Extraction Behavior Research Articles

A Review on Machine Learning Approaches for Network Malicious Behavior Detection in Emerging Technologies.

Network anomaly detection systems (NADSs) play a significant role in every network defense system as they detect and prevent malicious activities. Therefore, this paper offers an exhaustive overview of different aspects of anomaly-based network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs). Additionally, contemporary malicious activities in network systems and the important properties of intrusion detection systems are discussed as well. The present survey explains important phases of NADSs, such as pre-processing, feature extraction and malicious behavior detection and recognition. In addition, with regard to the detection and recognition phase, recent machine learning approaches including supervised, unsupervised, new deep and ensemble learning techniques have been comprehensively discussed; moreover, some details about currently available benchmark datasets for training and evaluating machine learning techniques are provided by the researchers. In the end, potential challenges together with some future directions for machine learning-based NADSs are specified.

Extraction and separation of iridium(IV) and rhodium(III) from hydrochloric acid media by a quaternary ammonium-based hydrophobic eutectic solvent

• Efficient extraction of critical metals by a hydrophobic eutectic solvent. • Efficient separation of iridium(IV) and rhodium(III) in hydrochloric acid media. • Mathematical modeling of the extraction mechanism. • Calculation of the fundamental extraction constants. The extraction and separation of iridium(IV) and rhodium(III) from hydrochloric acid solutions by a hydrophobic eutectic solvent composed of tetraheptylammonium chloride and decanoic acid have been studied for the first time. This eutectic solvent selectively extracts iridium(IV) over rhodium(III), the highest separation factor obtained is approximately 20. The effects of the main experimental factors (shaking time, the volume ratio of aqueous to organic phase, hydrochloric acid concentration, and the initial metal concentration in the aqueous phase) on the extraction behavior of iridium(IV) and rhodium(III) have been investigated. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy was applied to reveal the [IrCl 6 ] 2− complex to be a predominant species attributed to iridium(IV) extraction. To understand the underlying extraction mechanism, the initial iridium(IV) concentration in the aqueous phase has been varied and a corresponding mathematical model has been developed.

Measuring pro-environmental behavior using the carbon emission task

The present research introduces the Carbon Emission Task (CET) as a new behavioral paradigm grounded in experimental economics. It assesses consequential pro-environmental behavior in laboratory, online, or classroom studies. Participants face repeated tradeoffs between financial bonus opportunities paired with real carbon emissions and foregoing such opportunities while staying carbon neutral. In two studies, we find that people react systematically to the incentives set out in the task and that average pro-environmental behavior correlates with related constructs. Higher bonus prospects decrease pro-environmental behavior, whereas higher environmental consequences increase pro-environmental behavior. Average pro-environmental behavior in the CET correlates with environmental attitudes, belief in climate change, and demographic factors such as gender, education, or political orientation. Finally, average pro-environmental behavior in the CET predicts participants’ reported carbon footprints and their extraction behavior from a common-resource pool. Taken together, our findings suggest that the CET relates to constructs often used in psychological research, but due to its relationship with experimental economics may help to integrate the two disciplines and synthesize the research efforts. In addition, it opens the door for novel research questions testing behavioral reactions under varying sets of incentives. In sum, the CET offers the research community a fast and efficient tool to assess actual and consequential pro-environmental behavior in a way that appeals to various social scientific disciplines.

Influence factors of extraction behavior of modified suction caisson in sand by reverse pumping water

The suction caisson for offshore engineering features fast installation and reuse. When offshore engineering structure supported by a suction caisson is decommissioned, the suction caisson can be extracted by reverse pumping water for reuse and being replaced by a larger one. Model tests were conducted to investigate effects of the installation methods, extraction methods and pumping rate on the extraction behavior of both the regular suction caisson (RSC) and modified suction caisson (MSC) in sand. It was found that when the seepage failure occurs in and around the caisson, the extraction by reverse pumping water is terminated. Under the same pumping rate, the final extraction height and the maximum overpressure beneath the caisson lid of the MSC are greater than those of the RSC. The final extraction heights of caissons installed by jacking are greater than those installed by suction. Model tests on the extraction of suction caissons by pumping air was also conducted and it was found that final extraction heights of the RSC and the MSC which were extracted by reverse pumping water are greater than those extracted by reverse pumping air. Further, extraction tests of Perspex-made suction caisson were conducted to investigate the difference between the extraction behavior of suction caissons by reverse pumping water and air into the caisson.

Dynamic in situ imaging of methane hydrate formation in coal media

Fast 3D X-ray imaging has proved to provide crucial insights into multi-phase dynamic processes in various geo-materials. In particular, many in situ imaging experiments have been made to study gas-hydrate formation in porous sandy samples. Such imaging is challenging for the methane gas-hydrate formation in coal samples because of the coal micro-porosity structure and lower X-ray contrast. Here we present results of the first dynamic in situ micro-computed tomography experiment of methane-hydrate formation in coal samples. Synchrotron phase-contrast tomography techniques allowed to achieve necessary contrast levels to separate all the materials of interest (gas, water, coal, and gas hydrate) in reconstructed images with high spatial and temporal resolution. The imaging results are compared to the ones from a similar tomographic experiment with sand samples. Methane-hydrate formation is accompanied by the water movements caused by cryogenic water suction that happens in sequences of short fast movements with longer equilibrium states in between. Only one type of the hydrate formation was observed in coal (growth as shells on grain boundaries) as opposed to three types in sand (shells, growth into gas pockets, and inside water volumes). In particular, this leads to a slower hydrate-formation speed in coal. For the coal sample, we also observed water extraction from grains, and interpreted it as competitive sorption of methane. We visualized the dynamic behavior of this water extraction via micro-channels inside the coal grains, and performed nano-tomography imaging of these channels for a better understanding of this phenomenon.

The Adsorption Performance of Chicken Excrement Extract as Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in a 1 M HCl Medium

In this study, we test the inhibition behavior of chicken excrement extract for carbon steel in a 1 M hydrochloric acid solution (HCL). The extracts were analyzed by FT-IR. The surface study was performed by analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Corrosion studies were examined by electrochemical tests. We used impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) at 298 K along with other techniques to measure mass loss at different temperatures (298, 308, 318 and 328 K) with different extract concentrations (0.1; 0.2; 0.4; 0.8 g L−1). The electrochemical and mass loss tests obtained efficiency of 92% and 93% for the concentration of 0.8 g L−1 at 298 K, respectively. By increasing the solution temperature for mass loss, the corrosion resistance of the carbon steel decreased and the yield of the steel increased so that yields of 93, 90, 87 and 82% were obtained at 298, 308, 318 and 328 K, respectively. The results of the potentiodynamic polarization showed that steel corrosion occurs under the control of anodic and cathodic reactions. The isothermal adsorption experiments showed that the adsorptiosn of a chicken excrement extract was spontaneous with physisorption according to Langmuir's isothermal model.

Balancing Charge Extraction for Efficient Back‐Contact Perovskite Solar Cells by Using an Embedded Mesoscopic Architecture

AbstractAs the performance of organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells approaches their practical limits, the use of back‐contact architectures, which eliminate parasitic light absorption, provides an effective route toward higher device efficiencies. However, a poor understanding of the underlying device physics has limited further performance improvements. Here a mesoporous charge‐transporting layer is introduced into quasi‐interdigitated back‐contact perovskite devices and the charge extraction behavior with an increased interfacial contact area is studied. The results show that the incorporation of a thin mesoporous titanium dioxide layer significantly shortens the charge‐transfer lifetime and results in more efficient and balanced charge extraction dynamics. A high short‐circuit current density of 21.3 mA cm–2 is achieved using a polycrystalline perovskite layer on a mesoscopic quasi‐interdigitated back‐contact electrode, a record for this type of device architecture.

Experimental Studies on Extraction of Modified Suction Caisson (MSC) in Sand by Reverse Pumping Water

A suction caisson can be extracted by applying reverse pumping water, which cannot be regarded as the reverse process of installation because of the dramatically different soil-structure interaction behavior. Model tests were first carried out in this study to investigate the extraction behavior of the modified suction caisson (MSC) and the regular suction caisson (RSC) in sand by reverse pumping water. The effects of the installation ways (suction-assisted or jacking installation) and the reverse pumping rate on the variations of the over-pressure resulting form reverse pumping water were investigated. It was found that neither the RSC nor the MSC can be fully extracted from sand. When the maximum extraction displacement is obtained, the hydraulic gradient of the sand in the suction caisson reaches the critical value, leading to seepage failure. In addition, the maximum extraction displacement decreases with the increasing reverse pumping rate. Under the same reverse pumping rate, the final extraction displacements for the RSC and MSC installed by suction are lower than those for the RSC and MSC installed by jacking. The final extraction displacement of MSC is almost equal to that of the RSC with the same internal compartment length. Based on the force equilibrium, a method of estimating the maximum extraction displacement is proposed. It has been proved that the proposed method can rationally predict the maximum extraction displacement and the corresponding over-pressure.

Extraction behavior of Pu(IV), Th(IV), and fission product elements with hexapropyl and hexabutyl phosphoramides

Abstract Hexapropyl phosphoramide (HPPA) and hexabutyl phosphoramide (HBPA) were examined for the macrolevel extraction and stripping of tetravalent metal ions such as Pu(IV) and Th(IV). The solvation number of Pu(IV) with both the phosphoramides were measured. The number of stages was evaluated for the quantitative extraction and stripping of Pu(IV) and Th(IV) in cross-current mode with 1.1 M phosphoramides in xylene from the nitric acid medium. The distribution ratios for the extraction of Th(IV) were measured with 1.1 M phosphoramides in xylene as a function of equilibrium aqueous phase Th(IV) and nitric acid concentration. In addition, distribution ratios for the extraction of fission product elements such as Zr, Tc, Ru, lanthanides (La, Pr, Nd and Gd) and activation product Am were also measured with 1.1 M HPPA and HBPA in n-Dodecane (n-DD) system as a function of aqueous phase nitric acid concentration. The extraction data generated with phosphoramides were compared with a 1.1 M TBP/n-DD system.

Anatomical investigation, phytochemical screening and pharmacognostical evaluation of the plant root - Ixora johnsonii Hook.f

A preliminary investigation is provided to encouraging results for comprehensive studies on different aspects of the plant root - Ixora johnsonii Hook.f. Root of this plant was studied to fix the parameters for pharmacognostical standards. The present study are highlights the pharmacognostical evaluation of root which includes macroscopic and microscopic features. Further, preliminary phytochemical analyses, organoleptic character, fluorescence behavior of different extracts and histochemical localization of phytochemicals. As there is no pharmacognostical work on record of this ethno botanically much valued drug, the present work was taken up with a view to lay down standards, which could be useful to detect the authenticity of this pretty plant.

Substituent Effect on the Selective Separation and Complexation of Trivalent Americium and Lanthanides by N,O-Hybrid 2,9-Diamide-1,10-phenanthroline Ligands in Ionic Liquid.

The extraction and complexation of trivalent americium (Am) and lanthanides (Ln) by four 2,9-diamide-1,10-phenanthroline (DAPhen) ligands with different alkyl substituent groups on the diamide moiety in an ionic liquid (IL), C4mimNTf2, were studied through a combination of batch extraction, spectroscopic, and calorimetric approaches. All four DAPhen ligands can achieve selective separation of Am(III) from Eu(III), but the detailed extractability and the extraction kinetics are affected significantly by the length of the alkyl substituent groups. UV-vis absorption spectrophotometric titrations indicate that Ln(III) coordinates with all four ligands in a 1:2 mode in the ionic liquid and the binding strength decreases with the increase of the alkyl chain length. The complexation of the DAPhen ligands with Ln(III) in the ionic liquid is driven by highly positive entropies and opposed by endothermic enthalpies. A luminescence spectroscopy study suggests that each DAPhen ligand coordinates in a tetradentate form with Eu(III). This work further unravels the unique extraction and coordination behavior in an ionic liquid system and offers additional guidelines to design more efficient DAPhen ligands for Ln(III)/An(III) separation.

Machine Learning as Natural Monopoly

Machine learning is transforming the economy, reshaping operations in communications, law enforcement, and medicine, among other sectors. But all is not well: It is now well-established that many machine-learning-based applications harvest vast amounts of personal information and yield results that are systematically biased. In response, policymakers have begun to offer a range of inchoate and often insufficient solutions, overlooking the possibility—suggested intuitively by scholars across disciplines—that these systems are natural monopolies, and thus neglecting the long legal tradition of natural monopoly regulation. Drawing on the computer science, economics, and legal literatures, I find that machine-learning-based applications can be natural monopolies. Several features of machine learning suggest that this is so, including the fixed costs of developing these applications and the computational methods of optimizing these systems. This conclusion yields concrete policy implications: Where natural monopolies exist, public oversight and regulation is typically superior to market discipline through competition. Hence, where machine-learning-based applications are natural monopolies, this regulatory tradition offers one framework for confronting a range of issues—from privacy to accuracy and bias—that attend to such systems. Just as prior natural monopolies—the railways, electric grids, and telephone networks—faced rate and service regulation to protect against extractive, anticompetitive, and undemocratic behaviors, so too might machine-learning-based applications face similar public regulation to limit intrusive data collection and protect against algorithmic redlining, among other harms.

Evaluation of dry-cured ham pastiness through rheological measurements of aqueous extracts obtained in vitro mimicking the mastication process

Pastiness is a dry-cured ham defect that can be determined by sensory and chemical analysis. Since pastiness produces an increase of saliva viscosity, rheology might be useful to instrumentally evaluate this defect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rheological behaviour of water extracts obtained in vitro mimicking the mastication of dry-cured ham samples with different pastiness intensities. Commercial samples from different groups (non-pastiness (NPG), medium pastiness (MPG) and high pastiness (HPG) groups) were sensorially and rheologically analysed. Effect of temperatures and HPP treatments at 7 °C, 20 °C and 35 °C were also evaluated. Results showed that apparent viscosity of the water extracts increased with the increase of pastiness and decreased with temperature. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between NPG/MPG and HPG samples and between 25 °C and 37 °C in HPG. After HPP, sensory pastiness disappeared in samples from MPG at any temperature and decreased from 6.8 to 0.2 in samples from HPG only when HPP35 was used. Although the increase on viscosity of oral fluid is related to the sensory pastiness, other factors seem to be involved in the mechanism of pastiness perception. Despite this, HPG samples can be distinguished from MPG and NPG samples.

Understanding the extraction behaviour of UO22+ and Th4+ using novel picolinamide/N-oxo picolinamide in ionic liquid: A comparative evaluation with molecular diluent

The manuscript deals with efficient separation of hexavalent UO22+ and tetravalent Th4+ from aqueous acidic waste solution in ‘green way’ using ionic liquid with novel picolinamide (L I) and N-oxo picolinamide (L II) based ligands. A comparative evaluation was carried out to understand the extraction mechanism, kinetics, thermodynamics, speciation, radiolytic stability and stripping behaviour of UO22+ and Th4+ in ionic liquid vis-a-vis molecular diluent. The investigation demonstrates the predominance of ‘cation exchange’ mechanism in ionic liquid and ‘solvation' mechanism in n-dodecane based systems. The slower extraction kinetics in ionic liquid was attributed to the ‘viscosity effect’. The extractive mass transfer processes were found to be spontaneous, endothermic and entropically driven in nature. The picolinamide and N-oxo picolinamide ligands were found to form inner-sphere complexes in ionic liquid as well as n-dodecane. In molecular diluent, the species involved for separation of UO22+ were UO2(NO3)2. 2 LI and UO2(NO3)2. L II, respectively, whereas in ionic liquid thet were [UO2(NO3). 2 L]+ and [UO2(NO3). L]+. For Th4+, in molecular diluent, the most plaussible extracted species were Th(NO3)4. 2 L I and Th(NO3)4. L II, while in ionic liquid they were [Th(NO3)2. 2 L]2+ and [Th(NO3)2. L]2+, respectively. Ionic liquid based solvent systems exhibited more radiolytic stability compared to that in molecular diluent. The CO32− was more effective aqueous phase complexing agent to back extract UO22+, while C2O42− exhibited the same for Th4+.

Natural deep eutectic solvent enhanced pulse-ultrasonication assisted extraction as a multi-stability protective and efficient green strategy to extract anthocyanin from blueberry pomace

A deep understanding upon the relation between anthocyanin extraction performance and physicochemical properties of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) was obtained, and a high-efficiency NADES (Choline chloride-Oxalic acid (ChOa)) was selected and coupled with pulse-ultrasonication for anthocyanin extraction from blueberry pomace. Response surface methodology was adopted to analyzed the significant factors’ influence, interactive effects on extraction yield and optimize the extraction conditions. The theoretical optimal conditions with highest yield of total anthocyanins content (TAC) were 3.2 min of ultrasonic time, 325 W of ultrasonic power, 349.15 K of temperature, 60 mL/g of solvent to solid ratio, under which the experimental TAC value (24.27 ± 0.05 mg C3GE/g DW) was highly correlated with theoretical result (24.28 mg C3GE/g DW). Multi-stability protective effect of ChOa on anthocyanin over acidified ethanol was revealed by stability assays in high temperature, varying pH and light exposure conditions. FT-IR and DSC analysis further characterized the influence of ChOa over acidic ethanol on typical anthocyanins functional groups and thermal behavior of anthocyanin extracts. UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS analysis identified 10 anthocyanins that mainly consisted of delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin compounds. Overall, this study provided a green, high-efficiency and multi-stability protective strategy for the recovery of anthocyanins from plant source by-products.

Unexpected Coordination Modes of Bisphosphoramides with Lanthanum(III) and Thorium(IV) Salts: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Stability, and Extraction Studies

AbstractA series of bisphosphoramides of the type R2P(O)NHCH2CH2NHP(O)R2 (L) (where R=n‐butyl, n‐hexyl, n‐octyl, ethoxy, phenyl) is synthesized in two‐steps by Atherton‐Todd reaction of ethylenediamine and H‐phosphonate derived from the reaction of diethylphosphite and the Grignard reagent. These ligands were employed in the preparation of La(III) and Th(IV)complexes of the general type [LaCl3(L)2]n and [Th(NO3)4Th(IV)2]. Notably, La(III) complexes of bisphosphoramides are found as infinite coordination polymers with bridging phosphine oxide ligands in an intermolecular fashion. In contrast, Th(IV) complexes are formed with two chelating bisphosphoramide ligands around the metal center intramolecularly. All these ligands and the corresponding metal complexes are characterized by spectroscopic and analytical data. The single‐crystal X‐ray analyses of lanthanum and thorium complexes each confirm the coordination modes. Further, these ligands were evaluated to check the extraction behavior with Am(III), U(VI), Th(IV), and Pu(IV) as a function of nitric acid concentration.

Liquid-liquid extraction of phosphorus from sulfuric acid solution using benzyl dimethyl amine

This study addresses the liquid-liquid extraction behavior of phosphorus from a sulfuric acid solution using benzyl dimethyl amine (BDMA) in kerosene. The extraction equilibria investigated with varied BDMA concentrations could reveal the formation of $$\overline {3[{\rm MA }] \cdot [{{\rm{H}}_3}{\rm{P}}{{\rm{O}}_4}]} $$ complex in the organic phase. The thermodynamic properties determined at various temperatures indicated that the process was exothermic with a calculated enthalpy (ΔH⊖) of −24.0 kJ·mol−1. The organic-to-aqueous phase (O/A) volume ratio was varied to elucidate the quantitative extraction of phosphorus. The McCabe-Thiele diagram plotted for the extraction isotherm was validated for the requirement of three counter-current stages in the extraction at an O/A volume ratio of 2.0/3.5. The back-extraction of phosphorus from the loaded organic phase was quantitatively achieved by contacting 4.0 mol·L−1 H2SO4 solution in three stages of counter-current contact at an O/A volume ratio of 3/2. This study can be applied to remove phosphorus from the sulfuric acid leach solutions of monazite processing, and many other solutions.

English

The present study investigated novelty-induced behavior, learning and memory enhancing activities of aqueous and ethanol fruit extracts of Solanum incanum Linn. using mice models. The mice were divided into sixteen (16) groups of five (5) mice each and treated with distilled water (10 ml/kg, i.p); 7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg (i.p) of both aqueous and ethanol fruit extracts; scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg, i.p) plus pramiracetam (100 mg/kg, i.p), 7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg, (i.p) of both aqueous and ethanol fruit extracts. On the 8th day of the experiment, the animal&rsquo;s locomotor, rearing, grooming, percentage alternation, transfer latency and escape latency were measured. Intraperitoneal administration of S. incanum fruit extracts showed a significant decrease in locomotion, rearing and grooming when compared with distilled water. S. incanum fruit extracts at the tested doses significantly increased the percentage of spontaneous alternation and attenuated the learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine as indicated in reduction of the transfer latency and escape latency. In conclusion, both aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. incanum fruit significantly improved learning and memory in mice and this could justify the ethnomedicinal use of this plant. Key words: Solanum incanum, novelty-induced behaviour, learning, memory, albino mice

Optical limiting behavior of the natural dye extract from Indigofera Tinctoria leaves

In this work, we extract the natural dye ingredient found in Indigofera Tinctoria leaves, and investigate its nonlinear optical absorption by employing the Z-scan technique. The dye is extracted from Indigo powder which is commercially available for hair coloring applications. The powder, which is made by grinding Indigofera Tinctoria leaves into fine particles, is mixed with water, sonicated, centrifuged and filtered to give an optically clear extract. Linear absorption of the extract is measured in the visible spectral region using a spectrophotometer. Nonlinear absorption in the green spectral region is measured using 5 ns (5 × 10−9 s), 532 nm laser pulses obtained from a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. The Indigofera Tinctoria dye is found to show excellent nonlinear absorption, which arises from strong reverse saturable absorption occurring in the sample at this wavelength. The third order nonlinear absorption coefficient, which is obtained by numerically fitting the Z-scan data to the nonlinear transmission equation, has a high value in the order of 10−10 m/W. This high nonlinear absorption, which is in the same range as that of materials such as graphene oxide, leads to an excellent optical limiting behavior, making Indigofera Tinctoria a potential candidate for fabricating optical limiter devices for eye and sensor protection.

Electrochemical Proton Intercalation in Vanadium Pentoxide Thin Films and its Electrochromic Behavior in the near-IR Region.

This work examines the proton intercalation in vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) thin films and its optical properties in the near‐infrared (near‐IR) region. Samples were prepared via direct current magnetron sputter deposition and cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize the insertion and extraction behavior of protons in V2O5 in a trifluoroacetic acid containing electrolyte. With the same setup chronopotentiometry was done to intercalate a well‐defined number of protons in the HxV2O5 system in the range of x=0 and x=1. These films were characterized with optical reflectometry in the near‐IR region (between 700 and 1700 nm wavelength) and the refractive index n and extinction coefficient k were determined using cauchy’s dispersion model. The results show a clear correlation between proton concentration and n and k.