Enhancement Of Extraction Efficiency Research Articles

Investigation of plasmon-induced extraction efficiency enhancement in a CdTe-based LED using FDTD simulation.

Light-emitting diodes (LED) based on silicon platforms and CdTe quantum dots (QDs) are an important area of research. Due to poor charge balance in QD layers, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was introduced between the P-Si substrate and CdTe QDs. To further improve the performance of the QDs-LED, Au nanorods (NRs) were incorporated into the hole transport layer. A finite-difference time-domain simulation was used to discuss theoretically the influence of RGO and Au NRs on the LED performance, and investigate the influence of substrate on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) coupling wavelength. Simulated results demonstrated that the LSPR peaks for Au NRs red shifted with increase in substrate refractive index, and the electric field along the x-y plane was mostly concentrated near the interface. RGO incorporation enhanced the emission of the QDs-LED. This may be attributed to improvement in conductivity and hole mobility in the hole transport layer and reduction in the energy barrier for injection of holes. After introduction of Au NRs, there was a significant enhancement in emission, and light extraction efficiency was enhanced about 10-fold.

Nanobiodevices for the Isolation of Circulating Nucleic Acid for Biomedical Applications

Methods that can rapidly and accurately extract or isolate nucleic acids would facilitate the capability for scientists to access key information regarding nucleic acid molecular signatures. Knowing these molecular signatures could contribute to development of strategies for detecting, treating, and diagnosing diseases based on nucleic acids. However, major impediments to accessing nucleic acids are their natural characteristics, including concentration and size. Here we review the development of nanomaterial-based devices to isolate circulating nucleic acids from biological samples, including blood, urine, cell, and virus; these devices enable enhancement of isolation and extraction efficiency compared to conventional methods.

Analysis of complex particle mixtures by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled to inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been widely used to characterize metal containing particles. This study demonstrates the advantages of coupling AF4 with ICP-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ICP-TOFMS) in standard and single particle modes to determine size distribution, elemental composition, and number concentration of composite particles. The coupled system was used to characterize two complex particle mixtures. The first mixture consisted of particles extracted from micro-alloyed steels with two size populations of different elemental composition. The second mixture consisted of particles extracted from soil spiked with various engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). The equivalent hydrodynamic sizes of individual micro-alloyed steel particles were up to 6 times larger than the sizes determined by single particle (sp)-ICP-TOFMS. The larger AF4 sizes were attributed to the presence of a surface coating, which is not reflected in the core size determined by sp-ICP-TOFMS. Two particle populations could not be separated by AF4 due to their broad size distributions but were resolved by sp-ICP-TOFMS using their unique elemental signatures. Multi-angle light scattering and ICP-TOFMS signals of soil suspensions increased with the spiked ENP concentrations. However, only after conducting full element screening and single particle fingerprinting by ICP-TOFMS could this increase be attributed to enhanced extraction efficiency of natural particles and the risk for false conclusions be eliminated. In this study, we describe how AF4 coupled to ICP-TOFMS can be applied to study complex samples of inorganic particles which contain organic compounds.

Magnetism-assisted in-tube solid phase microextraction for the on-line chromium speciation in environmental water and soil samples

In the present study, a new method for chromium speciation was proposed by on-line coupling of magnetism-assisted in-tube solid phase microextraction (MA/IT-SPME) with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Firstly, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were coordinated with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APD) to form Cr(III)/APD and Cr(VI)/APD complexes, separately. After that, a microextraction column based on porous monolith doped with magnetic nanoparticles was in situ fabricated in a capillary. The microextraction column was twined with a magnetic coil which was employed to engender changeable magnetic fields during extraction period. Various main factors influencing the extraction performance were inspected in detail. Results well indicated that the implementation of the magnetic field could assist the enhancement of extraction efficiency for Cr(III)/APD (80.4%) and Cr(VI)/APD (86.2%) complexes. Under the optimized parameters, the limits of detection for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in water sample were 0.0059 μg/L and 0.0020 μg/L, respectively, and the corresponding values in soil sample were 0.47 μg/kg and 0.057 μg/kg, separately. The enrichment factors were 59 and 72 for Cr(III) and Cr(VI), respectively. The successful quantification of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) at trace levels in environmental water and soil samples well demonstrated the reliability and practicality of the proposed on-line approach for chromium speciation.

Improved light extraction efficiency of AlGaN deep-ultraviolet light emitting diodes combining Ag-nanodots/Al reflective electrode with highly transparent p-type layer.

Enhancement of light extraction efficiency (LEE) of AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet (DUV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) has been attempted by adopting Ag-nanodots/Al reflective electrodes on a highly transparent complex p-type layer. By thinning the p-GaN to several nm, highly DUV transparent p-type layer is achieved, making it meaningful for the application of reflective electrodes composed of Ag-nanodots and Al film to allow most light emitted upward to be reflected back to the sapphire side. By this approach, the maximum light output power and external quantum efficiency of the DUV-LEDs with optimized Ag nanodots/Al electrodes are severally increased by 52% and 58%, respectively, compared to those with traditional Ni/Au electrodes when the current is below 200 mA.

Fabrication of Functional Groups-Rich Monolith for Magnetic Field-Assisted In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction of Inorganic Selenium Species in Water Samples Followed by Online Chromatographic Determination

Efficient separation and enrichment is a crucial step in the analysis of Se(IV) and Se(VI). In the present study, for the first time, online monolith-based magnetic field-assisted in-tube solid phase microextraction (MFA/IT-SPME) was applied to capture inorganic selenium species in water samples. In this connection, porous monolith mingled with magnetic nanoparticles was synthesized in silica capillary and employed as microextraction column (MEC) of MFA/IT-SPME. After that, a magnetic coil utilized to perform variable magnetic fields in adsorption and desorption steps was twined on the MEC. Se(IV) was coordinated with o -phenylenediamine to form coordination compound which was infused to the MEC to be captured. Results evidenced that application of magnetic field during extraction procedure assisted the capture of Se(IV)-OPA complex with the enhancement of extraction efficiency from 83% to 97%. Under the optimized conditions, MFA/IT-SPME was online combined with HPLC equipped with diode array detector (DAD) to perform quantification of Se(IV) and Se(VI) in environmental water samples. Total inorganic Se was quantified after pre-reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) prior to applying established approach, and subtraction method was adopted to calculate Se(VI) and Se(IV) contents. The limit of detection for Se(IV) was as low as 0.012 μg/L. Reliability of suggested method was investigated by assaying Se(IV) and Se(VI) species in real-life waters with satisfactory recoveries (81.1%-116%) and repeatability (RSDs below 9%).

Inverse-designed photon extractors for optically addressable defect qubits

Solid-state defect qubit systems with spin-photon interfaces show great promise for quantum information and metrology applications. Photon collection efficiency, however, presents a major challenge for defect qubits in high refractive index host materials. Inverse-design optimization of photonic devices enables unprecedented flexibility in tailoring critical parameters of a spin-photon interface including spectral response, photon polarization, and collection mode. Further, the design process can incorporate additional constraints, such as fabrication tolerance and material processing limitations. Here, we design and demonstrate a compact hybrid gallium phosphide on diamond inverse-design planar dielectric structure coupled to single near-surface nitrogen-vacancy centers formed by implantation and annealing. We observe up to a 14-fold broadband enhancement in photon extraction efficiency, in close agreement with simulations. We expect that such inverse-designed devices will enable realization of scalable arrays of single-photon emitters, rapid characterization of new quantum emitters, efficient sensing, and heralded entanglement schemes.

Effect of imidazolium ionic liquids as microwave absorption media for the intensification of microwave-assisted extraction of Citrus sinensis peel essential oils

Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction (MAE-IL) has been applied for the separation of essential oils (EOs) from Citrus sinensis var. Valencia peels. Two imidazolium ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate ([C2mim]OAc) and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl), were investigated for extraction efficiency, thermal behavior of the process, and chemical composition of the EOs obtained. During extractions, two different concentrations of ionic liquids (ILs) were studied (5% or 10 %), and the proposed MAE-IL was evaluated in comparison with usual microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) using water as solvent. Results indicated that both concentrations of ILs influenced EO extraction, thermal behavior, and chemical composition. However, [C2mim]OAc was more efficient, increasing extraction velocity by 10 times, enhancing extraction efficiency of EOs (39 %), and increasing the presence of oxyterpene compounds in the EOs. However, the great ability of ILs to interact with microwaves had an impact on the thermal history of the sample, reaching almost 110 °C, promoting the presence of compounds related to thermal effect.

Microwave assisted solid phase microextraction for extraction and selective enrichment of four alkaloids in lotus leaf

A novel method was developed for extraction and enrichment of the four alkaloids (nuciferine, O-nornuciferine, armepavine and N-nornuciferine) from lotus leaf by coupling microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with solid phase microextraction (SPME) before ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analysis. The influence parameters of MAE and SPME process including solvent-to-materials ratio, extraction solvent, irradiation power, extraction time were investigated. The method exhibited a good linearity within the range of 0.4–100 μg mL−1 for nuciferine and O-nornuciferine, 0.1–25 μg mL−1 for armepavine and N-nornuciferine (r2 > 0.9990), respectively. Compared with the other extraction method, this method obviously shortens analytical time and enhances extraction efficiency. In addition, the concentration of the four alkaloids (nuciferine, O-nornuciferine, N-nornuciferine and armepavine) included two trace alkaloids were increased by 13, 10, 5 and 12 times after concentration, respectively. It was concluded that the newly MAE-SPME was an efficient method for the extraction and enrichment for alkaloids from herbs.

Hydrothermal synthesis of novel two-dimensional α-quartz nanoplates and their applications in energy-saving, high-efficiency, microalgal biorefineries

A facile template-free hydrothermal method was successfully developed for the controlled synthesis of ultrathin α-quartz nanoplates (NPLs) for the first time. Analyses of the α-quartz NPLs revealed the characteristic anisotropic nanostructures of highly crystalline α-quartz with an average lateral size and thickness of 1.14 ± 0.32 μm and 7.7 ± 0.6 nm, respectively. Importantly, efficient extraction of highly valuable chemicals such as astaxanthin (ATX) from the microalgal cells of Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) was accomplished by lacerating the cell walls using the ultrathin α-quartz NPLs under mild ultrasonication. The incorporation of α-quartz NPLs enhanced the ATX extraction efficiency significantly (99%, 18.0 ± 0.6 mg ATX/g cell) when coupled with 5 min of ultrasonication. The dosage of α-quartz NPLs (800.0 mg/L) for maximum ATX extraction was reduced substantially to only 8% of the nanomaterial dose used in the extraction controls. The enhanced extraction efficiency and dosage were explained by the role of the structural anisotropy of α-quartz NPLs in multiple phase separation-extraction processes. This work provides a novel, facile, and economical route for the synthesis of uniform ultrathin nanoplates, offering a new material for the highly efficient harvesting of chemical products from various microalgal biorefinery processes.

Enhancement of light extraction efficiency of AlGaInP-based light emitting diodes by silicon oxide hemisphere array

Surface texturing has been demonstrated to be very effective in improving the extraction efficiency of light emitting diodes (LEDs). In this paper, high-brightness AlGaInP-based vertical LEDs (VLEDs) with nanoscale silicon oxide (SiO2) hemisphere array were successfully fabricated by photoresist thermal reflux technique and laser interference exposure. It is the first time to combine interferential lithography and thermal reflux technique to make a regular nanoscale hemisphere array to enhance LEE for LEDs Compared to LEDs with microscale SiO2 hemisphere array, with planar SiO2 and without SiO2, electroluminescent measurements show that four LEDs have a similar threshold voltage. Simultaneously, the light output power (LOP) of LEDs with nanoscale and microscale SiO2 hemisphere array has been improved up to 40% and 20% at 200 mA, respectively, in comparison to LEDs without SiO2. It fits the simulated results well, which were obtained by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that more light emits out in the direction perpendicular to the epitaxial wafer by angle-resolved EL spectra for LEDs with nanoscale SiO2 hemisphere array, which accords to the simulated optical field distribution images. This kind of high-brightness LEDs with nanoscale SiO2 hemisphere array will have promising applications in meeting different requirements in special situations, such as headlights, flashlights. The new method is capable of fabricating large-scale nanostructured materials with good controllability and low cost, which will be widely used in improving properties of all kinds of LEDs, especially Mini LEDs and Micro LEDs.

Study on Leaching of Molybdenum from a Spent HDS Catalyst

The aim of this study is to investigate the extraction of molybdenum from the spent HDS catalyst. The experiment was performed by using the pyro-hydrometallurgical process; calcination and leaching. The spent catalyst was calcined at different temperatures in order to investigate the effect of calcination temperature on the recovery of molybdenum in the subsequent process. Leaching of the calcined samples was subsequently performed by using the different concentrations of leaching reagent. The leaching was conducted by varying the concentration of NaCO3 of 20 g/L, 30 g/L and 40 g/L with a fixed leaching temperature of 90°C, a S/L ratio (weight of calcined sample/volume of leaching reagent) of 100 g/L and leaching time of 1 hrs. under the stirring condition at a speed of 250 rpm. It was found that carbon and sulfur contained in the spent HDS catalyst could be reduced by the calcination process and resulting in enhanced extraction efficiency of molybdenum. The extraction efficiency of molybdenum increased with increasing concentration of leaching reagent. At a certain concentration of leaching reagent, the extraction efficiency of the sample calcined at lower temperatures was higher than the sample which was subjected to calcination at a higher temperature.

Effects of drying methods on plant lipid compounds and bulk isotopic compositions.

Plant lipid biomarkers, such as plant waxes and terpenoids, and the stable isotopic composition of bulk leaves are widely used in both modern and paleoclimate studies for tracking vegetation and climate. However, the effects of different drying methods on the preservation of plant lipid biomarkers and the stable isotopic compositions of leaves are less explored. Here, we investigated various drying methods for the measurement of plant lipid concentrations and bulk leaf isotopic compositions. Leaves from four tree species (Acer rubrum, Pinus sylvestris, Platanus occidentalis, and Taxodium distichum) were collected and dried using air, an oven, a freeze-dryer, and a microwave. We compared concentrations of leaf waxes and terpenoids and carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N) isotopic compositions of leaves by different drying methods. The air, oven, freeze-dryer, and microwave drying methods did not affect lipid concentrations significantly, and only a few homologues differed (38.1% or 41.8 μg/g on average) possibly due to biological variations or enhanced extraction efficiencies. The δ13 C values were not affected by drying methods, whereas the δ15 N values in oven-dried leaves in some species were higher by 0.2-0.7‰ than those obtained by other methods. Though small, we attribute these patterns to loss of leaf compounds with lower isotope ratios during oven-drying. Based on our results, each drying technique yielded equivalent results for all plant wax and terpenoid concentrations and bulk leaf δ13 C values; however, oven-drying modified the δ15 N values.

A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in Foods.

As a class of mycotoxins with regulatory and public health significance, aflatoxins (e.g., aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2) have attracted unparalleled attention from government, academia and industry due to their chronic and acute toxicity. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of various Aspergillus species, which are ubiquitous in the environment and can grow on a variety of crops whereby accumulation is impacted by climate influences. Consumption of foods and feeds contaminated by aflatoxins are hazardous to human and animal health, hence the detection and quantification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds is a priority from the viewpoint of food safety. Since the first purification and identification of aflatoxins from feeds in the 1960s, there have been continuous efforts to develop sensitive and rapid methods for the determination of aflatoxins. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on advances in aflatoxins analysis and highlights the importance of sample pretreatments, homogenization and various cleanup strategies used in the determination of aflatoxins. The use of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and immunoaffinity column clean-up (IAC) and dilute and shoot for enhancing extraction efficiency and clean-up are discussed. Furthermore, the analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) are compared in terms of identification, quantitation and throughput. Lastly, with the emergence of new techniques, the review culminates with prospects of promising technologies for aflatoxin analysis in the foreseeable future.

Instrumental characterization of merino wool fibers dyed with Cinnamomum camphora waste/fallen leaves extract: An efficient waste management alternative

The present study describes the use of Cinnamomum camphora waste/fallen leaves as an eco-friendly natural colorant for developing colorful and antibacterial wool fibers in view of growing environmental pollution and increasing needs for biomedical textiles in healthcare sector. Extraction of the natural colorant from C. camphora reddish colored/middle-aged waste/fallen leaves was carried out via simple water bath and ultrasound water bath extraction methods. While optimizing the colorant extraction in an aqueous solvent, ultrasound water bath provided enhanced extraction efficiency at pH 3, temperature of 70 °C, an initial dose level of 1.0 gm/50 ml of H2O, time of 80 min, and ultrasonic frequency of 80 kHz. Phytochemical analysis of extracted dye was successfully carried out using simple qualitative experimental analysis. The extracted colorants from C. camphora waste leaves were used to dye merino wool fibers through exhaustion dyeing technique. The optimal dyeing conditions, dye performances, and the ultrasonic effects were reported effectively. Build-up properties and fastness characteristics were studied in the presence and absence of mordants under corresponding ISO standards. Increasing ethanol concentration, increased discoloration properties of dyed wool fiber. Dyeing kinetics and dyeing rates under both simple water bath and ultrasound water bath conditions were compared. The structural and thermal changes in the dyed fibers under both conditions were analyzed using FT-IR, TG, and SEM analysis. An adequate amount of C. camphora leaves extract on wool fiber exhibited good antibacterial behaviors with high durability to increasing number of washing cycles. Premordanting with Cu2+, Fe2+, and Al3+ salts had a slightly negative effect on the antibacterial activity of dyed wool fibers but showed enhanced durability. Camphor waste leaves will prove great potential for industrial application as a source of natural colorant, as well as a value-adding application (biomedical textile) in addition to its normal usage.

Ultrasound and deep eutectic solvents: An efficient combination to tune the mechanism of steviol glycosides extraction

Ultrasound-assisted extraction is widely recognized as an eco-friendly technique due to low solvent consumption and time extraction as well as enhanced extraction efficiency with respect to conventional methods. Nevertheless, it would be convenient to avoid the usually used organic solvents to reduce the environment pollution. In this regard, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) represent nowadays a green and sustainable alternative for the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources. In this study, an efficient extraction of stevioside and rebaudioside A from Stevia rebaudiana coupling ultrasound with DES was developed. A solvent screening was performed using the predictive approach COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Real Solvent (COSMO-RS). The effect of three independent variables, namely % of water, temperature, and sonication amplitude, were investigated by the response surface methodology (RSM). Comparing ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with conventional extraction, it has been demonstrated that the amount of steviol glycosides through UAE is almost three times higher than that obtained by the conventional method. Possible physicochemical factors involved in the UAE mechanism were discussed.

Uniformly assembling n-type metal oxide nanostructures (TiO2 nanoparticles and SnO2 nanowires) onto P doped g-C3N4 nanosheets for efficient photocatalytic water splitting

Exploitation of g-C3N4 based photocatalysts capable of drastically boosting photoinduced electron-hole separation and solar-to-H2 conversion efficiency consequences is a hotspot topic. Herein, a construction of few-layer P-doped g-C3N4 (PCN) nanosheets decorated with n-type metal oxides (NMOs) nanostructures, i.e. TiO2 nanoparticles and SnO2 nanowires via a self-assembly method is reported. NMOs uniformly distributing on PCN act as electron transporting channels, dramatically enhancing extraction efficiency of photogenerated electrons from PCN. The resultant TiO2/PCN and SnO2/PCN in the absence of Pt under visible light irradiation exhibit drastically enhanced H2 evolution reaction (HER) rates of 1082 and 2090 μmol h−1 g−1 comparing with PCN (132 μmol h−1 g−1). Such HER activities are superb among noble metal-free g-C3N4 based photocatalysts. Under a very low Pt amount (0.33 wt%), the HER rates of TiO2-Pt/PCN and SnO2-Pt/PCN further climb up to 11,632 and 12,469 μmol h−1 g−1.

Revealing the importance of light extraction efficiency in InGaN/GaN microLEDs via chemical treatment and dielectric passivation

Chemical etching and Al2O3 dielectric passivation were used to minimize nonradiative sidewall defects in InGaN/GaN microLEDs (mesa diameter = 2–100 μm), resulting in an increase in external quantum efficiency (EQE) as the LED size was decreased. Peak EQEs increased from 8%–10% to 12%–13.5% for mesa diameters from 100 μm to 2 μm, respectively, and no measurable leakage currents were seen in current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics. The position and shape of EQE curves for all devices were essentially identical, indicating size-independent ABC model (Shockley–Read–Hall, radiative, and Auger recombination) coefficients-behavior that is not typical of microLEDs as the size decreases. These trends can be explained by enhancement in light extraction efficiency (LEE), which is only observable when sidewall defects are minimized, for the smallest LED sizes. Detailed ray-tracing simulations substantiate the LEE enhancements.

Enhanced extraction efficiency of natural D-borneol from Mei Pian tree leaves pretreated with deep eutectic solvents.

Stems and leaves of Mei Pian tree can be used to extract natural D‐borneol. In this study, a variety of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on choline chloride were used to pretreat leaves of Mei Pian tree, from which natural D‐borneol was extracted by Soxhlet extraction. The extraction efficiency of most pretreated leaves was higher than that of the unpretreated leaves, and that pretreated by DES based on choline chloride and sucrose or choline chloride and glycol was maximal. Moreover, The Box–Behnken design (BBD) of response surface method was used to optimize the water content, temperature, and pretreatment time. The optimal conditions included pretreatment of Mei Pian tree for 4.07 hr at 44.5°C by DES, which was synthesized using choline chloride, sucrose, and water at the molar ratio of 5:2:5.9, and the extraction efficiency (4.936 mg/g) was maximal, more than twice as much as that of unpretreatment. The results showed that the pretreatment process using DES based on choline chloride and sucrose could effectively improve the extraction efficiency of natural D‐borneol from Mei Pian tree.

Solvent extraction of butanol from synthetic solution and fermentation broth: Batch and continuous studies

Product recovery is one of the essential finishing steps to any commercial fermentation process. In acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation, butanol recovery is quite tedious mainly due to dilute product and multiple byproduct formation in complex media. Among different recovery methods, extraction has attracted considerable attention in biofuel recovery owing to its high selectivity, low energy consumption, and ease of operation. In present work, the butanol extraction performance from synthetic solvent mixture containing ABE was tested in batch and continuous operations using 20% (v/v) decanol in oleyl alcohol. The optimized extraction conditions were then validated using actual fermentation broth to confirm effectiveness of the extraction operation. The distribution coefficient (Kd) and batch extraction efficiency (E) were in the range of 5.60–9.80 and 87.70–86.90% for fermentation broth and synthetic solution, respectively for a given initial concentration of butanol in the aqueous phase. Further, E was relatively improved by supplementing different inorganic salts. Sodium hydroxide (5%, w/v) was highly effective to recover butanol from fermentation broth (E ~ 97.70%) with Kd of 33.10. Besides, the continuous counter current extraction of butanol in a packed column was performed. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) was estimated to be 0.025 1/min at an optimized superficial velocity of the aqueous phase (0.28 cm/min) and sodium hydroxide concentration (5%, w/v). Height of the extraction column was estimated to be 28.32 cm using height of transfer unit (HTU) and number of transfer unit (NTU) concept for extraction efficiency of 97.20%. Overall, the present study has demonstrated an enhanced extraction efficiency of butanol from fermentation broth.