Extraction Of Gel Research Articles

Aloe-inspired eco-friendly synthesis of Ag/ZnO heterostructures: boosting photocatalytic potential

The current research focuses on the development of Ag–ZnO heterostructures through a “bottom-up” approach involving the assembly and extraction of Aloe barbadensis Miller gel. These heterostructures composed of metals/semiconductor oxide display distinct and notable optical, electrical, magnetic, and chemical properties that are not found in single constituents and also exhibit photocatalytic applications. These synthesized heterostructures were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and UV–visible spectroscopy. The high peak intensity of the Ag/ZnO composite shows the high crystallinity. The presence of Ag–O, Zn–O, and O–H bonding is verified using FTIR analysis. SEM analysis indicated the formation of spherical shapes of Ag/ZnO heterostructures. The Zn, O, and Ag elements are further confirmed by EDX analysis. Ag–ZnO heterostructures exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and stability against the degradation of tubantin red 8BL dye under visible light irradiation.

Extraction, characterisation and evaluation of curcumin gel

This paper describes the formulation and evaluation of transdermal gels for topical delivery of Curcumin. A polymer with well-defined transdermal characteristics, such as Carbopol 934, was used in this investigation. Using a variety of absorption enhancers, including Mannitol, sodium lauryl sulfate, and polyethylene glycol, carbopol, HPMC gels containing 1% curcumin were prepared using a cold technique. Due to its poor bioavailability, Curcumin has been produced in a gel form with sodium lauryl sulfate, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol as absorption enhancers. The gels underwent investigation concerning gelation temperature, pH, viscosity, drug release profile, drug content, stability studies, and kinetic analysis of drug release data. Because sodium lauryl sulfate shows a higher percentage of drug release than other absorption enhancers, it was determined to be a better enhancer of absorption.

Experimental Teaching Design on Chitosan Extraction and Preparation of Antibacterial Gel

Experimental Teaching Design on Chitosan Extraction and Preparation of Antibacterial Gel

Sustainable utilization of Aloe vera waste in the diet of lactating cows for improvement of milk production performance and reduction of carbon footprint

Aloe vera is a medicinal plant cultivated for various applications in medical, food and health products. During the extraction of aloe vera gel from leaves of this plant, a substantial proportion of Aloe vera waste (AVW) is produced. The AVW is a great environmental concern for its disposal; however, it is rich in various bioactive compounds, which could be valorised as an ingredient of feeds in dairy cattle to reduce enteric methane production and consequently carbon footprint of milk production. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of AVW on ruminal fermentation, methane production, nutrient utilization, and milk production performance in lactating cows. First, an in vitro experiment was performed using 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g/kg of AVW in substrate (five treatments) to select an optimum dose for feeding of dairy cows. Inclusion of AVW at 20 g/kg substrate decreased methane production, increased feed digestibility and total volatile fatty acid concentration in vitro. In the in vivo study, 16 lactating cows were randomly allotted into control and AVW groups (n = 8/group). The control group was fed a total mixed ration, whereas the AVW group was fed the control ration along with AVW at 20 g/kg of dry matter intake for 90 days. Feed intake was slightly greater in the AVW group than that of the control group. Milk production increased due to feeding of AVW. In vivo nutrient digestibility and concentrations of fat, protein, and lactose in milk were not affected, but yields of these milk components increased due to AVW feeding. Supplementation of AVW significantly decreased methane production (g/day), methane yield (g/kg dry matter intake or g/kg digestible organic matter intake), methane intensity (g/kg milk production) or methane conversion ratio. Feeding of AVW improved delayed type of hypersensitivity without affecting other blood variables adversely. This study demonstrates that feeding of AVW at 20 g/kg dry matter intake to dairy cows increased milk production and decreased methane production, which combinedly decreased methane production per unit of milk production substantially without health effects. Thus, feeding of AVW could be beneficial for sustainable and cleaner milk production decreasing environmental burdens of residue disposal problems and ruminal methane production.

Production of silica gel from waste metal silica residue

Silica gel is a synthetic silica compound that can be extracted from metal silica residue by the sol–gel method. The aim of this research was the extraction of silica gel from silica metal residue presenting a methodology that optimizes the process of silica extraction and its future use in cement compounds. Extraction processes with and without HCl cleaning showed yields of 27 and 25% silica gel, respectively. This result was also confirmed in X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyzes. The thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry of the samples of silica gel with and without HCl cleaning in different atmospheres showed that in the oxygen atmosphere the process of mass loss occurred at lower temperatures.

Preparation of macroporous replica particles using stereocomplex of isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) and syndiotactic poly(methacrylic acid)

Macroporous silica gel was employed for layer-by-layer (LbL) film preparation of isotactic- (it-) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and syndiotactic- (st-) poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA). The extraction of macroporous silica gel by fluorine hydride resulted in macroporous replica particles, confirmed by SEM. The further extraction of st-PMAA from their particles gave the macroporous replica consisting of porous it-PMMA films. The obtained porous it-PMMA films as macroporous replica particles showed the re-incorporation of st-PMAA. Therefore, the structure of the porous it-PMMA film was stabilized by the macroporous particle structure, although they did not include substrate. The physically crosslinked network structures maintained the molecular porous structures, without a chemically crosslinked reaction.

Accuracy of nimodipine gel extraction.

Until recently, use of nimodipine in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients unable to swallow required extraction of gel from inside the commercially available capsule. Despite the Black-Box warning against inadvertent intravenous administration, bedside extraction of the gel from the capsule continues to be a common practice in some institutions. The accuracy of bedside extraction has not been formally evaluated. Twenty-eight nurses from the neurology and neurosurgical ICUs at a single center attempted to extract nimodipine gel from 2 capsules, each using the method currently approved by the US FDA. The primary outcome was mean weight of extracted gel per capsule, which was compared to both gel weight from batch compounded pharmacy syringes and a pre-calculated appropriate weight for 30mg nimodipine gel. Simulated bedside extraction provided lower yield than pharmacy-compounded syringes (22.6±4.6mg vs 30.4±0.59mg, p=0.001). Bedside extraction provided inconsistent and low yield (75.4±15.32% of possible dose extracted, p=0.0001 for comparison of means between bedside extraction syringes and predicted gel weight). Pharmacy-compounded syringes provided consistent high yield (101.3±2.0% of possible dose extracted, p=0.14 for comparison of means between pharmacy syringes and predicted gel weight). Combined with reports of significant patient harm and death with inadvertent intravenous administration, this study suggests that there is no role for bedside extraction of nimodipine in clinical practice.

The Properties of Poly (Acrylic Acid) Modified with NPhenylbenzothioamide as Potential Drug Carriers

Poly(acrylic acid) and N-phenylbenzothioamide have been synthesized under laboratory conditions. The purity of products has been checked by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The obtained N-phenylbenzothioamide has been used for modification of poly(acrylic acid) properties. The prepared blend of PAA contained small amout of dopant (1-5 wt %). Thermal and photochemical stability of obtained specimens were investigated using UV-Vis spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Crosslinking yield was estimated by extraction of insoluble gel formed. It was found that N- phenylbenzothioamide stabilizes poly(acrylic acid) during UV-irradiation which is explained by efficient crosslinking reaction.

Effect of Centrifuge Speed on Gel Extraction from Aloe Vera Leaves

This paper describes the extraction of gel from aloe vera leaves by use of method of centrifugation. The effect of different centrifuge speed, i. e. 2000, 5000 and 10,000 rpm at different temperature i.e. 5°C, 10°C and 32°C (ambient) ) and centrifuge holding duration i.e. 10, 20 and 30 min, on gel recovery and quality parameters like, viscosity of gel, refractive index of gel, was studied. An effort has been made to optimize the centrifuge speed for gel extraction from aloe vera leaves. It was concluded that the extraction of gel from aloe vera should be carried at 10000 rpm speed, 5°C temperature and 30 min duration, which yielded higher gel recovery and better quality of gel. Higher centrifuge speed leads more separation of gel molecules and fibers from aloe vera pulp to get clear gel.

Gelation of amino acid-based amphiphiles in water-based mixed solvent systems: reusable catalytic templates for nanostructured silica and silica–zirconia photocatalyst

We describe a gelation study of a series of different fatty acid–amino acid conjugated amphiphiles in various mixed solvent systems with water. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) study reveals that the self-organization of the amphiphile molecules in the mixed solvent leads to the formation of crystalline fibers, which form the opaque white gel. This amino acid amphiphile-based gel acts as a catalyst as well as a template for the hydrolysis/condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) to silica and forms a composite gel. The methanol extraction of the opaque white as-prepared composite gel results in the formation of a transparent nanostructured silica gel. The recovered amphiphilic gelator, after a methanol wash, can be reused for preparing a gel, which can subsequently be used as a catalyst to prepare a nanostructured silica gel again. The FESEM study confirms that the formed nanostructured silica gel is made up of spherical silica nanoparticles. We also extend this gel-based catalysis strategy to prepare silica–zirconia mixed oxide nanostructures. TEM examination reveals the formation of spherical silica–zirconia nanoparticle of high surface area as confirmed through BET surface area measurement. Finally, the photocatalytic activity of silica–zirconia mixed oxide is investigated towards methylene blue degradation. The mixed oxide shows higher photocatalytic efficiency than neat zirconia nanostructures.

Aplicação e modificação química da sílica gel obtida de areia

The silica gel was obtained from sand and its surface was modified with POCl3 to produce Si-Cl bonds on the silica surface. Ethylenediamine was covalently bonded onto the chlorinated silica surface. The adsorption of the chlorides of divalent cobalt, nickel and copper was qualitatively studied to show that the bonding of ethylenediamine onto the silica gel surface produces a solid base capable of chelating metal ions from solution. The experiments illustrate the extraction of silica gel, its reactivity, the development of modified surfaces and its application in removing metal ions from water and are deigned for undergraduate inorganic chemistry laboratories.

Acid Removal from Sunflower Pectin Gel through Ethanol Washing

ABSTRACTSunflower heads remaining after seed removal is a potential source of low‐methoxyl pectin. After extraction and acid precipitation of pectin gel, aqueous ethanol solution was used to purify the pectin. Ethanol washing of nitric acid‐precipitated gel in a countercurrent process at 207°C removed acid. Concentration of nitric acid in the ethanol solvent varied depending on washing time, acid concentration in the gel, ethanol in washing solution, and ratio of gel to washing solution. Gel/solvent ratios of 1:2, 1:1.8, and 1:1.5 increased gel pH at the rate of 0.024, 0.022, and 0.018 pH units per min, respectively. Diffusion rate constants of nitric acid from the gel to washing solution were 5.281 × 10−2, 4.855 × 10−2, and 4.282 3 10−2 min−1, respectively. A cubic regression equation was developed to express the relationship between nitric acid concentrations and pH.

Purification of an acid-stable bovine leukocyte interferon

Bovine leukocyte interferon (BoL-IFN), produced in bovine peripheral blood leukocytes after priming and induction with Sendai virus, was concentrated by precipitation with KSCN (pH 3.5) and purified by gel column chromatography. Recovery of BoL-IFN from precipitation was higher when crude BoL-IFN containing more fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used. However, purity of BoL-IFN recovered from the gel filtration column was highest when crude BoL-IFN with no FBS was used. The use of 25% ethylene glycol in the column elution buffer resulted in over 93% recovery of the applied IFN activity, versus only 25% when buffer contained no ethylene glycol. Column-purified BoL-IFN was further concentrated by ultrafiltration and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in denaturing buffer. When crude BoL-IFN containing no FBS was used for purification, BoL-IFN from a selected column fraction applied to SDS-PAGE resulted in a single narrow band with an apparent molecular weight (MW) of 19 000 Da. Extraction of the SDS-PAGE gel resulted in a single peak of IFN activity indicating identity of the activity and the polypeptide. This proved to be a practical method for obtaining sufficient quantities of purified natural BoL-IFN for use in the production of monoclonal antibodies to BoL-IFN and other biological experiments.