Extraction Of Lutein Research Articles

EFFECT OF ENZYMATIC TREATMENT OF CORN GLUTEN MEAL ON LUTEIN, ZEAXANTHIN AND β‐CRYTOXANTHIN EXTRACTION

ABSTRACT Response surface methodology was used to optimize some operating parameters on the effects of alcalase treatment extraction of lutein, zeaxanthin andβ‐cryptoxanthin from corn gluten meal (CGM) on the yield of total xanthophylls. Three independent variables tested were enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and hydrolyzing time. The t‐test and P value indicated that the quadratic of the three variables, enzyme concentration and hydrolyzing time were important linear variables affecting the total xanthophyll yield (P < 0.005), followed by substrate concentration (P < 0.01). The interaction effect between enzyme concentration and hydrolyzing time was also significant (P < 0.005). Considering the efficiency, the economy of materials and the feasibility of experiment, the technique parameters were optimized by constrained complex method. The optimum conditions were obtained as follows: the enzyme concentration, the substrate concentration and the hydrolyzing time were 4,367 U/g, 11.3% and 2.4 h, respectively. The highest total xanthophyll yield was predicted of 65.69 µg/g when CGM was hydrolyzed under the optimum condition. The suitability of the model equation for predicting the optimal response values was tested using the selected optimum conditions; the experimental yield was 65.06 ± 0.78 µg/g, which was found to be in agreement with the predicted yield.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSCorn gluten meal (CGM), a major by‐product of corn wet milling, contains (on a dry basis) 200–400 µg/g carotenoids. There are ∼840,000 tons of CGM produced in China every year. If a part of CGM produced was manufactured further to produce carotenoids as foods, materials of foods and additives of pharmaceutical products, its value and presence in the marketplace would be increased.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of pigment components with pharmaceutical importance from Chlorella vulgaris

AbstractBACKGROUND: Chlorella vulgaris is a green microalgae that contains various pigment components of carotenoids and chlorophylls. Supercritical CO2 is widely used for extraction of pharmaceutical compounds because it is non‐oxic and easily separated from extracted material by simply depressurizing. In this work, pharmaceutical compounds from Chlorella vulgaris have been extracted using supercritical CO2 with or without entrainer at various extraction conditions.RESULTS: Based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the extracts contained pigment components, such as lutein, β‐carotene, chlorophyll a and b. Higher extraction pressure and temperature promoted higher lutein extraction by supercritical CO2. The optimum pressure and temperature for extraction were obtained as 50 MPa and 80 °C. Ethanol as an entrainer was more effective than acetone for the extraction of pigment components. Pigment components in the extract obtained by supercritical CO2 with and without entrainer were compared with the extract obtained by a conventional extraction method.CONCLUSION: Supercritical CO2 has been successfully applied for the extraction of pigment components from Chlorella vulgaris. Supercritical CO2 enabled high selectivity for lutein extraction; however, the lutein yield was lower than that obtained by extraction using supercritical CO2 with ethanol and soxhlet. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Recovery of Lutein from Microalgae Biomass: Development of a Process for Scenedesmus almeriensis Biomass

In this work an optimized method for the extraction of lutein from microalgae biomass is presented. It has been developed using dry biomass of the lutein-rich microalga Scenedesmus almeriensis. The method comprises three steps, cell disruption, alkaline treatment, and solvent extraction, and renders a carotenoid extract rich in lutein. The results demonstrate that cell disruption is necessary and that the best option among the treatments tested with regard to industrial applications is the use of a bead mill with alumina in a 1:1 w/w proportion as disintegrating agent for 5 min. With regard to the alkaline treatment, the optimal conditions were obtained using 4% w/v KOH with a biomass concentration of 100 g/L for 5 min. Longer alkaline treatments or the use of higher KOH concentrations reduced the yield of the process. Finally, extraction with hexane is optimized. Using a 1:1 ratio hexane to sample volume, a total of eight extraction steps are necessary to recover 99% of lutein contained in the processed biomass. However, the optimal number of extraction steps is six, 95% of the lutein being recovered. In summary, the developed method allows the efficient recovery of lutein from microalgae biomass, it being a scaleable and industrially applicable method.

Extraction of lutein from Marigold flower petals – Experimental kinetics and modelling

The extraction kinetics behaviour of lutein from Marigold flower petals and simultaneous alkali hydrolysis has been studied. Extraction was carried out by varying following operating conditions: type of organic solvent, temperature, ratio liquid: material, concentration of alkali solution, and particle size of plant material. Experimental extraction curves were analysed with a mathematical model derived from Fick's second law. The extraction of lutein appeared to be governed by slow and fast diffusion processes. Results showed that the intra-particle diffusion was the rate-governing step of the extraction process, and that the chosen model gives very good approximation of experimental data.

Application of Chrastil's model to the extraction in SC-CO 2 of β-carotene and lutein in Mentha spicata L.

Extraction of β-carotene and lutein in Mentha spicata L. using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2) was studied. Among these carotenoids, all- trans-β-carotene, all- trans-lutein and a cis-isomer of lutein exhibited an increase in the extracted amount at CO 2 densities values >550–600 g/l, whereas the cis-isomer of β-carotene did not follow this pattern. A temperature increase resulted in higher extraction yields for the studied carotenoids. Chrastil's equation was used to describe the solubility behavior being in good agreement with experimental values. From the results of this study, it could be stated that simple Chrastil's model may be applied to select appropriate operating conditions of the extraction process for trans-β-carotene, trans-lutein and cis-lutein occurring in M. spicata L.

Improving Extraction of Lutein from Egg Yolk Using an Ultrasound‐Assisted Solvent Method

ABSTRACT: Extraction yields of lutein from egg yolk using both hexane solvent (SOL) and ultrasound‐assisted solvent (UA‐SOL) extraction methods at different levels of saponification were compared. The yields obtained with SOL and UA‐SOL were significantly different. The broad range of extraction yield in the SOL method at different levels of saponification was from 6.3 to 63.8 μg/g. Compared to the SOL method, the extraction yield using UA‐SOL was significantly higher at each corresponding saponification level. The yield of the UA‐SOL method without alkaline solution was the highest (89.9 μg/g) of all. The yield of the UA‐SOL decreased as the level of saponification increased. The results indicated that alkaline significantly affected stability of lutein in egg yolk and resulted in underestimation of its concentration. Compared with the traditional saponification solvent extraction method, the UA‐SOL extraction method was more effective in extracting lutein from the sample matrix, and presumably by avoiding degradation reactions.

Lutein: A Valuable Ingredient of Fruit and Vegetables

Lutein is a human serum carotenoid which is not synthesized by humans and thus must be obtained by the ingestion of food containing it such as fruits and vegetables. Lutein is present in different forms in those foods as all-trans-lutein, cis-lutein, epoxi-lutein, and lutein linked to proteins. It discusses if the intake of lutein or diets supplemented with lutein or diets rich in fruits and vegetables are important in the prevention of diseases like some cancers, cardiovascular diseases, etc., that may be affected by the antioxidant effect of lutein; or in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases. The concentration of lutein in fruits and vegetables depends on the species. We've included the concentration of lutein in 74 species reported by different authors since 1990. Currently the quantification of lutein is mainly performed by HPLC, but more investigations into a quantification method for lutein, lutein isomers, and epoxi-lutein are necessary. Improvement of lutein extraction methods is important as well. Methods commonly used in the vegetable and fruit industry like heat treatment, storage conditions, etc. can change lutein concentrations; other factors depend on the plant, for instance the variety, the stage of maturity, etc.

Effects of Enzymatic Treatment of Corn Gluten Meal on Lutein and Zeaxanthin Extraction

The effects of enzymatic treatment of corn gluten on the extraction of lutein and zeaxanthin (non-provitamin A carotenoids), which have multiple bio-functional properties in human beings, were studied. They were extracted from corn gluten meal (CGM) after pretreatment by protease (neutrase 0.5 L) under the following conditions: enzyme content 214 (U/g protein), solid content 15%, and hydrolysis time of 2 h. The yields of crude lutein, crude zeaxanthin, and total carotenoids were increased from 74.1, 77.1, and 393.6 to 113.5, 140.1, and 599.1 (µg/g, CGM on moisture-free basis), respectively.

Improved separation method for highly purified lutein from Chlorella powder using jet mill and flash column chromatography on silica gel.

We investigated an improved method for the separation of high-purified lutein from a commercially available spray-dried Chlorella powder (CP) using fine grinding by jet mill and flash column chromatography on a silica gel. Saponification and extraction of lutein were enhanced 2.3-2.9-fold in jet mill-treated CP (mean particle size, 20 microm) as compared to untreated CP (mean particle size, 67 microm). The carotenoid extract was dissolved in ether-hexane (1:1 v/v) and subjected to flash column chromatography on silica gel. A mixture of alpha- and beta-carotene was eluted with hexane, followed by elution with hexane-acetone-chloroform (7:2:1 v/v). Lutein (dark-orange band) was collected after the elution of an unknown colorless compound (detected based on UV absorbance). The purity of lutein in this fraction was over 99%, and the yield was 60%. The present study provides key information for obtaining highly purified lutein using flash column chromatography on a silica gel.

Extraction, Separation and Isolation of Volatiles and Dyes from Calendula officinalis L. and Aloysia triphylla (L'Her.) Britton by Supercritical CO2

Isolation of volatile concentrate from the dried leaves of Aloysia triphylla (L'Herit.) Britton (lemon verbena) and the dried flowers of Calendula officinalis L. were obtained by supercritical extraction with CO2. To obtain a pure volatile extract devoid of cuticular waxes, the extraction products were fractionated in two separators operating in series. A good extraction process was obtained operating at 90 bar and 50°C in the extraction vessel, at 90 bar and at −5°C in the first separator and at a pressure between 20 and 15 bar and temperatures in the range (10–20°C) in the second one. The composition of the volatile concentrate has been analyzed by GC/MS. The volatile concentrate of A. triphylla was found to contain: phytol (11.6%), spathulenol (7.1%), caryophyllene oxide (5.6%), methyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate (5.6%) and α-curcumene (4.6%). The volatile concentrate of C. officinalis was found to consist of: methyl hexadecanoate (23.8%), methyllinoleate (18.6%), methyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate (17.2%), methyloctadecanoate (4.8%), methyl tetradecanoate (4.6%), γ-cadinene and cubenol (4.0%), ω-cadinene (3.2%), α-cadinol (1.8%) and oplopanone (1.3%). To complete the investigation, a comparison with the hydrodistilled oil has been carried out. On the exhausted matrix a further extraction at higher pressure (320 bar) and 50°C with a single separator was performed for the extraction of lutein from Calendula flowers, the amount of lutein obtained was determined by spectrophotometric measurements.

Extraction, Separation and Isolation of Volatiles and Dyes from Calendula officinalis L. and Aloysia triphylla (L'Her.) Britton by Supercritical CO2

Isolation of volatile concentrate from the dried leaves of Aloysia triphylla (L'Herit.) Britton (Lemon verbena) and the dried flowers of Calendula officinalis L. were obtained by supercritical extraction with CO2. To obtain a pure volatile extract devoid of cuticular waxes, the extraction products were fractionated in two separators operating in series. A good extraction process was obtained operating at 90 bar and 50°C in the extraction vessel, at 90 bar and at -5°C in the first separator and at a pressure between 20 and 15 bar and temperatures in the range (10-20°C) in the second one. The composition of the volatile concentrate has been analyzed by GC/M S. The volatile concentrate of A. triphylla was found to contain: phytol (11.6%), spathulenol (7.1%), caryophylleneoxide (5.6%), methyl9,12,15-octadecatrienoate (5.6%) and α-curcumene (4.6%). The volatile concentrate of C. officinalis was found to consist of: methyl hexadecanoate (23.8%), methyl linoleate (18.6%), methyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate (17.2%), methyl octadecanoate (4.8%), methyl tetradecanoate (4.6%), γ-cadinene and cubenol (4.0%), δ-cadinene (3.2%), α-cadinol (1.8%) and oplopanone (1.3%). To complete the investigation, a comparison with the hydrodistilled oil has been carried out. On the exhausted matrix a further extraction at higher pressure (320 bar) and 50°C with a single separator was performed for the extraction of lutein from Calendula flowers, the amount of lutein obtained was determined by spectrophotometric measurements.

Production and rapid extraction of lutein and the other lipid-soluble pigments fromChlorella protothecoidesgrown under heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions

Chlorella protothecoideswas successfully cultivated under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. The maximum biomass concentrations of the alga grown at an initial glucose concentration of 40 g/l in the light and in the dark were 22.4 g/l and 17.2 g/l dry cells, respectively. A mechanical method using a new model of dispersing instrument, Ulta-Turrax T25, was developed for the extraction of the pigments from C. protothecoidescells. Lutein and the other lipid-soluble pigments were separated well by an HPLC system. The contents of lutein, α-carotene, β-carotene, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b extracted by the mechanical method from the heterotrophic and mixotrophic C. protothecoidescells were 4.43, 0.32, 0.94, 43.76, 9.14 and 6.48, 0.55, 0.66, 56.75, 9.78 mg/g dry cells, respectively. The recoveries of the five pigments through the mechanical extraction were 97.5–99.6%. In contrast, no chlorophylls a and b were obtained through the alkali extraction.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Carotene and Lutein from Leaf Protein Concentrates

ABSTRACTSupercritical fluid carbon dioxide was used to extract carotene and lutein from leaf protein concentrate (LPC). Extractions were performed using pressures of 10‐70 MPa at 40°C and CO2 flow rates of 5‐6 L/min. Over 90% of the carotene contained in LPC was removed at extraction pressures in excess of 30 MPa. Removal of lutein from LPC required higher extraction pressures (70 MPa) and gas volumes to attain a 70% recovery level. Experimental results were rationalized with the aid of solubility parameter theory. The described process offers the possibility of obtaining a selective extraction of natural colorants, free of solvent residuals, which can be used as food dyes.

Analysis of Polymorphism in the Sooty-capped Bush Tanager

Information from distribution, ecology, behavior, and morphology indicates that Zeledon's Chlorospingus (Chlorospingus zeledoni Ridgway) is a grayish-green morph of the Sooty-capped Bush Tanager (Chloro spingus pileatus Salvin)the latter in typical form represents the yellow-green phase. Combined reflectance spectrophotometry and pigment biochemistry demonstrate that the two morphs differ in but one feature, the concentration of lutein pigment in the feathers of the breast band, flanks, and dorsum. A direct positive relationship exists between the concentration of pigment and degree of colorimetric purity. Extraction of lutein from the breast plumage of an example of the yellow-green phase resulted in a bird visually identical with examples of the gray-green phase. Comments are offered on the relationship between the three attributes of color (dominant wave length, brightness, and purity) and the physical basis for colors in feathers (pigment type, pigment concentration and placement, and feather structure) as exemplified by certain tanagers. The local confinement of the gray-green morph to two high mountains in central Costa Rica, Volcanes Irazú and Turrialba, a region of historically active volcanism where the background of ash, vegetation, and fog provides an environment of pervasive grayness, suggests that the polymorphism is maintained tliere by the advantages of matching coloration, particularly after volcanic eruptions. Theories of heterozygote advantage and of apostatic selection do not seem appropriate in this instance to account for the polymorphism.