Abstract
ABSTRACTSunflower heads remaining after seed removal is a potential source of low‐methoxyl pectin. After extraction and acid precipitation of pectin gel, aqueous ethanol solution was used to purify the pectin. Ethanol washing of nitric acid‐precipitated gel in a countercurrent process at 207°C removed acid. Concentration of nitric acid in the ethanol solvent varied depending on washing time, acid concentration in the gel, ethanol in washing solution, and ratio of gel to washing solution. Gel/solvent ratios of 1:2, 1:1.8, and 1:1.5 increased gel pH at the rate of 0.024, 0.022, and 0.018 pH units per min, respectively. Diffusion rate constants of nitric acid from the gel to washing solution were 5.281 × 10−2, 4.855 × 10−2, and 4.282 3 10−2 min−1, respectively. A cubic regression equation was developed to express the relationship between nitric acid concentrations and pH.
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