Extraction Rate Research Articles

Construction of a Hierarchical Core-Shell Z-Scheme Two-Dimensioanl/Two-Dimensional ZnIn2S4@TpBpy Heterostructure for Photocatalytic Reduction of U(VI).

The essential nature of the photocatalytic process is charge transfer. To optimize the spatial separation of photogenerated electron-hole (e--h+) pairs for high-performance catalytic efficiency, in this work, we have successfully prepared hierarchical core-shell two-dimensional (2D)/2D ZnIn2S4@TpBpy (ZIS@TpBpy) with well-matched Z-scheme interfacial charge transfer channels for uranium (U(VI)) photoreduction. The Z-scheme electron transfer configuration was confirmed by internal electric field (IEF) formation analysis, XPS characterization, and DMPO spin-trapping EPR spectroscopy. With large specific surface area and abundant active sites, the ZIS@TpBpy composite achieved a U(VI) extraction rate of 94.08%. In addition, the removal rate constant of ZIS@TpBpy (0.0137 min-1) was 2.05 and 4.28 times higher than those of TpBpy (0.0067 min-1) and ZnIn2S4 (0.0032 min-1), respectively. First, the combination of organic and inorganic components expanded the range of visible light absorption and utilization. Afterward, under visible-light irradiation, more photogenerated e--h+ pairs dissociated and migrated to the ZnIn2S4 surface driven by the IEF and Z-scheme heterostructure. Simultaneously, the synergistic effect between the polarization potential generated by the IEF in the ZIS@TpBpy composite and abundant active sites (N and O atoms) in the TpBpy framework further accelerated the depletion and translocation of photogenerated e--h+ pairs, which significantly improved the efficiency of photocatalytic reduction of U(VI).

Physicochemical, antioxidant, gastrointestinal digestion and probiotic growth promoting properties of water and alkali extracted polysaccharides from Schizophyllum commune.

Schizophyllum commune is a traditional edible and medicinal mushroom that has been successfully artificially cultivated in China. Polysaccharides from S. commune have attracted much attention because of their bioactivity. The present study aimed to investigate the physicochemical, gastrointestinal digestion and probiotic growth promoting properties of water extracted polysaccharides (WSP) and alkali extracted polysaccharides (WSP) from S. commune. The extraction rates and the total sugar contents of WSP and ASP were 11.97% and 14.36% and 57.71 g kg-1 and 52.34 g kg-1, respectively. The main monosaccharides of WSP are glucose and mannose, whereas glucose, mannose and galacturonic acid are the main monosaccharides of ASP. Although the molecular weight of WSP is greater than that of ASP, both WSP and ASP show the typical absorption peaks of polysaccharides and a triple helix structure. WSP shows a coarse granular microstructure, whereas ASP presents a dense porous microstructure. Moreover, WSP shows typical Newtonian fluid behavior, whereas ASP exhibits typical non-Newtonian fluid behavior. WSP presents better thermal stability and antioxidant properties than that of ASP. Both WSP and ASP have good hydrolysis resistance in vitro simulated digestion, but ASP shows better hydrolysis resistance. Both WSP and ASP can promote the growth of probiotic, but the promoting growth effect depends on the strain of the probiotic. In sum, WSP shows better physicochemical properties, but ASP has more potential to be an excellent prebiotic. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Reinforcement learning in women remitted from anorexia nervosa: Preliminary examination with a hybrid reinforcement learning/drift diffusion model.

Altered reinforcement learning (RL) and decision-making have been implicated in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. To determine whether deficits observed in symptomatic anorexia nervosa are also present in remission, we investigated RL in women remitted from anorexia nervosa (rAN). Participants performed a probabilistic associative learning task that involved learning from rewarding or punishing outcomes across consecutive sets of stimuli to examine generalization of learning to new stimuli over extended task exposure. We fit a hybrid RL and drift diffusion model of associative learning to model learning and decision-making processes in 24 rAN and 20 female community controls (cCN). rAN showed better learning from negative outcomes than cCN and this was greater over extended task exposure (p < .001, ηp2 = .30). rAN demonstrated a reduction in accuracy of optimal choices (p = .007, ηp2 = .16) and rate of information extraction on reward trials from set 1 to set 2 (p = .012, ηp2 = .14), and a larger reduction of response threshold separation from set 1 to set 2 than cCN (p = .036, ηp2 = .10). rAN extracted less information from rewarding stimuli and their learning became increasingly sensitive to negative outcomes over learning trials. This suggests rAN shifted attention to learning from negative feedback while slowing down extraction of information from rewarding stimuli. Better learning from negative over positive feedback in rAN might reflect a marker of recovery.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of luteolin from peanut shells using ionic liquid and its molecular mechanism.

This study investigates the potential of ionic liquids (ILs) as sustainable solvents in ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) to efficiently recover luteolin from peanut shells. Among the range of ILs tested, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate stood out as the most effective solvent, achieving the highest extraction yield. Single-factor experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of ultrasonic power, extraction time, extraction temperature, IL concentration, and solid-to-liquid ratio on extraction efficiency. Further optimization of the extraction conditions was performed using response surface methodology and neural network analysis, resulting in a significantly enhanced luteolin yield of 3.71±0.06mg/g. Interaction energy analyses were conducted to elucidate the interactions between ILs and luteolin, confirming the experimental findings and highlighting the strongest interaction energy between 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and luteolin. A kinetic model for luteolin extraction was developed, demonstrating that the extraction process follows a second-order rate model, where the extraction rate is directly proportional to the square of the concentration difference between luteolin and the solvent. The outcomes of this research present an efficient protocol for luteolin extraction and provide novel insights into the application of UAE in extracting natural products.

Extraction of Nickel Oxide from Spent Catalyst for Environmentally Safe Disposal

Molecular sieves are used in various industries, especially petroleum and gas processing plants, as catalysts. These materials are in contact with crude oil products. After several operational years, these materials’ activities were reduced to a nonfeasible level called spent molecular sieve. Tens of tons are disposed of annually from oil and gas companies in Iraq. The paper aims to determine the kinds and amounts of toxic materials carried by the nickel oxide sulfur bed spent catalyst and then submit the suitable treatment methods, such as leaching by water, base solution, and acid solution. Aradioactive test was first done to ensure the material was free from the radioactivity array. The material was tested for nickel oxide concentration after each step of treatment. It was found that the leaching by water reduces the content by 4.5% during 24 h of leaching and 15.5% after 7 days. The leaching by alkaline sodium hydroxide 10% concentration solution reduces the content by 7% during 24 h and 14.3% after 7 days. The 10% hydrochloric acid concentration solution leaching reduces the nickel content by 10.8 during 24 h and 65.7 after 7 days. Leaching by acid solution is more efficient in the extraction of nickel oxide. The treatment method novelty is to be carried out at reasonable temperatures with high metal extraction efficiency. The research results achieved this goal of attaining extraction at an easily achievable temperature of 70°C with a relatively good extraction rate higher than 65%.

Rational Design and Optimization of the Band Gap and p-Type Doping in High-Efficiency CdTe Solar Cells through CuSeCN Treatment.

Broadening the alloyed CdSexTe1-x region in the absorber layer is the key to preparing highly efficient CdTe-based solar cells (SCs). With CdSe prejunction doping, the diffusion distance via the non-in situ Se doping method is restricted, and the doping ions are difficult to completely diffuse through the whole absorber layer. Moreover, the commonly used p-type back contact material CuSCN shows efficient copper doping characteristics, but the S element is not an ideal doping source for the CdTe absorber. Thus, it is demanding to develop new materials with dual activation of copper and Se. In this paper, on the one hand, CuSeCN was used as a Se doping source on the back surface of the absorber to successfully form p-CdSeTe with a band gap of 1.438 eV. On the other hand, as an emerging copper-treated material, CuSeCN is able to enhance the carrier extraction rate and lower the Schottky barrier of the device, which exhibits similar hole activation performance to CuSCN. In addition, CdTe thin-film devices treated with CuSeCN exhibit higher PCEs than those of devices treated with a CuSCN/CdSe double layer. After optimizing the experimental conditions, the short current density of CuSeCN-doped CdTe thin-film solar cells increased from 28.03 to 30.02 mA/cm2, the FF increased from 58.11 to 70.06%, and the power conversion efficiency was 17.48%. These results confirmed that CuSeCN is a promising candidate for both efficient carrier doping and lowering the band gaps of CdTe-based SCs.

Insights into multiscale chemical characterisation for the understanding of berry maturation

Among secondary metabolites, phenolic and volatile compounds are major contributors to wine quality. Their quantities in wines will depend on several factors, their concentrations in grapes but also their extraction rates, along with a number of other factors. Extraction is a complicated process which involves interactions with other compounds; e.g., polysaccharides and proteins. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of merging different analytical methods for identifying different compounds at different scales. Known methods in wine analysis, such as phloroglucinolysis, were complemented with methods usually applied to other food products and rarely or never on grapes or wines, such as solid-state NMR and NMR water mobility by 1H MRI. The feasibility of merging these methods was validated on this first trial. While the results did not allow us to answer questions related to the study, they raised other interesting questions to be addressed in future experiments.

Recognition of ophthalmology consultation and fundus examination among individuals with diabetes in Japan: A cross-sectional study using claims-questionnaire linked data.

This study aimed to assess the relationship between individuals' recognition of ophthalmology consultation recommendations, their knowledge of the recommended frequency of diabetic retinopathy screening, and the likelihood of undergoing fundus examinations. This cross-sectional secondary analysis linked claims and health checkup data to a questionnaire survey. Questionnaires were distributed to randomly sampled National Health Insurance beneficiaries in Tsukuba City, using data from claims and health checkups. Weighting was applied based on sample extraction and response rates. We calculated the proportions of fundus examinations and knowledge of screening frequency according to the recognition of ophthalmology consultation recommendations. The association between visits to medical facilities with diabetes specialists and diabetic retinopathy screening was also examined. Among 290 participants, 47.6% recognized ophthalmology consultation recommendations. Those who recognized these recommendations had better knowledge of the screening frequency (93.4% vs. 49.6%) and were more likely to undergo fundus examinations (72.9% vs. 30.1%; adjusted risk ratio 2.36; 95% CI, 1.65-3.38). Participants who visited medical facilities with diabetes specialists were more likely to recognize recommendations, have knowledge of screening frequency, and undergo fundus examinations. Recognition of ophthalmology consultation recommendations was associated with better knowledge of screening frequency and higher participation in fundus examinations. Increasing awareness through healthcare provider recommendations may improve diabetic retinopathy screening rates, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to promote eye care among individuals with diabetes.

Social ecology of artisanal sand mining in the Niger River around Bamako, Mali.

Sand, shaping both natural waterways and urban infrastructure, has recently seen a major surge in extraction, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions like West Africa. To assess the organization, quantification, and socio-ecological implications of sand mining around Mali's capital Bamako, we employed a mixed methods approach including structured and unstructured interviews, truck counts, turbidity analyses, and river depth measurements. Our study identified five artisanal systems for mining sand and gravel from the Niger River, using tied-up pirogues, single pirogues, carts, tractors, and trucks. Recent increases in extracted quantities, workforce size, and sand prices were observed, resulting in an estimated annual extraction of 4.86 million m3 in 2022, mainly sourced from upstream of Bamako. With extraction rates surpassing natural replenishment, the riverbed in the study communities of Gouni and Usine Toch has reportedly lowered by 1.4 m and 1.8 m during the last 50 years. Mining activities are highly informal, characterized by self-organization, low and irregular salaries, and unsafe working conditions, particularly for women. Economically, sand mining activities have created symbiotic relationships rather than conflicts with local farming, fishing and other livelihoods. Sand mining operations did not significantly affect the Niger River's water turbidity, which varied primarily with seasonal rainfall fluctuations. Recent developments suggest that mining activities are accelerating, with mechanized practices likely to replace current artisanal methods and underlying social structures.

Rapid Electrochemical Uranium Extraction from Real Seawater via the Intermediate of Vacancy-Trapped Isolated Uranyl.

Electrochemical uranium extraction from seawater is a vital project for the sustainable development of the nuclear industry, which requires selective intrinsic binding sites for uranyl. In this work, oxygen vacancies (O vacancies) were developed as an atomically identified confinement for uranyl, and thus, rapid uranium extraction from seawater was achieved. In a short period of 700 s, In2O3 nanosheets with rich O vacancies (Vo-rich In2O3-x nanosheets) exhibited a high extraction efficiency of 88.3% in simulated seawater with 75 μg/L of uranium, with a facile desorption process of adding a reverse potential. In 3 L of real seawater, the Vo-rich In2O3-x exhibited an extraction efficiency of 52.6% when applying 10 cycles of electrochemical extraction-desorption, representing an extraction rate of ∼3.5 mg/g per day considering the operation time between each cycle. The mechanistic study revealed that the oxygen atom in the uranyl tended to insert the oxygen vacancy and form the intermediate of isolated uranyl. Such "quasi single atom" intermediate facilitated both the initial uranium adsorption and the following uranium deposition.

Optimizing ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis and evaluating their antioxidant and antibacterial activities in acidic environments.

In this study, the response surface method was used to optimize the ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis. The optimal extraction conditions were ultrasonic time 50 min, solid-liquid ratio 1: 40, ultrasonic power 265 w, and the predicted extraction rate was 6.861 ± 0.116 %. The FT-IR and NMR confirmed that polysaccharide from S. platensis would protonate to form β-glucoside bond in acidic environment, and the original carbonyl group would be converted to carboxyl group and then esterified to form acyl group donor. In the acidic pH range (7.0, 6.0, 5.0 and 4.0), the antioxidant, nitrite scavenging and bacteriostatic activities of the extracted polysaccharide from S. platensis were measured in vitro. The results showed that polysaccharide of S. platensis had better antioxidant activity in acidic environment and better performance in low pH condition. In addition, it has the best inhibitory effect on Salmonella enteritidis (14.3-17.15 mm) in acidic environment, and the inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus (11.95-12.87 mm) is stronger than that in neutral environment (10.48-12.08 mm). To sum up, the structure of polysaccharide from S. platensis will change in acidic environment, and it has good antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

Performance Evaluation of a Solar Assisted Dual Condenser Heat Pump System for Drying of Pandan Leaves (Pandanus Amaryllifolius)

The solar-assisted heat pump drying (SAHPD) system uniquely incorporates solar-heating refrigerant through hot water from solar evacuated tubes, offering distinct advantages. This study analyzed three experimental setups: a heat pump dryer (HPD) without solar assistance, SAHPD configuration 1 (C1-SAHPD) with solar-heated refrigerant at the discharge line, and SAHPD configuration 2 (C2-SAHPD) with solar-heated refrigerant between condensers, both for performance and economic viability. The experiments maintained consistent parameters, including 5.5 kg of Pandan leaf (Pandanus amaryllifolius), an airflow rate of 0.135 kg/s, and a refrigerant operating pressure of 9.65 bar. The SAHPDs operated when the hot water temperature in the storage tank reached between 70°C and 90°C, with a daily average radiation intensity ranging from 0.670 to 1.102 kW/m² for heating the water. The study revealed average coefficients of performance (COP&lt;sub&gt;avg&lt;/sub&gt;) of 5.34, 5.43, and 6.53 for HPD, C1-SAHPD, and C2-SAHPD, respectively. The specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) for HPD was 2.64, while C1-SAHPD and C2-SAHPD had SMERs of 1.88 and 2.71 at solar fractions of 0.34 and 0.45, respectively. Notably, C2-SAHPD reduced electricity consumption by 46%. The payback period for drying 11 kg of Pandan leaves per day was 4.56 months for HPD, 4.32 months for C1-SAHPD, and 3.84 months for C2-SAHPD. The study concluded that C2-SAHPD was the most efficient dryer system for Pandan leaves based on its higher efficiency, SMER, and cost recovery. Additionally, the performance optimization presented in this study contributed to developing a novel technique for classifying dryer technologies.

Ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction and properties of polysaccharides from Elaeagnus angustifolia

This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction (UAME) technique of Elaeagnus angustifolia polysaccharides (EAP-UM) by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions include: solid-liquid ratio of 1:23 g/mL, ultrasonic power of 252 W, microwave power of 417 W, and extraction time of 11 min. Under these conditions, the yield of polysaccharides reached 7.87%, superior to ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE, 5.74%), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE, 6.86%), and hot water extraction (HWE, 4.91%). UAME could also result in higher carbohydrate, protein, and uronic acid contents compared to other methods. The properties of EAP-UM were further analyzed by infrared spectra (IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, EAP-UM exhibited a remarkable free radical scavenging ability (DPPH, IC50, 79 µg/mL) and reduced power. EAP-UM also showed α-amylase inhibiting activity (IC50, 2.826 mg/mL). UAME has the advantage of high extraction rate and short extraction time, and the obtained polysaccharide EAP-UM had better properties. These findings may serve as a reference for the development and application of E. angustifolia.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction, characterization, and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Eucommia ulmoides

For the valorization of Eucommia ulmoides (EU) for the functional food industry, the process of ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction of EU polysaccharides (EUP) was optimized by response surface methodology. After response surface analysis and experimental verification, the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the molar ratio of choline chloride to oxalic acid was 0.9:1, the water content of DES was 40.28%, the ratio of material to liquid was 1:22 g/mL, the time was 90 min, and the power was 320 W. The extraction rate of EUP was 1.71%, which was higher than the extraction rate of 0.75% by ultrasonic water extraction under the same conditions, and the optimization effect was better. After DEAE column gradient elution and Sephadex G-75 gel column chromatography, the elution curve and a refined polysaccharide (EUP-1) were obtained. The IC50 values of EUP-1 against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were 0.091 and 0.011 mg/mL. The IC50 values of EUP-1 on DPPH and ABTS·+ scavenging were 0.065 and 0.065 mg/mL. The monosaccharide composition of EUP-1 was analyzed as mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid in the following molar ratio: 1.00: 1.28: 1.53: 1.88.

Factors associated with receiving a Functional Disorder diagnostic label: A systematic review.

Functional Disorders (FD) are highly prevalent conditions that are diagnosed based on the presence of specific patterns of somatic symptoms. Examples of FDs include Fibromyalgia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Many patients who meet the criteria do not receive a formal diagnostic label. This systematic review aims to assess factors associated with receiving an FD diagnostic label. A systematic search of PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. All research methodologies and languages were included with a focus on experiences and impacts of receiving/having an FD diagnostic label. Excluded studies were those not mentioning diagnostic labels, only involving single pain symptoms, and studies solely focusing on functional neurological symptoms. Screening, data extraction and quality ratings (using the QuADS instrument) were performed by two independent reviewers. 15 Studies were identified (10 quantitative and 5 qualitative). Our results show that female patients were more likely to receive an FD diagnostic label for their symptoms; other associations were less consistent and only found for specific labels or research designs. In general, quality of life and healthcare use did not seem to differ between patients with and without an FD diagnostic label. From the healthcare professional's perspective there was doubt about giving an FD diagnostic label, mainly due to concerns of harm for patients. Quality of included studies was rated low to moderate. Better understanding of factors associated with receiving or having an FD diagnostic label, independently from symptom development can help healthcare professionals make evidence-based decisions in labelling or not; however, high quality studies on this topic are urgently needed.

Strengthened Effect of Surface-Active Ionic Liquids on Curcumin Solubility and Extraction Performance of Curcuminoids

As a kind of bioactive component in the rhizome of natural plant Curcuma longa L. (turmeric), curcumin is almost insoluble in water at neutral and acidic pH, which limits its further utilization and development. At the same time, traditional extraction and separation processes typically require the use of a large number of organic solvents. Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic molten salts with melting points below 100 °C. When an ionic liquid exists in a liquid state at or near room temperature, it is referred to as a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). They have a temperature range, good physical and chemical stability, and good structural designability. They have a strong solubilization enhancement effect for many organic compounds. This study first explored the molecular forms of curcumin in ionic liquid aqueous solutions and the intermolecular interactions between curcumin and ionic liquids using spectral analysis and computational chemistry methods; furthermore, using an ionic liquid aqueous solution as an extraction agent, curcumin-like substances (curcuminoids) were extracted from turmeric powders under ultrasound assisted conditions, revealing the relationship between the structure of the ionic liquid and the extraction efficiency. After that, a kinetic study was conducted for the extraction of curcuminoids from turmeric powders, using second-order kinetics fitting to obtain the rate constant and initial extraction rate during the extraction process. Finally, the comparison with a ComplexGAPI tool and antioxidant experiment was performed on the extraction by using ionic liquids and traditional solvent. The full results can provide reference for the design of IL extractants and their application for natural products.

Synergistic Removal of Rare Earth Elements from Radioactive Molten Salt via Electrodeposition and Adsorption.

Recycling waste salt in the dry reprocessing of nuclear fuel and reducing electric energy consumption in the electrorefining process are crucial steps toward addressing significant challenges in this field. The present study proposes a novel approach to purify waste salt by selectively adsorbing excessive fission products using 5A molecular sieves (5A), based on the principles of electrorefining, with the ultimate aim of achieving sustainable development in nuclear fuel. First, Lutetium (Lu)-Bi alloy was synthesized through constant potential electrolysis in the LiCl-KCl-LuCl3 melt, resulting in a 90.59% extraction rate of Lu(III) on the Bi electrode. Subsequently, following the electrolysis process, the waste salt underwent high-temperature adsorption with a 5A for purification. The results of the experiment indicate that the utilization of 5A for adsorption can lead to a remarkable removal efficiency of Lu, reaching an impressive rate of 99.70%. Consequently, when combined with electrolytic reduction, the overall extraction rate of Lu is significantly enhanced to a remarkable 99.98%. Finally, experiments on the coexistence of rare earth elements were conducted, revealing a significant removal rate for Y, Ho, Tm, Yb, and Lu. This study presents innovative solutions for effectively utilizing waste salt in the nuclear fuel cycle.

Fractal Evolution Characteristics of Pore Structure in Coal-Acidified Stimulation

The pore structure and connectivity of coal are the primary factors influencing the permeability of coal reservoirs. However, clay and carbonate minerals are commonly found filling the pores and fractures within coal. To address the impact of these minerals on fracturing effectiveness, acidic fracturing technology has been introduced. This technique has proven to be an effective measure for enhancing the extraction rate of low-permeability coal seams with high mineral content. In this study, coal samples were treated with a 3% HCl solution, and the changes in the pore structure of the coal before and after acidification were analyzed through low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and X-ray diffraction (XRD) testing. The results were as follows: After acidification, the specific surface area, total pore volume, pore volume in different stages, and average pore size of the coal samples all significantly increased. Specifically, the BET specific surface area grew by an average of 4.8 times and the total pore volume expanded by an average of 7.7 times, with the pore volumes in the pore size ranges of &lt;10 nm and 10–60 nm increasing by an average of 10.1 times and 7.7 times. The smoothness of the pore surface and connectivity of the pore structure in the coal samples improved, as indicated by decreased fractal dimensions D1 (reflecting pore surface roughness) and D2 (representing pore size distribution uniformity). The acidification mechanism was mainly attributed to the dissolution of carbonate minerals in the coal, which led to the removal of obstructive minerals such as ankerite and calcite that had accumulated in the coal pores. This resulted in the formation of new micropores and microfractures, achieving pore volume enhancement and pore expansion.

Analysis of the sensitization activity of Moringa oleifera leaves protein.

The determination of allergenic proteins in Moringa oleifera leaves, which is the main components of immune activity, has enabled the development of a more effective method for evaluating the activity of extracted Moringa oleifera leaves protein. In this study, the extraction process of Moringa oleifera leaves protein was optimized based on a single factor experiment. The hemagglutination-related properties of Moringa oleifera leaves protein, such as (thermal, acid-base) stability, sugar binding specificity, ion binding characteristics, and hemolytic activity, were detected. The optimal combination of extraction process was: extraction time of 6 h, material-liquid ratio of 1:8, and ammonium sulfate saturation of 60%. The extraction rate of moringa leaf protein under this condition was 14.37 mg/g. The molecular weight of moringa leaf protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and the molecular weight was mainly concentrated around 23 kDa~70 kDa, with the highest content of 35 kDa (major allergen). The study of the hemagglutination characteristics of Moringa oleifera leaves protein revealed that the protein exhibited high stability at temperatures below 60°C, with complete loss of activity occurring at temperatures above 110°C for 20 min. The effect of different pH conditions on the hemagglutination capacity of Moringa oleifera leaves protein was readily discernible. The hemagglutination activity of Moringa oleifera leaves protein was 104 in a pH value from 3.7 to 7.8, and the hemagglutination activity was completely lost at a pH value higher than 11.9. D(+) anhydrous glucose is the specific inhibitory sugar of Moringa oleifera leaves protein lectin. Moringa oleifera leaves protein exhibits hemolytic activity at a concentration of at least 20 mg/mL, and α-methyl-mannoside, galactoside, raffinose and Al3+ can inhibit the hemolysis of Moringa oleifera leaves protein. The present study identified the effects of different factors on the coagulation activity and hemolytic ability of Moringa oleifera leaves protein, thereby providing a theoretical basis for further purification and application of Moringa oleifera lectin. However, it should be noted that the results of the mixture have certain limitations, and further purification of lectin is needed to obtain more targeted research results.

Effect of ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction on proso millet bran protein: extraction rate, structural and functional properties.

Proso millet bran protein (PMBP), derived from agricultural by-products, possesses high nutritional value, despite its challenging extraction process. The present study proposes an extraction method for PMBP using ultrasound-assisted cellulase technology (UAE), and optimizes the process parameters. Non-waxy (N-PMBP) and waxy (W-PMBP) PMBPs, extracted through alkaline solubilization and acid precipitation (conventional treatment, CT), served as control groups to assess the impact of UAE on the structure and functionality of PMBP, as well as the distinctions between N-PMBPs and W-PMBPs. At an ultrasonic power of 420 W, cellulase concentration of 80 U g-1, enzymolysis pH of 5.0, enzymolysis temperature of 55 °C and enzymolysis time of 3 h, the maximum PMBP extraction rate was achieved at 76.80%. Compared to CT, UAE extraction resulted in enhancements in α-helix and random content, particle size, surface hydrophobicity (H0) and ξ-potential value, leading to improved functionality of the PMBPs. Additionally, significant functional and structural disparities were observed between N-PMBPs and W-PMBPs. Although no significant difference in molecular weight was detected, each exhibited three major bands. W-PMBPs exhibited significantly higher beta-sheet content compared to N-PMBPs, whereas the reverse trend was observed for α-helix content. W-PMBPs displayed strong solubility and water/oil holding capacity compared to N-PMBPs, albeit with lower emulsifying properties and H0. UAE could enhance PMBP extraction, inducing structural and functional changes in PMBPs compared to CT. Significant differences in functionality and structure were observed between N-PMBPs and W-PMBPs, providing fundamental data and a theoretical basis for PMBP development and utilization. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.