Extraction Of Active Compounds Research Articles

Identification of Sinapic Acid Derivatives from Petit Vert Leaves and Their Effects on Glucose Uptake in C2C12 Murine Myoblasts.

Petit vert (scientific name: Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera DC. × Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC.) is a new variety of vegetable created by crossbreeding kale and brussel sprouts (Brassica oleracea species). The present study aimed to identify biologically active compounds in extracts of the outer leaves of Petit vert by purification and to examine their biological activities. The dried and powdered outer leaves of Petit vert were extracted, fractionated, and purified to isolate active compounds. Mass spectrometry (MS) was used to identify the compounds, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was performed to elucidate their structures. The compounds isolated from Petit vert leaves were glycosides that contained kaempferol, quercetin (flavonol), or sinapic acid (phenylpropanoid). Glucose uptake in cultured C2C12 murine myoblasts in the absence of insulin was significantly increased by these compounds, kaempferol, sinapic acid, and ferulic acid, while uptake in the presence of insulin was also significantly increased by compounds 3 and 4, kaempferol, and sinapic acid. The effect was not necessarily concentration-dependent, and some agents decreased the glucose uptake at higher concentrations. The present study reports for the first time the isolation of five compounds containing sinapic acid from the outer leaves of Petit vert and their stimulation of glucose uptake in cultured C2C12 murine myoblasts. The results obtained herein suggest the potential of these compounds to effectively attenuate hyperglycemia and maintain muscle strength by promoting glucose metabolism in muscle cells.

Phytochemical Study and Clinical Evaluation of Herbal Formula as Obesity Management

Objective: Obesity is a significant global public health issue, affecting 39% of overweight and 13% of obese adults, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The objective of this study was included preliminary screening of main active compounds with clinical evaluation of herbal formula used in traditional medicine for obesity management. Methods. The methods for this study were included investigation of main active compounds in extracts of line seeds (Linum usitatissimum L.), Celery seeds (Apium graveoleus L.) Husk seeds (Plantago ovata L.) and marshmallow flower (Althea officinalis L.) Also this study contained the clinical evaluation of effects of herbal formula for obesity. The study involved two groups of participants who were given a herbal formula capsule for a duration of 8 weeks. The dosage consisted of one capsule (500mg) taken three times a day after meals. The second group was simultaneously treated with metformin, with a dosage of one tablet (500mg) provided twice daily after meals. Results: The results were referred to flavonoids glycosides which presented in all plants extracts, while other active compounds distributed differently among plants. The results of clinical study were referred to significant reduction in weight, BMI, Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL – C and VLDL with significant increasing of HDL. Conclusion: The herbal mixture may exert beneficial effects on both body mass index and serum lipids profile in humans, which can be linked to its flavonoids and antioxidant components.

Optimization of crude rotenone oil extraction from birbira plant (Milletia ferruginea) seed by Soxhlet and maceration methods

The extraction of active compounds from plant materials is one of the most critical processes in the commercial development of natural products for pharmaceutical, herbicide or pesticide production. The focus of this study was extraction of crude rotenone oil (CRO) from Birbira plant (Milletia ferruginea) seed. The extraction was done using maceration anda Soxhlet extractor using organic solvents, such as ethanol, hexane, and chloroform. For the efficient extraction of crude rotenone oil from Birbira plant seed the effect of parameters, such as extraction method, solvent type, extraction time and size of crushed Birbira seed were investigated. Based on the experimental results obtained Soxhlet extraction method was more efficient (41.6% CRO yield) compared to the maceration extraction method (25.1 % CRO yield). The extraction results for both Soxhlet and maceration methods indicated that chloroform is more efficient compared to ethanol and hexane solvents. On the other hand, the effects of crashed seed size and extraction time on the % CRO yield were also investigated. The results showed that medium size (0.1–0.35 mm) for both Soxhlet and maceration extraction was the optimum size leading to the highest % CRO yield compared to fine and coarse ground seed size. The highest % CRO yield was obtained during 4 to 5 h of Soxhlet extraction and 25 to 30 h of maceration extraction method. Therefore, the Soxhlet extraction method is the fastest and efficient method for the extraction of CRO from plant materials. The characterization of Birbira seed powder and CRO was done with FTIR and Rheology test equipment. The FTIR result revealed that CRO is composed of aliphatic, olefin, polyphenol and alcohol functional groups, in which polyphenol functional groups are the most essential flavonoid components available in crude rotenone oil.

Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres in Active Compound Separation from Natural Product.

Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres (MIMs) or Microsphere Molecularly Imprinted Polymers represent an innovative design for the selective extraction of active compounds from natural products, showcasing effectiveness and cost-efficiency. MIMs, crosslinked polymers with specific binding sites for template molecules, overcome irregularities observed in traditional Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs). Their adaptability to the shape and size of target molecules allows for the capture of compounds from complex mixtures. This review article delves into exploring the potential practical applications of MIMs, particularly in the extraction of active compounds from natural products. Additionally, it provides insights into the broader development of MIM technology for the purification of active compounds. The synthesis of MIMs encompasses various methods, including precipitation polymerization, suspension polymerization, Pickering emulsion polymerization, and Controlled/Living Radical Precipitation Polymerization. These methods enable the formation of MIPs with controlled particle sizes suitable for diverse analytical applications. Control over the template-to-monomer ratio, solvent type, reaction temperature, and polymerization time is crucial to ensure the successful synthesis of MIPs effective in isolating active compounds from natural products. MIMs have been utilized to isolate various active compounds from natural products, such as aristolochic acids from Aristolochia manshuriensis and flavonoids from Rhododendron species, among others. Based on the review, suspension polymerization deposition, which is one of the techniques used in creating MIPs, can be classified under the MIM method. This is due to its ability to produce polymers that are more homogeneous and exhibit better selectivity compared to traditional MIP techniques. Additionally, this method can achieve recovery rates ranging from 94.91% to 113.53% and purities between 86.3% and 122%. The suspension polymerization process is relatively straightforward, allowing for the effective control of viscosity and temperature. Moreover, it is cost-effective as it utilizes water as the solvent.

Development of deep eutectic solvents for the efficient extraction of active compounds and removal of hepatotoxic compounds from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (Heshouwu in Chinese, PMT) is commonly used as a food supplement due to its anti-aging effects. Maximizing the recovery of active compounds and removing hepatotoxic compounds from PMT are effective ways to reduce side effects. In this study, 71 deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared to simultaneously extract active compounds and remove hepatotoxic compounds from PMT by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Betaine-sorbitol (Bet-Sor, 1:1.2 mol/mol) was screened as the most appropriate DES in this series. Afterwards, the major extraction parameters were optimized using single-factor tests and response surface methodology. The optimal conditions (water content of DES of 46.22 %, liquid/solid ratio of 42.50, and extraction time for 20.76 min) resulted in the maximum total contents of active compounds (25.612 mg/g). Compared with conventional extraction solvents, the highest/lowest extraction amounts of active/hepatotoxic compounds were obtained. At the meantime, Bet-Sor exhibited the highest anti-oxidative effects and the lowest hepatotoxicity on HepG2 cells. The scanning electron microscopy test revealed that the cell walls of PMT cells were extremely injured by Bet-Sor, thus the active components could be fully extracted. These results revealed that DES-based extraction provided a simple, ecofriendly and feasible detoxication strategy to ensure the effective and safe utilization of PMT.

Extraction of Active Compounds from Mangrove Snail Meat (Terebralia sulcata) as an Antibacterial Agent Against Escherichia coli

Extraction of Active Compounds from Mangrove Snail Meat (Terebralia sulcata) as an Antibacterial Agent Against Escherichia coli

Hua-Feng-Dan Alleviates LPS-induced Neuroinflammation by Inhibiting the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB Pathway: Integrating Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation.

Neuroinflammation is the pathological basis of many neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Hua-Feng-Dan (HFD) is a well-established traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for centuries to treat stroke and various other brain-related ailments. Our study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which HFD mitigates neuroinflammation by combining network pharmacology and in vitro experiments. TCMSP and SymMap databases were used to extract active compounds and their related targets. The neuroinflammation-related targets were obtained from the GeneCards database. The common targets of HFD and neuroinflammation were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. MCODE plug-in was used to find the hub module genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were used to dissect the hub module genes. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglial neuroinflammation model was utilized to assess the therapeutic effects of HFD on neuroinflammation. Western blotting analysis was performed to examine the core target proteins in the TLR4/My- D88/NF-κB signaling pathway, potentially implicated in HFD's therapeutic effects on neuroinflammation. Hoechst 33342 staining and JC-1 staining were employed to evaluate neuronal apoptosis. Through network pharmacology, 73 active compounds were identified, with quercetin, beta-sitosterol, luteolin, and (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate recognized as important compounds. Meanwhile, 115 common targets of HFD and neuroinflammation were identified, and 61 targets were selected as the hub targets utilizing the MCODE algorithm. The results of in vitro experiments demonstrated that HFD significantly inhibited microglial-mediated neuronal inflammation induced by LPS. Integrating the predictions from network pharmacology with the in vitro experiment results, it was determined that the mechanism of HFD in mitigating neuroinflammation is closely related to the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, HFD demonstrated the capacity to shield neurons from apoptosis by curbing the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors subsequent to microglial activation. The findings demonstrated that HFD had an inhibitory effect on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in microglia and elucidated its underlying mechanism. These findings will offer a theoretical foundation for the clinical utilization of HFD in treating neurodegenerative diseases associated with neuroinflammation.

Anti-Melanogenic Activity of Ethanolic Extract from Garcinia atroviridis Fruits Using In Vitro Experiments, Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

Melanin, the pigment responsible for human skin color, increases susceptibility to UV radiation, leading to excessive melanin production and hyperpigmentation disorders. This study investigated the ethanolic extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruits for its phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, and impact on melanogenesis pathways using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Utilizing network pharmacology, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations, researchers explored G. atroviridis fruit extract's active compounds, targets, and pharmacological effects on hyperpigmentation. G. atroviridis fruit extract exhibited antioxidant properties, scavenging DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals radicals and chelating copper. It inhibited cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content in stimulated B16F10 cells, downregulating TYR, TRP-1, phosphorylated CREB, CREB, and MITF proteins along with transcription levels of MITF, TYR, and TRP-2. LC-MS analysis identified thirty-three metabolites, with seventeen compounds selected for further investigation. Network pharmacology revealed 41 hyperpigmentation-associated genes and identified significant GO terms and KEGG pathways, including cancer-related pathways. Kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside exhibited high binding affinity against MAPK3/ERK1, potentially regulating melanogenesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. Stable ligand-protein interactions in molecular dynamics simulations supported these findings. Overall, this study suggests that the ethanolic extract of G. atroviridis fruits possesses significant antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory, and anti-melanogenic properties mediated through key molecular targets and pathways.

Molecular Docking and Zone Inhibition Analysis of Fractionated Ethanol Extract of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Against Candida albicans as Oral Antifungal

Ginger is a herb that can be used as an alternative medicine because it has anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antifungal properties. This study aims to identify the potency of red ginger ethanol extract against Candida albicans protein by using in silico and in vitro approaches. Several ginger-derived compounds were obtained from PubChem, while the target protein 4J14 was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) database. Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) Online was used to predict each compound’s biological function. Before molecular docking analysis, the 3D ligand site web server determined the binding site coordinates. PyRx was then used to perform molecular docking analysis on ginger compounds and the target protein 4J14, with fluconazole and posaconazole serving as controls. Additional analysis was used to identify amino acid residues in the complexes. The Chimera software was employed to describe protein compound complexes. The inhibitory zones of red ginger and fluconazole on fungal growth were determined in vitro. The molecular docking results showed that gamma-sitosterol had a more negative binding affinity (−9.6 kcal/mol) than fluconazole (−8.7 kcal/mol). Moreover, it affected the biological response of the target protein 4J14 or cytochrome 450, which is an essential protein in the fungal infection process. In vitro tests proved that a red ginger extract concentration of 15 mg/mL had antifungal potential. In silico and in vitro studies revealed that red ginger extract has the potential to be an antifungal agent. HIGHLIGHTS Since there have been numerous studies on the content of red ginger compounds with essential oils that have been shown to have antifungal potential, the fractionation approach was used to extract active compounds in red ginger that are devoid of essential oils in order to determine the antifungal potential The biological response of cytochrome 450, also known as target protein 4J14, is impacted by gamma-sitosterol. This protein is crucial for the mechanisms involved in fungal infection An extract from red ginger exhibited the same antifungal potential as fluconazole, according to in vitro experiments GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Synthesis of green-engineered silver nanoparticles using Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and its antibacterial activity against clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background and Aim: The use of bioengineered nanocomposites as antimicrobials has increased in recent years, but very few investigations have been conducted to test their effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen presenting public health risks that can impact both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial potential of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles synthesized using lemongrass extract against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: The extraction of active compounds from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus was performed using ethanol (80%) as a solvent, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extract, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a precursor, and the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the extract and the AgNPs phytofabricated was assessed against 10 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. Results: Lemongrass extract was found to consist of the following main compounds: Caffeic acid (445.21 ± 32.77 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (393.32 ± 39.56 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (377.65 ± 4.26 μg/g), quinic acid (161.52 ± 17.62 μg/g), and quercetin-3-glucoside (151.35 ± 11.34 μg/g). AgNPs were successfully phytofabricated using 2.5 mM AgNO3. The ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectra of the AgNPs showed a localized surface plasmon resonance at 464 nm with an absorbance of 0.32 A. The 50x hydrodynamic diameter was 50.29 nm with a surface area value of 120.10 m2/ cm3, and the volume mean diameter and Sauter mean diameter were 50.63 nm and 49.96 nm, respectively. Despite the compound found in lemongrass extract, no antimicrobial activity was observed with the extract, while AgNPs exhibited noteworthy dose-dependent antimicrobial activity with inhibition diameters up to 24 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 2 to 16 and 4–64 µg/mL, respectively. AgNPs also demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity by inhibiting biofilms up to 99% between MIC/2 and 2MIC. Conclusion: The present study suggests that lemongrass is a good candidate for the synthesis of AgNPs with good physicochemical characteristics and having a strong anti-pseudomonas activity. Further research is needed to assess the stability and safety of these AgNPs. Keywords: antibiofilm capacity, antimicrobial activity, green synthesis, lemongrass, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, silver nanoparticles.

Biosorption of Technologically Valuable Metal Ions on Algae Wastes: Laboratory Studies and Applicability

In the context of a circular economy that recommends the most efficient use of wastes, algae wastes have a huge potential for valorization. In this study, algae wastes obtained after the alkaline extraction of active compounds from two types of marine algae (green algae—Ulva sp. and red algae—Callithamnion sp.) were used as biosorbents to remove metal ions from aqueous effluents. The efficiency of these biosorbents was tested for Zn(II), Cu(II), and Co(II) ions, considered technologically valuable metal ions. The batch monocomponent experiments performed under optimal conditions (pH = 5.0; 4.0 g biosorbent/L; 22 ± 1 °C) showed that more than 75% of the metal ions were removed when their initial concentration was less than 1.25 mmol/L. The experimental data were well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The high values obtained for the maximum biosorption capacity (qmax: Cu(II) (0.52 mmol/g) > Zn(II) (0.41 mmol/g) > Co(II) (0.39 mmol/g) for G-AWB, and qmax: Cu(II) (1.78 mmol/g) > Zn(II) (1.72 mmol/g) > Co(II) (1.66 mmol/g) for R-AWB) show the potential use of these biosorbents to remove such technologically valuable metal ions from industrial wastewater. This possibility was tested using industrial wastewater samples obtained from the metal coating industry. The quantitative removal (>91%) of Zn(II), Cu(II), and Co(II) ions was obtained when their initial concentration was adjusted to 50 mg/L. In addition, the rapid and efficient desorption of these metal ions from loaded biosorbents by simple treatment with small volumes of HNO3 (10−1 mol/L) further emphasizes the possibility of their recovery and reuse in the technological circuit. The results included in this study indicate that algae wastes have the potential to be used in industrial effluent decontamination processes and open new perspectives for the implementation of circular economy principles.

Membrane-Based Preparation Process and Antioxidant and Anti-AGEs Activities of a Novel Propolis Ultrafiltrate.

Propolis is one functional supplement with hundreds of years of usage. However, it's rarely consumed directly for its resinous property. Herein, a pre-treated process which can remove the impurity while preserve its bioactivities is needed to maximise its therapeutic opportunities. In the present study, a membrane-based ultrafiltration process was developed on a KM1812-NF experimental instrument. Using Brazilian green propolis as testing material, all experimental steps and parameters were sequentially optimized. In addition, a mathematical model was developed to fit the process. As a result, the optimum solvent was 60 % ethanol adjusted to pH 8-9, while the optimum MWCO (molecular weight cut-off) value of membrane was 30 KDa. The membrane filtration dynamic model fitted with the function y=(ax+b)/(1+cx+dx2 ). The resulting propolis ultrafiltrate from Brazilian green propolis, termed P30K, contains the similar profile of flavonoids and phenolic acids as raw propolis. Meanwhile, the ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) value of P30K is 11429.45±1557.58 μM TE/g and the IC50 value of inhibition of fluorescent AGEs (advanced glycation end products) formation is 0.064 mg/mL. Our work provides an innovative alternative process for extraction of active compounds from propolis and reveals P30K as an efficient therapeutic antioxidant.

The antimicrobial study of white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) extracted using deep euthectic solvent (DES) and ultrasonication

This research is prompted by the emergence of various cases of infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance that often occur and the development of the latest research methods in the field of medicinal plants. One of the medicinal plants that is often used is Curcuma zedoaria which is generally extracted using conventional solvents. This research aims to find new innovations in the extraction process of medicinal plants. This research is a laboratory experiment carried out in vitro. This research uses the latest solvent, called DES (Deep Eutectic Solvent) with the help of ultrasonication to extract active compounds from C. zedoaria as a natural anti-bacterial. DES is known as an environmentally friendly solvent, cheap, easy to make, and is still relatively new in Indonesia. The C. zedoaria extraction process uses two types of DES solvent composition assisted by a ultrasonicator. The research results show that: White turmeric extract (C. zedoaria) obtained by extraction using DES solvent and ultrasonication. Ultrasonication results using 30%, 70% and 100% DES solvent showed antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli with a lower zone of inhibition compared to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Ultrasonication results using 30%, 70% and 100% DES solvent showed antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus with a lower zone of inhibition compared to ciprofloxacin. TLC data shows that the white turmeric extract obtanined contains various antimicrobial substances which allows to inhibit each other to such an extent that their activity is lower than ciprofloxacin.

Extraction of Active Compounds from Mixtures of Hemp (Cannabis sativa) with Plants of the Zingiberaceae Family

Hemp is probably one of the most studied plants for its health-promoting properties, with countless documented and patented extraction methods, but literature is scarce on the simultaneous extraction of mixture of raw materials. Hemp, along with other plant materials, could represent a potentially highly valuable source material with resulting reciprocal effects. In this study, hemp (Cannabis sativa) and three members of the Zingiberaceae family, ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), were extracted simultaneously, and their bioactive component values were investigated. Two extraction methods were used, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol and supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide. First, extracts were obtained from separate plant materials. Then, hemp was extracted in combination with ginger, turmeric, and cardamom in a 1:1 ratio. The extracts obtained were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolic content using UV/VIS spectrophotometry; cannabinoid content, 6-gingerol, and 6-shogaol were measured using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); volatile components such as 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpinyl acetate, linalool, and aR-turmerone were measured using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

Uji aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak daun tumbuhan akar kucing (Acalypha indica L.) terhadap mikroba patogen manusia

The leaves of Acalypha indica L. were used as the object that are easily found around the home contain secondary metabolites as antimicrobials for Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Candida albicans. The method used for plant sampling is purposive sampling method. Extraction of active compounds using maceration method. The antimicrobial potency test used the agar-diffusion method using two types of microbial pathogens: Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and C. albicans. Each paper disk was given 50 L of bacterial isolate and incubated at 370C for 24 hours and continued for 48 hours. The parameter observed is the clear zone formed around the paper disk. The results showed that the leaves of contained compounds that could inhibit the growth of MRSA bacteria and the fungus. A good solvent to extract the active compounds contained in the leaves of is distilled water. The extract - distilled water treatment with a concentration of 100% had the widest inhibition zone among other treatments, which was 4.5 mm against the growth of the fungus

Perbandingan ekstraksi akar kucing (Acalypha indica l.) dengan ekstrak etanol 96% dan ekstrak akuades terhadap pertumbuhan EPEC dan Candida albicans

The root of the cat (Acalypha indica L.) was used as the object of research and extraction was carried out to determine the antimicrobial activity of 96% ethanol extract and distilled water against EPEC (Enterophatogenic Escherichia coli) bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans. The method used for plant sampling is purposive sampling method. Extraction of active compounds using maceration method. The antimicrobial potency test used the agar-diffusion method using two types of microbial pathogens, namely the bacteria EPEC and the fungus Candida albicans. Each paper disk was given 50 µL of bacterial isolate, incubated at 37 0C for 24 hours and continued for 48 hours. The observed parameter is the clear zone formed around the paper disk. The results showed that cat root (A. indica L.) contains compounds that can inhibit the growth of EPEC bacteria and the fungus C. albicans. A good solvent to extract the active compounds contained in the cat root plant (A. indica L.) is distilled water. Treatment with aquadest extract with a concentration of 100% had the widest inhibition zone among other treatments, namely 6.8 mm against the growth of EPEC bacteria and ethanol extract with a concentration of 100% which was 3.8 mm against the growth of the fungus Candida albicans.

Biological Activities of Citrus aurantium Leaf Extract by Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction

Several studies have explored the biological activities of Citrus aurantium flowers, fruits, and seeds, but the bioactivity of C. aurantium leaves, which are treated as waste, remains unclear. Thus, this study developed a pilot-scale ultrasonic-assisted extraction process using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) for the optimized extraction of active compounds from C. aurantium leaves, and their antityrosinase, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Under optimal conditions in a 150× scaleup configuration (a 30 L ultrasonic machine) of a pilot plant, the total phenolic content was 69.09 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight, which was slightly lower (3.17%) than the theoretical value. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of C. aurantium leaf extract (CALE) for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl–scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)–scavenging, antityrosinase, anticollagenase, antielastase and anti-matrix metalloprotein-1 activities were 123.5, 58.5, 181.3, 196.4, 216.3, and 326.4 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the minimal inhibitory concentrations for bacteria and fungi were 150–350 and 500 mg/L, respectively. In total, 17 active compounds were detected in CALE—with linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, and α-terpineol having the highest concentrations. Finally, the overall transdermal absorption and permeation efficiency of CALE was 95.9%. In conclusion, our CALE demonstrated potential whitening, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial activities; it was also nontoxic and easily absorbed into the skin as well as inexpensive to produce. Therefore, it has potential applications in various industries.

Green extraction of active ingredients from finger citron using subcritical water and assessment of antioxidant activity

In this study, subcritical water extraction (SWE) was used to extract active compounds, such as total phenols, total flavonoids, and essential oil, from finger citron. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the optimal extraction conditions (total phenols: liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR) 40.9 mL/g, extraction time (ET) 2.7 h, subcritical water temperature (SWT) 183 °C; total flavonoids: LSR 38.8 mL/g, ET 2.4 h, SWT 176 °C; essential oil: LSR 42.3 mL/g, ET 2.5 h, SWT 182 °C). Under these conditions, the extraction yields of total phenols, total flavonoids, and essential oil were 45.65 ± 0.21 mg/g, 33.12 ± 0.19 mg/g, and 4.36 %, respectively. The extracts had remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro, especially those from SWE, which outperformed other methods. For the extracts, the IC50 values for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonat) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and (2-Phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl) (PTIO) radical scavenging were 0.32 mg/mL, 0.05 mg/mL, and 6.14 mg/mL, respectively. Finger citron essential oil (FCEO) was also analyzed by GC-MS and 37 constituents were identified. The major component was D-limonene at 23.59 %. The essential oil extracted by subcritical water also showed notable antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 0.97 mg/mL, 0.08 mg/mL, and 5.35 mg/mL for DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, and PTIO radical scavenging, respectively. These findings show that SWE has a promising potential to extract active compounds from natural products and enhance their biological activity.

Novel Herbal Therapeutic YH23537 Improves Clinical Parameters in Ligature-Induced Periodontal Disease Model in Beagle Dogs.

Currently, available medicine does not satisfy the clinical unmet needs of periodontal disease. Therefore, novel drugs with improved efficacy profiles are needed. We previously demonstrated that YH14642, water extracts of Notoginseng Radix and Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, improved probing depths in double-blind phase II clinical trial. However, it still has hurdles for commercialization due to the low efficiency of active compound extraction. To resolve this issue, we developed YH23537 through process optimization to extract active compounds efficiently while still achieving the chemical profile of YH14642. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of YH23537 compared with YH14642 using a canine model of ligature-induced periodontitis. Human gingival fibroblast (hGF) cells were treated with various concentrations of YH23537 or YH14642 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hr. IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the conditioned media were determined using Luminex. Sixteen 3-year-old male beagle dogs had their teeth scaled and polished using a piezo-type ultrasonic scaler under general anesthesia and brushed once daily for the following 2 weeks. Two weeks after the scaling procedure, the left upper second premolar (PM2), third premolar (PM3), and fourth premolar (PM4) as well as the left lower PM3, PM4, and first molar (M1) were ligated with silk-wire twisted ligatures. The dogs were fed with soft moistened food to induce periodontitis for 8 weeks, and the ligatures were then removed. YH23537 and YH14642 were administered for 4 weeks, and clinical periodontal parameters such as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BoP) were determined before and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after treatment. YH23537 inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in a dose-dependent manner in hGF cells stimulated with LPS. The IC50 values for YH23537 were 43 and 54 μg/ml for IL-6 and IL-8, respectively, while the values for YH14642 were 104 and 117 μg/ml, respectively. In the animal study, clinical parameters including GI, PD, CAL, and BoP were significantly increased after 8 weeks of ligature-induced periodontitis. The YH23537 300 and YH23537 900 mg groups had significant improvements in CAL from 1 to 4 weeks after treatment in comparison to the placebo group. GR values in the YH23537 900 mg group were decreased throughout the treatment period. GI values were also reduced significantly after 4-week treatment with 300 and 900 mg of YH23537. YH23537 at 300 mg doses showed comparable efficacy for CAL and GR with 1,000 mg of YH14642. YH23537 showed therapeutic efficacy against periodontitis in dogs, mediated by anti-inflammatory effects. These findings indicate that YH23537 has the potential for further development as a new drug for patients suffering from periodontal disease.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Murraya Koenigii Plant Leaf Extract Against E. coli Isolated from Different Sources

The current study was carried out to evaluate the anti-microbial efficacy of the leaf extract Murraya koenigii plant against E. coli isolated from clinical and various other sources like water, soil, skin, floor, juice, basin, incubator and mobile phone. The anti-microbial test showed that the ethanolic extract was more potent than aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii leaves against E. coli. The sensitivity of the bacterial isolates from each sample having lowest potential against the extract was examined against four different antibiotics. It was observed that all isolate showed complete resistance to Amoxicillin and were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin. Qualitative analysis of active compounds in extract of Murraya koenigii leaves was done using different chemical reagents. The result showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and quinones. The Total Antioxidant Capacity was calculated to be 40.42%. UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis of extract of Murraya koenigii leaves in different solvents like distilled water, ethanol and methanol was done. The analysis exhibited peaks at wavelength 420 and 500 nm for methanol and 500nm for distilled water and ethanol.