Extraction Of Active Compounds Research Articles

Development of deep eutectic solvents for the efficient extraction of active compounds and removal of hepatotoxic compounds from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (Heshouwu in Chinese, PMT) is commonly used as a food supplement due to its anti-aging effects. Maximizing the recovery of active compounds and removing hepatotoxic compounds from PMT are effective ways to reduce side effects. In this study, 71 deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared to simultaneously extract active compounds and remove hepatotoxic compounds from PMT by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Betaine-sorbitol (Bet-Sor, 1:1.2 mol/mol) was screened as the most appropriate DES in this series. Afterwards, the major extraction parameters were optimized using single-factor tests and response surface methodology. The optimal conditions (water content of DES of 46.22 %, liquid/solid ratio of 42.50, and extraction time for 20.76 min) resulted in the maximum total contents of active compounds (25.612 mg/g). Compared with conventional extraction solvents, the highest/lowest extraction amounts of active/hepatotoxic compounds were obtained. At the meantime, Bet-Sor exhibited the highest anti-oxidative effects and the lowest hepatotoxicity on HepG2 cells. The scanning electron microscopy test revealed that the cell walls of PMT cells were extremely injured by Bet-Sor, thus the active components could be fully extracted. These results revealed that DES-based extraction provided a simple, ecofriendly and feasible detoxication strategy to ensure the effective and safe utilization of PMT.

Anti-Melanogenic Activity of Ethanolic Extract from Garcinia atroviridis Fruits Using In Vitro Experiments, Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

Melanin, the pigment responsible for human skin color, increases susceptibility to UV radiation, leading to excessive melanin production and hyperpigmentation disorders. This study investigated the ethanolic extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruits for its phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, and impact on melanogenesis pathways using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Utilizing network pharmacology, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations, researchers explored G. atroviridis fruit extract's active compounds, targets, and pharmacological effects on hyperpigmentation. G. atroviridis fruit extract exhibited antioxidant properties, scavenging DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals radicals and chelating copper. It inhibited cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content in stimulated B16F10 cells, downregulating TYR, TRP-1, phosphorylated CREB, CREB, and MITF proteins along with transcription levels of MITF, TYR, and TRP-2. LC-MS analysis identified thirty-three metabolites, with seventeen compounds selected for further investigation. Network pharmacology revealed 41 hyperpigmentation-associated genes and identified significant GO terms and KEGG pathways, including cancer-related pathways. Kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside exhibited high binding affinity against MAPK3/ERK1, potentially regulating melanogenesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. Stable ligand-protein interactions in molecular dynamics simulations supported these findings. Overall, this study suggests that the ethanolic extract of G. atroviridis fruits possesses significant antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory, and anti-melanogenic properties mediated through key molecular targets and pathways.

Synthesis of green-engineered silver nanoparticles using Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and its antibacterial activity against clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background and Aim: The use of bioengineered nanocomposites as antimicrobials has increased in recent years, but very few investigations have been conducted to test their effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen presenting public health risks that can impact both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial potential of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles synthesized using lemongrass extract against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: The extraction of active compounds from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus was performed using ethanol (80%) as a solvent, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extract, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a precursor, and the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the extract and the AgNPs phytofabricated was assessed against 10 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. Results: Lemongrass extract was found to consist of the following main compounds: Caffeic acid (445.21 ± 32.77 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (393.32 ± 39.56 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (377.65 ± 4.26 μg/g), quinic acid (161.52 ± 17.62 μg/g), and quercetin-3-glucoside (151.35 ± 11.34 μg/g). AgNPs were successfully phytofabricated using 2.5 mM AgNO3. The ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectra of the AgNPs showed a localized surface plasmon resonance at 464 nm with an absorbance of 0.32 A. The 50x hydrodynamic diameter was 50.29 nm with a surface area value of 120.10 m2/ cm3, and the volume mean diameter and Sauter mean diameter were 50.63 nm and 49.96 nm, respectively. Despite the compound found in lemongrass extract, no antimicrobial activity was observed with the extract, while AgNPs exhibited noteworthy dose-dependent antimicrobial activity with inhibition diameters up to 24 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 2 to 16 and 4–64 µg/mL, respectively. AgNPs also demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity by inhibiting biofilms up to 99% between MIC/2 and 2MIC. Conclusion: The present study suggests that lemongrass is a good candidate for the synthesis of AgNPs with good physicochemical characteristics and having a strong anti-pseudomonas activity. Further research is needed to assess the stability and safety of these AgNPs. Keywords: antibiofilm capacity, antimicrobial activity, green synthesis, lemongrass, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, silver nanoparticles.

Biosorption of Technologically Valuable Metal Ions on Algae Wastes: Laboratory Studies and Applicability

In the context of a circular economy that recommends the most efficient use of wastes, algae wastes have a huge potential for valorization. In this study, algae wastes obtained after the alkaline extraction of active compounds from two types of marine algae (green algae—Ulva sp. and red algae—Callithamnion sp.) were used as biosorbents to remove metal ions from aqueous effluents. The efficiency of these biosorbents was tested for Zn(II), Cu(II), and Co(II) ions, considered technologically valuable metal ions. The batch monocomponent experiments performed under optimal conditions (pH = 5.0; 4.0 g biosorbent/L; 22 ± 1 °C) showed that more than 75% of the metal ions were removed when their initial concentration was less than 1.25 mmol/L. The experimental data were well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The high values obtained for the maximum biosorption capacity (qmax: Cu(II) (0.52 mmol/g) > Zn(II) (0.41 mmol/g) > Co(II) (0.39 mmol/g) for G-AWB, and qmax: Cu(II) (1.78 mmol/g) > Zn(II) (1.72 mmol/g) > Co(II) (1.66 mmol/g) for R-AWB) show the potential use of these biosorbents to remove such technologically valuable metal ions from industrial wastewater. This possibility was tested using industrial wastewater samples obtained from the metal coating industry. The quantitative removal (>91%) of Zn(II), Cu(II), and Co(II) ions was obtained when their initial concentration was adjusted to 50 mg/L. In addition, the rapid and efficient desorption of these metal ions from loaded biosorbents by simple treatment with small volumes of HNO3 (10−1 mol/L) further emphasizes the possibility of their recovery and reuse in the technological circuit. The results included in this study indicate that algae wastes have the potential to be used in industrial effluent decontamination processes and open new perspectives for the implementation of circular economy principles.

Membrane-Based Preparation Process and Antioxidant and Anti-AGEs Activities of a Novel Propolis Ultrafiltrate.

Propolis is one functional supplement with hundreds of years of usage. However, it's rarely consumed directly for its resinous property. Herein, a pre-treated process which can remove the impurity while preserve its bioactivities is needed to maximise its therapeutic opportunities. In the present study, a membrane-based ultrafiltration process was developed on a KM1812-NF experimental instrument. Using Brazilian green propolis as testing material, all experimental steps and parameters were sequentially optimized. In addition, a mathematical model was developed to fit the process. As a result, the optimum solvent was 60 % ethanol adjusted to pH 8-9, while the optimum MWCO (molecular weight cut-off) value of membrane was 30 KDa. The membrane filtration dynamic model fitted with the function y=(ax+b)/(1+cx+dx2 ). The resulting propolis ultrafiltrate from Brazilian green propolis, termed P30K, contains the similar profile of flavonoids and phenolic acids as raw propolis. Meanwhile, the ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) value of P30K is 11429.45±1557.58 μM TE/g and the IC50 value of inhibition of fluorescent AGEs (advanced glycation end products) formation is 0.064 mg/mL. Our work provides an innovative alternative process for extraction of active compounds from propolis and reveals P30K as an efficient therapeutic antioxidant.

The antimicrobial study of white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) extracted using deep euthectic solvent (DES) and ultrasonication

This research is prompted by the emergence of various cases of infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance that often occur and the development of the latest research methods in the field of medicinal plants. One of the medicinal plants that is often used is Curcuma zedoaria which is generally extracted using conventional solvents. This research aims to find new innovations in the extraction process of medicinal plants. This research is a laboratory experiment carried out in vitro. This research uses the latest solvent, called DES (Deep Eutectic Solvent) with the help of ultrasonication to extract active compounds from C. zedoaria as a natural anti-bacterial. DES is known as an environmentally friendly solvent, cheap, easy to make, and is still relatively new in Indonesia. The C. zedoaria extraction process uses two types of DES solvent composition assisted by a ultrasonicator. The research results show that: White turmeric extract (C. zedoaria) obtained by extraction using DES solvent and ultrasonication. Ultrasonication results using 30%, 70% and 100% DES solvent showed antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli with a lower zone of inhibition compared to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Ultrasonication results using 30%, 70% and 100% DES solvent showed antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus with a lower zone of inhibition compared to ciprofloxacin. TLC data shows that the white turmeric extract obtanined contains various antimicrobial substances which allows to inhibit each other to such an extent that their activity is lower than ciprofloxacin.

Extraction of Active Compounds from Mixtures of Hemp (Cannabis sativa) with Plants of the Zingiberaceae Family

Hemp is probably one of the most studied plants for its health-promoting properties, with countless documented and patented extraction methods, but literature is scarce on the simultaneous extraction of mixture of raw materials. Hemp, along with other plant materials, could represent a potentially highly valuable source material with resulting reciprocal effects. In this study, hemp (Cannabis sativa) and three members of the Zingiberaceae family, ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), were extracted simultaneously, and their bioactive component values were investigated. Two extraction methods were used, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol and supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide. First, extracts were obtained from separate plant materials. Then, hemp was extracted in combination with ginger, turmeric, and cardamom in a 1:1 ratio. The extracts obtained were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolic content using UV/VIS spectrophotometry; cannabinoid content, 6-gingerol, and 6-shogaol were measured using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); volatile components such as 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpinyl acetate, linalool, and aR-turmerone were measured using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

Uji aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak daun tumbuhan akar kucing (Acalypha indica L.) terhadap mikroba patogen manusia

The leaves of Acalypha indica L. were used as the object that are easily found around the home contain secondary metabolites as antimicrobials for Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Candida albicans. The method used for plant sampling is purposive sampling method. Extraction of active compounds using maceration method. The antimicrobial potency test used the agar-diffusion method using two types of microbial pathogens: Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and C. albicans. Each paper disk was given 50 L of bacterial isolate and incubated at 370C for 24 hours and continued for 48 hours. The parameter observed is the clear zone formed around the paper disk. The results showed that the leaves of contained compounds that could inhibit the growth of MRSA bacteria and the fungus. A good solvent to extract the active compounds contained in the leaves of is distilled water. The extract - distilled water treatment with a concentration of 100% had the widest inhibition zone among other treatments, which was 4.5 mm against the growth of the fungus

Perbandingan ekstraksi akar kucing (Acalypha indica l.) dengan ekstrak etanol 96% dan ekstrak akuades terhadap pertumbuhan EPEC dan Candida albicans

The root of the cat (Acalypha indica L.) was used as the object of research and extraction was carried out to determine the antimicrobial activity of 96% ethanol extract and distilled water against EPEC (Enterophatogenic Escherichia coli) bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans. The method used for plant sampling is purposive sampling method. Extraction of active compounds using maceration method. The antimicrobial potency test used the agar-diffusion method using two types of microbial pathogens, namely the bacteria EPEC and the fungus Candida albicans. Each paper disk was given 50 µL of bacterial isolate, incubated at 37 0C for 24 hours and continued for 48 hours. The observed parameter is the clear zone formed around the paper disk. The results showed that cat root (A. indica L.) contains compounds that can inhibit the growth of EPEC bacteria and the fungus C. albicans. A good solvent to extract the active compounds contained in the cat root plant (A. indica L.) is distilled water. Treatment with aquadest extract with a concentration of 100% had the widest inhibition zone among other treatments, namely 6.8 mm against the growth of EPEC bacteria and ethanol extract with a concentration of 100% which was 3.8 mm against the growth of the fungus Candida albicans.

Biological Activities of Citrus aurantium Leaf Extract by Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction

Several studies have explored the biological activities of Citrus aurantium flowers, fruits, and seeds, but the bioactivity of C. aurantium leaves, which are treated as waste, remains unclear. Thus, this study developed a pilot-scale ultrasonic-assisted extraction process using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) for the optimized extraction of active compounds from C. aurantium leaves, and their antityrosinase, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Under optimal conditions in a 150× scaleup configuration (a 30 L ultrasonic machine) of a pilot plant, the total phenolic content was 69.09 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight, which was slightly lower (3.17%) than the theoretical value. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of C. aurantium leaf extract (CALE) for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl–scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)–scavenging, antityrosinase, anticollagenase, antielastase and anti-matrix metalloprotein-1 activities were 123.5, 58.5, 181.3, 196.4, 216.3, and 326.4 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the minimal inhibitory concentrations for bacteria and fungi were 150–350 and 500 mg/L, respectively. In total, 17 active compounds were detected in CALE—with linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, and α-terpineol having the highest concentrations. Finally, the overall transdermal absorption and permeation efficiency of CALE was 95.9%. In conclusion, our CALE demonstrated potential whitening, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial activities; it was also nontoxic and easily absorbed into the skin as well as inexpensive to produce. Therefore, it has potential applications in various industries.

Green extraction of active ingredients from finger citron using subcritical water and assessment of antioxidant activity

In this study, subcritical water extraction (SWE) was used to extract active compounds, such as total phenols, total flavonoids, and essential oil, from finger citron. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the optimal extraction conditions (total phenols: liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR) 40.9 mL/g, extraction time (ET) 2.7 h, subcritical water temperature (SWT) 183 °C; total flavonoids: LSR 38.8 mL/g, ET 2.4 h, SWT 176 °C; essential oil: LSR 42.3 mL/g, ET 2.5 h, SWT 182 °C). Under these conditions, the extraction yields of total phenols, total flavonoids, and essential oil were 45.65 ± 0.21 mg/g, 33.12 ± 0.19 mg/g, and 4.36 %, respectively. The extracts had remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro, especially those from SWE, which outperformed other methods. For the extracts, the IC50 values for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonat) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and (2-Phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl) (PTIO) radical scavenging were 0.32 mg/mL, 0.05 mg/mL, and 6.14 mg/mL, respectively. Finger citron essential oil (FCEO) was also analyzed by GC-MS and 37 constituents were identified. The major component was D-limonene at 23.59 %. The essential oil extracted by subcritical water also showed notable antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 0.97 mg/mL, 0.08 mg/mL, and 5.35 mg/mL for DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, and PTIO radical scavenging, respectively. These findings show that SWE has a promising potential to extract active compounds from natural products and enhance their biological activity.

Novel Herbal Therapeutic YH23537 Improves Clinical Parameters in Ligature-Induced Periodontal Disease Model in Beagle Dogs.

Currently, available medicine does not satisfy the clinical unmet needs of periodontal disease. Therefore, novel drugs with improved efficacy profiles are needed. We previously demonstrated that YH14642, water extracts of Notoginseng Radix and Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, improved probing depths in double-blind phase II clinical trial. However, it still has hurdles for commercialization due to the low efficiency of active compound extraction. To resolve this issue, we developed YH23537 through process optimization to extract active compounds efficiently while still achieving the chemical profile of YH14642. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of YH23537 compared with YH14642 using a canine model of ligature-induced periodontitis. Human gingival fibroblast (hGF) cells were treated with various concentrations of YH23537 or YH14642 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hr. IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the conditioned media were determined using Luminex. Sixteen 3-year-old male beagle dogs had their teeth scaled and polished using a piezo-type ultrasonic scaler under general anesthesia and brushed once daily for the following 2 weeks. Two weeks after the scaling procedure, the left upper second premolar (PM2), third premolar (PM3), and fourth premolar (PM4) as well as the left lower PM3, PM4, and first molar (M1) were ligated with silk-wire twisted ligatures. The dogs were fed with soft moistened food to induce periodontitis for 8 weeks, and the ligatures were then removed. YH23537 and YH14642 were administered for 4 weeks, and clinical periodontal parameters such as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BoP) were determined before and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after treatment. YH23537 inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in a dose-dependent manner in hGF cells stimulated with LPS. The IC50 values for YH23537 were 43 and 54 μg/ml for IL-6 and IL-8, respectively, while the values for YH14642 were 104 and 117 μg/ml, respectively. In the animal study, clinical parameters including GI, PD, CAL, and BoP were significantly increased after 8 weeks of ligature-induced periodontitis. The YH23537 300 and YH23537 900 mg groups had significant improvements in CAL from 1 to 4 weeks after treatment in comparison to the placebo group. GR values in the YH23537 900 mg group were decreased throughout the treatment period. GI values were also reduced significantly after 4-week treatment with 300 and 900 mg of YH23537. YH23537 at 300 mg doses showed comparable efficacy for CAL and GR with 1,000 mg of YH14642. YH23537 showed therapeutic efficacy against periodontitis in dogs, mediated by anti-inflammatory effects. These findings indicate that YH23537 has the potential for further development as a new drug for patients suffering from periodontal disease.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Murraya Koenigii Plant Leaf Extract Against E. coli Isolated from Different Sources

The current study was carried out to evaluate the anti-microbial efficacy of the leaf extract Murraya koenigii plant against E. coli isolated from clinical and various other sources like water, soil, skin, floor, juice, basin, incubator and mobile phone. The anti-microbial test showed that the ethanolic extract was more potent than aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii leaves against E. coli. The sensitivity of the bacterial isolates from each sample having lowest potential against the extract was examined against four different antibiotics. It was observed that all isolate showed complete resistance to Amoxicillin and were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin. Qualitative analysis of active compounds in extract of Murraya koenigii leaves was done using different chemical reagents. The result showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and quinones. The Total Antioxidant Capacity was calculated to be 40.42%. UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis of extract of Murraya koenigii leaves in different solvents like distilled water, ethanol and methanol was done. The analysis exhibited peaks at wavelength 420 and 500 nm for methanol and 500nm for distilled water and ethanol.

Nanoemulsion formulation of Lawsonia inermis extract and its potential antimicrobial and preservative efficacy against foodborne pathogens

Formulating plant extracts as nanoemulsions would maximize their use in different applications. This work aimed at formulating henna ( Lawsonia inermis ) extract as nanoemulsion (HENE) and studying its antimicrobial activity on some food-borne pathogens in comparison to the bulk henna extract (HE). The active compounds in henna leaves were extracted by cold solvent extraction method using ethanol and was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis). It was found that the extract is rich in phenolic compounds, mainly, catechin, methyl gallat, elagic acid and coumaric acid. The ultrasonic emulsification was used to prepare HENE with average droplet size of 90 nm as measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antimicrobial activities of HENE on seven pathogenic bacteria ( Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Yersinia enterocolitica ) and seven fungi ( Trichoderma reesei, Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) were compared with HE and penicillin. The preservative efficacy of HENE at 0.03% and 0.05% v/v on yoghurt as a model system over a cold storage period of 15 days was studied. HENE showed higher antibacterial efficacy (P < 0.05) against B. cereus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa . The antifungal effect of HENE exceeded that of both penicillin and HE (P < 0.05), in particular, against P. digitatum, S. cerevisiae and A. terreus (P < 0.001). During storage period of yoghurt, no mold or yeast were detected. • Cold extraction of active compounds of Lawsonia Inermis. • Nanoemulsion formulation of Lawsonia Inermis extract. • Antimicrobial activity of Lawsonia Inermis extract nanoemulsion. • Lawsonia Inermis extract nanoemulsion as natural preservative.

Selective Extraction of Antioxidants by Formation of a Deep Eutectic Mixture through Mechanical Mixing

Extraction of active compounds from natural materials is commonly used to produce a diverse range of ingredients, nutrients, drugs, flavors, and fragrances. While solvent-based approaches are standard for these extraction procedures, large solvent volumes, greenhouse gas emission (due to atmospheric release of volatile organic compounds), and large energy requirements are significant issues. Here, we describe a novel process wherein a mechanical action is applied to a solid-state mixture comprising a quaternary ammonium salt and a biological material containing active molecules to form a deep eutectic mixture. It is first shown that eutectic mixtures can be formed for a wide range of naturally occurring compounds. Selective extraction of these compounds from natural products is then demonstrated using rosemary leaves with three different quaternary ammonium salts. The eutectic mixture formed is purified by liquid/liquid extraction using an oily phase to concentrate the active constituents in the deep eutectic phase. The resulting natural extracts are shown to exhibit high antioxidant activities, which were measured using the conjugated autoxidizable triene (CAT) and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of active compounds from Beta vulgaris using deep eutectic solvents

The aim of this study is to investigate the application of ultrasound in the extraction of betanin from beets (Beta vulgaris) using Deep eutectic solvents (DES). The extraction process was optimized using response surface methodology. The time variable was found to be correlated with the extraction performance. Three DES (choline chloride: urea (CC:U), choline chloride: glycerol (CC:G), and choline chloride: citric acid (CC:Ac)) were studied. The concentration of betanin extracted with CC:U, CC:G, and CC:Ac was 41.27-67.51, 82.46-104.45, and 50.06-111.93 mg/100 g. The maximum betanin extraction of 111.193 mg/100 g was achieved with CC:Ac in 38 min using 44% DES in water in an ultrasonic bath. These results demonstrate that DESs are excellent solvents for the extraction of betanin with superior efficiency to conventional extraction solvents. Ultrasound significantly improved the efficiency of betanin extraction from beets. However, a higher betanin content in the extracts did not translate into greater active antioxidant capacity, which may be related to the synergistic effects of other compounds present in the beet extracts. This study is the first attempt to optimize the parameters for ultrasound extraction of betanin from B. vulgaris using eutectic solvents.

Assisted Extraction with Cyclodextrins as a Way of Improving the Antidiabetic Activity of Actinidia Leaves.

Five varieties of Actinidia leaves (Geneva, Jumbo, Ken's Red, Kijivska Hibridna, and Sentyabraskaya) were analyzed. The profiles of active compounds were determined, namely quercetin, rutin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, and kaempferol, in the raw material. Suspecting that the raw material might prove important in the treatment of diabetes, the authors assessed the antioxidant activity and the ability to inhibit enzymes responsible for the development of diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). As a result of the conducted analysis, the Ken's Red variety was indicated as having the highest biological activity (DPPH IC50 = 0.332 ± 0.048; FRAP IC0.5 = 0.064 ± 0.005; α-glucosidase inhibition IC50 = 0.098 ± 0.007; α-amylase inhibition IC50 = 0.083 ± 0.004). In order to increase the efficiency of the extraction of active compounds from Ken's Red variety leaves, cyclodextrins (α-CD, β-CD, and γ-CD) were used as extraction process enhancers. The obtained results showed a significant increase in the contents of extracted active compounds. In addition, the type of CD used enhanced the extraction of selected compounds (quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, chlorogenic acid, and epicatechin. This study shows that the application of cyclodextrin-based extraction significantly improved the leaf activity of the Ken's Red variety (DPPH IC50 = 0.160 ± 0.019; FRAP IC0.5 = 0.008 ± 0.001; α-glucosidase inhibition IC50 = 0.040 ± 0.002; α-amylase inhibition IC50 = 0.012 ± 0.003).

Identification and isolation of phytochemical constituents from the Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

The development of various drugs from medicinal plants are based on its phytochemical and pharmacological approaches for curing different diseases, therefore, various plants are recognized in the pharmaceutical industries for their broad structural diversity and wide range of pharmacological activities. These phytochemicals compounds are used as sources of direct medicinal agents or can serve as a raw material base for elaboration of more complex semi-synthetic chemical compounds. Since there is very minimal or no side effects, the need of looking inwards to search for herbal medicinal plants with the aim of validating the medicinal use and subsequently isolation and characterization of compounds becomes important which can be added to the potential list of drugs. The present study deals with the extraction of active compounds from the seeds of Jambolan plant and qualitative analysis of the phytochemicals using GCMS. The major constituents identified in the extract were gamma-sitosterol, cholest-4-ene-3-one, humulene, caryophyllene, alpha-santalol, campesterol, globulol, eicosane, azulene, trans-sesquisabinene, diosgenin, heneicosane, beta tocopherol, carotol etc. Many other compounds were also identified as considered as low level. Out of which gamma-sitosterol is the main phytochemical having functional group of OH, which may be responsible for reducing the level of glucose in blood in curing diabetes. This preliminary study gives an idea to isolate the major active constituents present in the seed of the plant and also helps to develop potential phar­macologically active compounds in therapeutic use of various ailments including diabetes.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Batang Tumbuhan Johar (Senna siamea Lam) pada Berbagai Polaritas Pelarut

Johar plant is a type of plant from the Fabaceae family which is widely used in traditional medicine such as malaria, itching and diabetes medicine. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of Johar stem bark extract with different levels of solvent polarity on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria and to determine the active compound class by TLC-Bioautography. The extraction of active compounds used a multilevel maceration method starting with n-hexane (non polar), followed by ethyl acetate (semi-polar) and ethanol (polar) solvents. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out by diffusion well method with a concentration variant of 25% and 50%. The results showed that n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extract had antibacterial activity against the two test bacteria. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract from Johar stem bark at a concentration of 50% were classified as very strong antibacterials with inhibition zone diameters against S. aureus, which were 22.02±0.84 mm and 20.16±0.23 mm, respectively. The results of the TLC-Bioautography test showed that the three test extracts had strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. In the n-hexane extract with n-hexane: ethyl acetate (9:1) eluent using Lieberman-Burchard spray reagent, it was suspected that triterpenoid compounds were present. In ethyl acetate extract with n-hexane: ethyl acetate (6:4) eluent and ethanol extract with chloroform: methanol (8:2) eluent using FeCl3 1% spray reagent, it was suspected that the tannin compound was present in both extracts.

Quantification of Salicylates and Flavonoids in Poplar Bark and Leaves Based on IR, NIR, and Raman Spectra.

Poplar bark and leaves can be an attractive source of salicylates and other biologically active compounds used in medicine. However, the biochemical variability of poplar material requires a standardization prior to processing. The official analytical protocols used in the pharmaceutical industry rely on the extraction of active compounds, which makes their determination long and costly. An analysis of plant materials in their native state can be performed using vibrational spectroscopy. This paper presents for the first time a comparison of diffuse reflectance in the near- and mid-infrared regions, attenuated total reflection, and Raman spectroscopy used for the simultaneous determination of salicylates and flavonoids in poplar bark and leaves. Based on 185 spectra of various poplar species and hybrid powdered samples, partial least squares regression models, characterized by the relative standard errors of prediction in the 4.5–9.9% range for both calibration and validation sets, were developed. These models allow for fast and precise quantification of the studied active compounds in poplar bark and leaves without any chemical sample treatment.