in the efficiency of the pump. Jet flow field control methods alleviate the suction side gas aggregation downstream of the jet holes and in the flow domain traversed by the jets, effectively reducing the aggregation of gas phases in the rear channel of the rotor and suppressing backflow near the trailing edge of the rotor cascade. Jet control measures strengthen the working capacity of the blade in the flow direction beyond 0.35 times the length of the streamline, expanding the working range of the blade and enhancing the work efficiency of the multiphase mixed transport pump. Higher jet velocities result in more significant enhancements of blade working power, especially under conditions of high initial gas content, where the relative increase in blade load is more pronounced.

Economic and supply chain impacts from energy price shocks in Southeast Asia

Following the war in Ukraine, it became evident that substantial energy price increases had complex impacts on the economic systems and supply chains throughout the Southeast Asian region. In this article, we employ a global applied general equilibrium model (GTAP-E-PowerS) to examine how ongoing energy price increases might affect sectors, economies and emissions levels of the region. We additionally investigate how technological development including energy efficiency gains, utilisation of capital and how output augmenting technologies may help mitigate costs. Our findings indicate demand for renewable energy by private and industrial sectors increase substantially as a substitute for traditional fossil fuels, but are not adequate to compensate for losses. Agriculture and food sectors are not significantly affected, suggesting less hazards to food security as they are not energy-intensive. Manufacturing, transport and electricity generation sectors, which are energy-intensive, are materially adversely affected. More interestingly, however, is the primary energy supply sectors, viz. oil and gas extraction, and petroleum product manufacturing sectors, whose output declines by 20–70 % across countries. Real GDP also declines substantially, by 1.0–3.8 % in the Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Conversely, total emissions decline by 6–22 % across countries. Of the options considered, investment in improving utilisation of capital resources is found to be the most effective against energy price shocks.

Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritional value of different batches of rapeseed meals for turkey poults

ABSTRACT A study was conducted to investigate the chemical composition and feeding value of rapeseed meal (RSM) batches produced at the same plant when fed to turkey poults. In total, seven RSM samples were obtained from a single manufacturer within a period of 90 days. Although the manufacturer followed the same procedures during oil extraction and RSM production, different batches of rapeseed were used. A balancer feed (BF) was formulated to contain 11.85 MJ/kg ME and 265 g/kg crude protein. Seven nutritionally complete test mash diets were prepared by mixing 200 g/kg of each RSM batch sample with 800 g/kg of the BF, totalling 8 diets. Diets were fed to female B.U.T. Premium turkeys from 12 to 21 d of age. Each diet was fed to six raised floor pens, housing two birds, following randomisation. During the experiment, a nitrogen corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) assay was performed using a total collection technique. The AMEn in RSM samples was calculated based on the differences between the AMEn values of basal and test diets. Associations were examined between AMEn and the chemical composition of the RSM samples. The overall determined AMEn value of the RSM ranged from 5.50 MJ/kg DM to 8.53 MJ/kg DM, giving an average AMEn of 7.29 MJ/kg DM. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in AMEn content between batches. There was a negative correlation (r = – 0.864; p < 0.05) between AMEn values and the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content of the RSM samples. The results suggest that the NDF could be a good predictor of the AMEn of industry produced RSM. It may be inferred that processing rather than cultivar could be the main factor determining the feeding value of RSM for turkeys.

Extra Virgin Olive Oil from Stoned Olives with Oxygen Supply during Processing: Impact on Volatile and Phenolic Fraction and Sensory Characteristics.

The improvement of the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) extraction process involves the proper management of endogenous enzymes of the olive fruit and all the technological conditions that can affect their activities. Coratina and Peranzana cultivars were processed to assess the influence of different technologies for fruit breaking (crushing and stoning) with and without controlled oxygen addition during this critical phase. The study of volatile compounds revealed that the enzymes that are responsible for their genesis during the technological process were significantly affected by oxygen addition in both the systems of fruit crushing. The results from the stoning technology proved that the quality improvement was a consequence of the prevention of the seed breaking and the oxidation catalyzed by the olive stone enzymes. In Peranzana EVOOs, it was possible to increase the aldehyde concentration up to 97% using stoning technology with a 0.2 L/min oxygen addition compared with traditional crushing. At the same time, non-significant reductions in phenolic compounds were detected when comparing crushing and stoning with and without the addition of oxygen, and similar trends were observed for the two studied cultivars. The sensory analyses confirmed the differences in phenolic and volatile composition detected in the EVOO samples.

Feasibility and recovery efficiency of in-situ shale oil conversion in fractured reservoirs via steam heating: Based on a coupled thermo-flow-chemical model

Shale oil is a type of liquid hydrocarbon obtained through the pyrolysis of organic matter such as kerogen in oil shale reservoirs. Effective extraction of shale oil can significantly alleviate the pressure on oil supply. Among the various methods proposed for shale oil extraction, in-situ conversion of shale oil through high-temperature steam heating is a promising technique. This study employs a newly developed thermo-flow-chemical numerical simulator to establish a heterogeneous geological model and provides a detailed description of the evolution of different components within the shale oil reservoir during the in-situ conversion process. Additionally, the study thoroughly analyzes the role of high-permeability channels, such as fractures, in fluid transport and heat transfer during this process. In comparison with homogeneous reservoirs, fractures play a controlling role in the transport of steam. After injection, steam forms a preferential transport path between the heating well and the production well through the fractures. Subsequent injected steam will preferentially travel through this path, leading to faster heating of the reservoir. However, the uneven distribution of fractures may result in incomplete pyrolysis of the organic matter within the reservoir. Additionally, we found that the producing pressure and the steam injection rate significantly affect the pyrolysis of kerogen and the production of oil and gas. Both excessively low producing pressure and excessively high steam injection rate are detrimental to shale oil extraction. Based on these findings, this study aims to develop more rational heating strategies for reservoirs with different characteristics.

The Metamorphosis of the Amazon: An Environmental History of Oil Extraction in Ecuador

The Metamorphosis of the Amazon: An Environmental History of Oil Extraction in Ecuador

Brazil Nut Semi-Defatted Flour Oil: Impact of Extraction Using Pressurized Solvents on Lipid Profile, Bioactive Compounds Composition, and Oxidative Stability.

Brazilian nuts are native to the Amazon rainforest and are considered a non-timber forest-product of extreme economic importance to local populations. This study evaluated the lipid profile, bioactive compounds, and oxidative stability of semi-defatted Brazilian nut flour oil (BNSDFO) obtained using pressurized fluids (n-propane at 40 °C and 2, 4, and 8 MPa or a CO2/n-propane mixture at 40 °C and 12 MPa). A Brazilian nut kernel oil (BNKO) processed by conventional cold pressing was also obtained. The BNKO showed a higher concentration of total phenolic compounds and saturated fatty acids, higher antioxidant activity, and the presence of gallic acid derivatives. The oils extracted using pressurized fluids showed a higher concentration of linoleic acid, β-sitosterol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The utilization of pressurized n-propane resulted in higher yields (13.7 wt%), and at intermediate pressures (4 MPa), the product showed myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside and higher oxidative stability (OSI, 12 h) than at lower pressures (2 MPa). The CO2/n-propane mixture of pressurized solvents resulted in higher concentrations of squalene (4.5 times), the presence of different phenolic compounds, and a high OSI (12 h) but lower yield (2.2 wt%). In conclusion, oils with better fatty acid profiles (oleic e linoleic acids), phytosterol composition, and suitable radical scavenging activity may be obtained using pressurized fluids and Brazilian nut flour, a byproduct of oil extraction. The mixture of solvents may improve the concentration of squalene, whereas using only n-propane may increase oil yield.

Application of pressure small signals extraction and amplification technology in abandoned well pattern for geothermal energy extraction and H2 storage: Numerical modeling and economic analysis

Using abandoned reservoirs for geothermal energy development and H2 storage is economical. The impact of complex fractures from long-term oil and gas extraction on geothermal energy and H2 storage is not yet clearly understood. Here, a pressure small signals extraction and amplification (PSEA) technology is developed to improve reservoir monitoring accuracy. This technology is capable of coupling many pressure transient analysis models to invert parameters for multiple scenarios. This work establishes numerical models to simulate the effects of geothermal energy extraction and H2 storage over 5000 days. Results show that this technology improves the accuracy of inverted parameters by 4–14 times. This technology adjusts the production temperature differences in a single injection-production system from 1.4K to 6.5K and the net heat power from 0.25 MW to 1.1 MW, and it can also identify an early low-rate H2 storage phase. The Non-Sorting Genetic Algorithm II calculates that the PSEA technology brings economic benefits of $704,000 and $352,000 for geothermal energy extraction and H2 storage in a single injection-production system. In conclusion, the developed monitoring technology and models improve accuracy in assessing geothermal energy development and H2 storage, preventing failures in residential heating or H2 storage projects.

Numerical Simulation Study on Dynamic Interaction between Two Adjacent Wells during Hydraulic Fracturing

The heterogeneity in fracture formation significantly influences the hydraulic fracture propagation among adjacent wells, underscoring the urgency to comprehend the underlying fracture mechanisms. Specifically, in shale gas or oil extraction fracturing operations, stress interactions among neighboring fracturing clusters, or mutual interference during the propagation of parallel fractures, are commonplace. At present, there is relatively little research on the sensitivity parameters of adjacent borehole fracture propagation morphology. Consequently, we employed ABAQUS software 2022 to construct a numerical model simulating the fracturing of adjacent boreholes in opposing directions. Upon validating the model’s fidelity, we systematically explored the influence of various engineering and geological factors on fracture morphology and propagation length. Our findings revealed a three-phase evolution: independent fracture propagation, subsequent mutual repulsion, and, ultimately, mutual attraction. It is worth noting that increasing the elastic modulus from 10 GPa to 80 GPa, and increasing the crack length by 16.30%, is beneficial for crack propagation, while the horizontal stress difference profoundly shapes the crack mode, but has a relatively small impact on the overall crack length. When HSD increases from 0 MPa to 15 MPa, the total crack length only changes by 1.24%. In addition, the filtration coefficient of the reservoir is a key determining factor that has a significant impact on the morphology and length of cracks generated by adjacent boreholes. Increasing the filtration coefficient from 1 × 10−14 m3/s/Pa to 5 × 10−12 m3/s/Pa reduces the total length of cracks by 60.77%. Notably, an optimal injection rate exists, optimizing fracturing outcomes. Conversely, the viscosity of the fracturing fluid exerts a limited influence on fracture morphology and length within the confines of this simulation, allowing for the selection of a suitable viscosity to ensure smooth proppant transport during actual fracturing operations. In designing fracturing parameters, it is imperative to aim for sufficient fracture propagation length while harnessing “stress interference” to foster the development of intricate fracture networks. Ultimately, our research findings serve as a solid foundation for engineering practices involving hydraulic fracture propagation in adjacent boreholes undergoing opposing fracturing operations.

Increased oxygen partial pressure enhances toxicity reduction by membrane aerated biofilm reactor treating oil and gas industrial wastewater

Wastewater produced during oil and gas extraction processes is one of the largest residual water streams. Also known as produced water (PW), it has a complex composition and is typically toxic to aquatic ecosystems. This study explores the use of membrane aerated biofilm reactors (MABR) for biological removal of dissolved organic compounds and associated toxicity. Three different oxygen partial pressures (0.2, 0.6 and 1 bar), the last two mimicking subsea pressures at 20 and 40 m below the sea level, respectively, were tested at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT of 24, 12 and 6 h). Reactors were fed both with onshore and offshore PW. Removal rates for organic carbon increased at decreasing HRT. Highest oxygen partial pressure led to best performance at 6 h HRT (30.1 ± 3.0 g-COD m−2 d−1) when treating onshore PW and at all HRT when treating offshore PW, with highest COD removal rate still at 6 h HRT (9.4 ± 1 g-COD m−2 d−1). Removal efficiencies ranged from 78 % when treating onshore PW at 24 h HRT to 36–49 % when treating offshore PW at 6 h HRT. All treatments led to a reduction in toxicity (>92 % reduction for offshore PW), with 0.2 bar oxygen partial pressure showing worst performance, while 0.6 and 1 bar did not show significant differences. The biofilms were dominated by hydrocarbonoclastic, responsible of hydrocarbons biodegradation, and sulfur cycling bacteria. Overall, MABR were effective treating PW and operating at higher oxygen partial pressures yield to better performance, especially at high volumetric loading rates.