Natural Resource Extraction Research Articles

Implications of the Russia-Ukraine War for natural resources extraction in Nigeria

Implications of the Russia-Ukraine War for natural resources extraction in Nigeria

Sustainable development through digitalization: An exploration of natural resource extraction in China

This study investigates the role of natural resource rents and economic growth in the digitalization of China from 1988 to 2021, focusing on the impact of research and development (R&D). The study addressed the research gap in the relationship between digitalization and sustainable development, specifically focusing on the role of R&D. The study employed reliable and robust methods, including Augmented Dickey-Fuller tests, Johansen cointegration, and ARDL estimation. The findings suggest that GDP in China positively impacts digitalization, while natural resource rents show an asymmetrical relationship with digitalization. Additionally, R&D shows an insignificant impact on digitalization in the short term and a low impact in the long term. The robustness checks exhibit similar and robust results to the ARDL estimates, and the Granger causality analysis showed a bi-directional causality association between the variables. The study's implications suggest that pertinent policies are needed to stimulate R&D, natural resources, and economic growth in China to enhance digitalization and promote sustainable development. Policy recommendations include developing human capital and technological capabilities, promoting sustainable natural resource use, and fostering an innovation-friendly environment. This study provides insights into the factors that drive digitalization in China and has implications for policymakers seeking to promote sustainable development.

Do industrialization and nonrenewable energy affect environmental quality? Evidence from top fossil fuel-consuming countries.

The global warming phenomenon has been an issue of considerable discussion and debate among academics and decision-makers over the past few decades. Therefore, a deeper comprehension of the relationships between environmental deterioration and its causes is necessary in nations that rely on fossil fuels. This study examines the relationship between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and total natural resources, nonrenewable energy, industrialization, and ecological footprint from 2001 to 2020 in the case of major fossil fuel-consuming countries. The most recent panel Granger causality and panel-corrected standard error (PCSE) simulation models are used in this study. The findings indicate that natural resources, ecological footprint, and registered companies impede environmental quality. Similarly, the same results were noted by employing the generalized least square method. A feedback effect was noted between carbon dioxide emission and ecological footprint, while unidirectional causality between coal consumption and carbon emission. In light of these findings, it is advised that instead of pursuing policies that encourage the use of coal and petroleum, new energy policies enhance the share of nonfossil fuels in the energy mix for controlling rapid industrialization, extraction of natural resources, and environmental and economic issues.

Savings natural resource funds: effectiveness of the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global

Motivation: Many countries that are rich in natural resources struggle with the resource curse — the phenomenon of achieving worse economic development results by economies specializing in the extraction and export of natural resources. To address this problem, an explicit fiscal tool was proposed — natural resource funds. However, empirical studies on the effectiveness of resource funds conducted so far have delivered mixed and inconclusive results. Specifically, the effectiveness of savings funds, otherwise known as funds for future generations, which are a specific type of natural resource funds, is still being questioned.Aim: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of savings natural resource funds in countries which are rich in natural resources on the example of the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG).Results: The main contribution of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of GPFG as a savings fund for future generations. In order to achieve the research objective, a classification of funds was presented and the existing natural resource funds were categorized. Funds were divided into stabilization, investment and savings. The specificity of each type of fund was explained in detail. It was found that all savings funds are also investment funds, but the reverse relationship does not apply. The effectiveness of GPFG was studied considering the functions and tasks of individual fund types. The quantitative study confirmed the effectiveness of GPFG in increasing long-term investments in Norway. At the same time, the fulfillment of the stabilization function by the fund was also validated. The study confirms that the savings fund is an important economic policy measure to counteract the resource curse.

Investigation of Breakdowns of Loaded Parts of Dump Trucks Operating Under Severe Operating Conditions

The Republic of Kazakhstan is one of the largest exporters of raw materials in the world market, so dump trucks and excavators play a major role in the mining industry of the country's natural resources. The stagnation of special equipment can bring great damage to the economy of the Republic. Therefore, the study of the problems that arise during the operation of dump trucks in difficult quarry conditions and timely troubleshooting will allow the country's mining industry to ensure stable development and prosperity. The main purpose of the work is to study the causes of breakdowns in the bearing units of dump trucks with a load capacity of up to 110 tons. Also, ways to solve the existing problems and initial data for further research are presented. This topic is relevant, since the country's economy is directly related to the extraction of natural resources. Timely elimination of technical problems of equipment will allow to fulfill all production plans

How does economic complexity affect natural resource extraction in resource rich countries?

Several studies debate whether natural resources benefit or hurt an economy. In natural resource-rich economies researchers cannot conclude it. This study examines the relationship between natural resource rent, economic complexity, clean technology, and natural resource productivity capacity in 20 resource-rich economies from 2000 to 2021. Coal, oil, minerals, natural gases, and forest rents are disaggregated in the study. The economic complexity curvilinear function illustrates the inverse U-shaped relationship under the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) or the U-shaped relationship under load capacity curve (LCC) between economic complexity and natural resources rent. This study hypothesizes that economic complexity increases resource extraction curvilinearly, changing resource rents which may have implications in the transition towards clean energy under COP27 to achieve SDGs. The study shows the marginal effects of economic complexity at different levels of complexity and resource extraction using quadratic and quantile functions. This study first examines resource extraction quantiles. Economic complexity raises forest, coal, and mineral rents at low resource extraction. Economic complexity lowers forest, gas, oil, coal, and mineral rents at high resource extraction. This study describes the curvilinear function. At the median resource extraction level, economic complexity has an inverted U-shaped effect on forest, mineral, and coal rents and a U-shaped effect on gas and oil rents. This implies that an increase in economic complexity can be targeted which may reduce reliance on forests, minerals, and coal while reducing reliance on gas and oil, government effort, green technology, and productive capacity needed to be pursued.

Policy framework considering resource curse, renewable energy transition, and institutional issues: Fostering sustainable development and sustainable natural resource consumption practices

The “natural resource curse” hypothesis, which is regarded as the paradox of plenty, highlights the detrimental impacts of natural resources on economic growth. Hence, unsustainable natural resource extraction or utilization is a substantial challenge for sustainable development. However, sustainable utilization of natural resources and the transition towards renewable energy sources present viable pathways for achieving sustainable development and financial globalization and institutional quality can serve as essential catalysts to this endeavor. Accordingly, this research examines the influence of natural resource rents (NRR) on sustainable development in emerging countries considering the roles of renewable energy transition, financial globalization, and institutional quality. To do this, yearly data from 1990 to 2020 is analyzed using the method of moments quantile regression. The findings unveiled that NRR impede sustainable development, supporting the “resource curse hypothesis”. The results further indicate that the transition to renewables and increasing financial globalization contribute to sustainable development. In addition, institutional quality promotes sustainable development in emerging economies. Finally, causality analysis shows causality from NRR, financial globalization, and institutional quality to sustainable development. Meanwhile, bidirectional causality was identified between renewable energy transition and sustainable development. Moreover, financial globalization and institutional quality have a causal impact on the renewable energy transition. These empirical results provide substantial implications for policymakers in these countries to craft efficacious strategies for pursuing development, by improving natural resource management and accelerating the transition to renewable energy.

Численное моделирование распространения пассивных примесей в Белом море

It is hardly possible to make experiments on transport of potentially dangerous tracers in a sea. Therefore numerical simulation is successfully used to assess the risks and consequences of various events like oil spills, flux of toxicants with river runoff after industrial accidents or phytoplankton in case of harmful algae bloom. As the White Sea is a transport hub and a strategically important location for extraction of natural resources, so it is important to know the most likely scenarios of pollutants behavior. The JASMINE numerical model, based on the FEMAO (Finite-Element Model of the Arctic Ocean) simulates evolution of sea state, including three-dimensional currents, temperature and salinity, and sea ice, and is able to calculate tracer advection, so giving answers to a number of questions related to how pollution evolves in the White Sea. We describe numerical experiments to study advection of floating tracers in the White Sea when the initial distribution is delta-like and located in the mouths of main rivers. Also, we calculate the time of almost complete removal of an initially homogeneous concentration of a passive tracer. Spatial resolution is 3 km, vertical grid is 5 m down to the depth level of 150 m (10 m for depths more than 150 m). The time step is 360 s. NOAA/NCEP atmospheric reanalysis is used for atmospheric forcing. Five main rivers are taken into account with the monthly-mean runoff taken from the multi-year observation data. We have estimated the time needed to remove most of the matter from the sea; it depends on morphometric characteristics of the bays and is the highest for the Onezhskiy bay. Matter exchange between the bays is low, only Dvinskiy-Onezhskiy-Mezenskiy transport is present, as we would expect from the geostrophic current pattern.

The drivers of sustainable development: Natural resources extraction and education for low-middle- and high-income countries

The primary goal of all developed and developing nations is the attainment of sustainable development via employing the available resources, such as natural resources. Also, economies have increased their educational expenditure to improve overall human capital and technical education. This study tends to discover the drivers of sustainable development by analyzing the influence of natural resources such as mineral rents, oil rents, coal rents, and educational expenditures on the economic expansion of the low, middle, and high-income economies during 1988–2021. Since the panel data exhibits the slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Therefore, the second-generation CIPS unit root test is used, which reports mixed order of integration. In this regard, the present study utilizes the third-generation “cross-section augmented autoregressive distributed lag” approach and finds that natural resources (mineral, oil, coal) are adversely and significantly affecting the sustainability of the economy in both the short and long-run. On the other hand, the results asserted that educational expenditure significantly improves economic growth in both terms. However, the error correction term (-0.671) indicates that the equilibrium level can be achieved in the long-run with a 67.1% speed of adjustment. Further, the results suggest a bidirectional causal connection between the stated variables. Based on the empirical outcomes, this study suggests further investment in education, human capital, and research and development.

Energy accessibility via natural resources: Do natural resources ensure energy accessibility in low income countries?

Despite the abundance of natural resources in many low-income countries, energy accessibility remains a significant challenge for millions of people around the globe. Therefore, there is a need for research to understand the impact of natural resources on energy accessibility in low-income countries, and to identify the factors that contribute to successful energy access strategies. This research contributes to already established literature on energy accessibility and the management of natural resources, and it offers insights that can be used to inform the development of evidence-based policies and strategies that aim to promote more inclusive and sustainable energy systems in low-income countries. Using ARDL estimator, we find that GDP, mineral rent, natural gas rent, oil rent, renewable energy consumption, and technological innovation are crucial determinants of electricity accessibility in low-income countries. The positive impact of GDP, mineral rent, and natural gas rent on electricity accessibility suggests that national income and the extraction of natural resources are important for promoting energy accessibility in low-income countries.

Natural resources and trade-adjusted carbon emissions in the BRICS: The role of clean energy

Environmental degradation is not only a serious threat to human health but also affects all types of development projects across countries. Countries aim to control the increase in temperature as a means of addressing issues regarding the environment. In spite of the agreement, CO2e has been steadily rising over the course of the years, which poses an ongoing risk to the lives of people living on earth. Countries are passing laws that will make it easier to gain affordable access to green and clean forms of energy. Despite growing recognition of the need to improve environment, many countries continue to rely heavily on natural resource extraction and exportation, which can deteriorate environment. This study investigates the impact of natural resource rents, and access to clean technologies for cooking on CO2e of BRICS nations from 1990 to 2021. We use quantile regression methods to explore the impact of natural resources, access to clean technologies, renewable energies, income, and trade on CO2 emissions. We found that extraction of natural resource deteriorates environment in BRICS countries. Moreover, access to clean technologies, and renewable energies are helpful for abating CO2 emissions. The results demonstrate the necessity of adopting cleaner technologies to reduce the high worry of CO2e concentration, which is driven by income and commerce. Sustainable consumption and production policies generate effective tools for reducing environmental concerns, which is crucial for achieving healthy gains.

The Economics of Tropical Deforestation

Two factors have elevated recent academic and policy interest in tropical deforestation: first, the realization that it is a major contributor to climate change; and second, a revolution in satellite-based measurement that has revealed that it is proceeding at a rapid rate. We begin by reviewing the methodological advances that have enabled measurement of forest loss at a fine spatial resolution across the globe. We then develop a simple benchmark model of deforestation based on classic models of natural resource extraction. Extending this approach to incorporate features that characterize deforestation in developing countries—pressure for land use change, significant local and global externalities, weak property rights, and political economy constraints—provides us with a framework for reviewing the fast-growing empirical literature on the economics of deforestation in the tropics. This combination of theory and empirics provides insights not only into the economic drivers and impacts of tropical deforestation but also into policies that may affect its progression. We conclude by identifying areas where more work is needed in this important body of research.

Do natural resources affect environmental quality in MINT Economies? The role of tourism and financial development.

With the growing nature of the ecological footprint, research studies focus on exploring new determinants of environmental degradation. Moreover, the role of natural resources and energy consumption in environmental quality has gained much attention in the literature. However, tourism raises the demand for energy consumption and extraction of natural resources. This research study investigates the influence of natural resources, tourism, and renewable energy in MINT countries, using novel Cross-Sectional Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (CS-ARDL) methodological techniques and employing yearly data from 1995 to 2018. The study also applied recently developed Kónya (Econ Model 23:978-992, 2006) causality to identify the causal relationship between the variables of the heterogenous panel. The result shows that tourism, natural resources, and economic growth are positively associated with the ecological footprint in the long-run. However, renewable energy consumption negatively impacts ecological footprint in both in short-run and the long-run. Further, the study explored a bidirectional causality between economic growth and ecological footprint in MINT countries. Finally, based on the empirical results, the study recommends that the authorities in MINT countries revisit their tourism, natural resources, and economic activities policies to enhance the environmental quality and reduce the ecological footprint.

Technical substitutability of recycled materials in life cycle Assessment: A comprehensive review and framework for quantification

In evaluating environmental sustainability with methodologies like life cycle assessment (LCA), recycling is usually credited for avoiding impacts from virgin material production. Consequently, the LCA results are influenced by the manner in which the substitutability of virgin by recycled materials is estimated. This study reviews how the scientific community assesses the technical substitutability of recycled materials in LCA. Accordingly, 49 peer-reviewed papers were in-depth analysed, considering aspects such as materials studied, type of substitution, recycled material (rMaterial) application, and life cycle stages (LCSs) where substitution was evaluated. The results show that 49% of the papers investigated material substitutability through technical and economic aspects. 51% of the articles did not consider the final application of the rMaterial. Plastics were the most studied material, and mass was the most used property to quantify technical substitutability. Certain materials were more analysed in specific LCSs (e.g., metals in the natural resource extraction stage). As 51% of the papers developed a new approach for substitutability calculation, this shows that substitutability is still a concept in development. It was noticed in 33% of the papers that substitutability values were taken from external sources, and in some cases were used without considering whether they were representative for a specific case. Aspects such as harmonization, transparency, and consideration of the application of recycled materials, therefore, require more attention in substitutability evaluation. Based on the results, a step-wise framework to measure technical substitutability at different LCSs was developed to guide researchers in including substitutability in LCA studies.

Natural resource extraction and ethnic inequality in Dak Lak, Vietnam

AbstractNatural resource extraction is an important livelihood strategy for poor rural households in developing and emerging countries. Despite the sharp decline in poverty in Vietnam, inequality still exists between the ethnic majority and minority. This paper aims to analyze the impact of natural resource extraction on ethnic inequality. We use panel data from Dak Lak in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition shows that ethnic differences in extraction are due to different group characteristics and different returns to these characteristics. Endogenous switching regressions find that extraction has heterogeneous effects on consumption across extracting and non-extracting households, and between majority and minority households. Treatment effects suggest that extraction sustains the consumption of extracting minority households because their consumption would decline if they stopped extracting. Our results indicate that it is important to improve the natural resource base and the ability of minorities to cope with shocks.

Impact of natural resource mining on sustainable economic development: The role of education and green innovation in China

As the extraction and usage of natural resources continue to be a double-edged sword – supporting economic growth but deteriorating the environment- we study the impact of natural resource mining on sustainable economic development in the largest (PPP) economy – China. We use province-level data from 2001 to 2020 and employ econometric panel techniques, such as fixed effects, two-stage least squares, and a battery of robustness tests. We further explore the potential effects of education and green innovation in mitigating/exacerbating the role of natural resources in the Chinese provincial economy. The results show that: (1) Natural resource mining hurts sustainable development, verifying the “resource curse” effect. (2) Green innovation and education restrain the negative impact of resource mining on sustainable development, turning the curse into a blessing. (3) A regional heterogeneity is observed in the impact of resource mining on sustainable development, showing more significant effects in the Western and low-urbanized regions. (4) Green innovation and education can assuage the curse effect of natural resources into gospel effect. Policy implications and recommendations are proposed in light of the findings to promote sustainable economic development in China.

Efektivitas Penegakan Hukum bagi Pelaku Pertambangan Emas tanpa Izin (Illegal Mining)

Introduction: Illegal Mining is Illegal Mining that is carried out without a permit so that it violates the law. Carrying out illegal mining is the same as committing a crime against State Assets, the purpose of Illegal Mining is Extraction of Natural Resources by the community or company without following operational procedures and government regulations. 
 Purposes of the Research: The aim of the research is to examine the effectiveness of law enforcement against the crime of gold mining without a permit and to find out the obstacles in law enforcement. 
 Methods of the Research: this research was conducted using the Juridical Empirical research method, the data used is the result of facts from the field by interviewing the Nagan Raya Police, Judges of the Suka Makmue Court and Nagan Raya Legal Academics. 
 Results Originality of the Research: The results of the research show that law enforcement against gold miners without permits is not effective. This is evidenced by cases that always exist every year even though law enforcement has been carried out by law enforcement. The obstacle in handling this case was that when an investigation was carried out, the perpetrator had already received information.

Do Statist Ideology and State-Sponsored Nationalism Intervene in Pakistan’s China Policy? A Neoclassical Realist Perspective

In its relations with China from 1972 to 2018, Pakistan has endeavored to extract and mobilize its domestic resources while conducting a foreign policy of balancing under systemic pressures and power disparities. Statist ideology and state-sponsored nationalism have been both useful and influential in this process. While there is abundant literature on ideology, nationalism, and Pakistan’s foreign policy using theoretical foundations, a neoclassical realist approach has yet to be made. This paper seeks guidance from neoclassical realist theory as explored in the works of Taliaferro (2006) and Schweller (2004). We argue that Pakistan’s ties with China have been facilitated domestically by an Islamic statist ideology and anti-Indian state-sponsored nationalism. These both have facilitated internal balancing through the extraction and mobilization of natural resources and emulation while externally they justified Pakistan’s balancing efforts aimed at countering a perceived Indian threat. The nation’s military and civil elites therefore agree on the necessity of closer ties with China.

Politik Birokrasi dalam Keamanan Pelabuhan di Indonesia: Sebuah Sebab Ketidakamanan

Abstract The economy of maritime states such as Indonesia rely on the sea, not only to extract natural resources but also as an essential medium for domestic and international trade. Focusing on the aspect of trade, it is important for maritime states such as Indonesia to have sea ports that function optimally. One of the determinants of the functionality of sea ports is port security. Despite being a maritime state, the security of sea ports in Indonesia is questionable. The presence of the so called “port mafia” and numerous accounts of crime in Indonesian sea ports as well as maritime traffic accidents indicate that Indonesia is not doing well enough to safeguard the security of her ports. This article scrutinizes the security of major international ports in Indonesia. Analysis is conducted using the bureaucratic politics theory framework. Based on the assumptions of the bureaucratic politics theory, this paper finds that the multiple actors involved in securing Indonesia’s major international ports have failed to function in a coordinated matter due to poor implementation of port security policy. The poor implementation of port security itself is caused by the competing interests of said actors. Keywords: Bureaucratic competition, bureaucratic politics, Indonesia, Port security, Sea ports

Do natural resources and foreign direct investment tend to erode or support the development of national institutions?

AbstractThis paper explores the relationships between natural resources, foreign direct investment (FDI) and the quality of national institutions, also known as “the rules of the game”. Using a data set of 69 developing countries over the period 1970–2015 to estimate a dynamic panel data model, we find negative and significant effects of natural resources use or extraction on the development of national institutions. We focus on legal and property rights, but these findings also apply to the quality of some other national institutions. Our results align with a theory that abundant natural resources lead to weakened institutions because of the potential for firms to secure monopoly rents. Furthermore, we find that the effects of FDI inflows on institutional development are not robust to controlling for natural resources rents. This suggests that the latter tend to erode institutions regardless of whether those resources are exploited alongside increased foreign investment into the local economy.