Skin Extracts Research Articles

Potential Bioabsorbent Extract of Skin and Leaves Ananas Comosus on reduction of Copper, Mercury, and Lead in Anadara granosa

Kenjeran sea waters were polluted by several types of heavy metals such as copper (0.015mg/L), lead (0, 0036 mg/L), and mercury (0.001mg/L). Consuming Anadara granosa containing heavy metals exceeding the standard is very dangerous. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pineapple leaf and peel extract on reducing levels of copper, lead, and mercury in Anadara granosa in Kenjeran. Methods: Treatment without giving pineapple leaf and peel extract (Control) and treatment with pineapple leaf and peel extract using 0% and 3% concentrations. The results of heavy metal levels were in the form of numbers indicating the content of heavy metal levels in Anadara granosa determined in mg/kg using AAS. Results: The average copper concentration of 0% was 5.037mg/kg, and the 3% concentration was 2.563mg/kg, the average lead concentration at 0% concentration was 2.4333mg/kg and the concentration of 3% is 1.4433mg/kg, the average mercury concentration of 0% is 0.963mg/kg, and the concentration of 3% is 0.323mg/kg (4) Conclusion: there is an effect of pineapple peel and leaf extract on the decrease in copper levels by 50.88%, lead levels by 59%, and 33.54% decrease in mercury levels.

Physical Stability and Antioxidant Ability of a Sustainable Oil-in-Water Emulsion Containing Perilla Skin Extract and Upcycled Aquasoya Powder.

In response to environmental issues, upcycling has become a growing trend in the food industry. Aquasoya is a promising method to upcycle by-product from soybean processing due to its high protein contents and excellent emulsifying ability. In the present research, Aquasoya powder was used an emulsifier to incorporate the antioxidant compounds from perilla skin extract (PSE), namely rosmarinic acid, into oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion system and its physochemical stability was assessed. As a result, droplet size of the emulsion was smaller in PSE-incorporated emulsion (PO, 350.57 ± 9.60 b nm) than the emulsion without PSE (PX, 1045.37 ± 142.63 a nm). Centrifugal photosedimentometry analysis also revealed that the physical stability was significantly improved in PO, and the stability was maintained over 30 d of storage. Furthermore, as PO had a higher ABTS radical scavenging ability and showed slower initial lipid oxidation, it was concluded that PO has a higher antioxidant ability than PX. Conclusively, Aquasoya can be considered as an emulsifier in O/W emulsion with PSE because it can effectively integrate and stabilize the antioxidant substance derived from perilla skin.

ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS FROM THE HAZELNUT SKIN: OPTIMIZATION AND COMPARISION WITH CONVENTIONAL METHOD

This study focused on extracting antioxidants from hazelnut skin, an industrial food waste, using two different methods: conventional extraction (CE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been utilized using the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) results as responses in optimizing both method conditions. The independent variables and their levels for the optimal experimental design were adjusted as follows: temperature (50-90°C), time (2-62 min), and loading capacity (5-15%) for CE; and temperature (25-50°C), time (1-30 min), loading capacity (5-15%), and ultrasonic amplitude (20-50%) for UAE. The optimum conditions were determined to be 90°C for 35 min with a 5% loading capacity for CE, and 50°C for 27 min with a 5% loading capacity and 50% amplitude for UAE. The TPC of the extracts were found to be 142.62 mg GAE/g and 129.69 mg GAE/g, while the AC values were 127.02 μmol TE/g and 116.00 μmol TE/g for CE and UAE methods, respectively. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that hazelnut skin extracts obtained by optimizing CE and UAE methods can serve as natural antioxidant alternatives in food products and may hold significant potential for further applications.

Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Capacity of Grape Seed and Grape Skin Phenolic Compounds After Simulated In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion

Grapes present recognized beneficial effects on human health due to their polyphenolic composition. The grape overproduction together with the wine sales down and the world socioeconomic situation makes the wine grape valorization a promising strategy to give an added-value to this natural product. The objective of the present work was to study the influence of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic profile of skin and seed extracts of different grape varieties (Tempranillo, Graciano, Maturana tinta and Hondarrabi zuri). After in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, total phenolic content (TPC) of seed polyphenolic extracts decreased significantly for all the varieties. The highest decrease was for Tempranillo going from 108 ± 9 to 50 ± 3 mg / g dry matter (dm). This variety also showed the highest decrease of 90% in antioxidant capacity. However, for all the skin polyphenolic extracts there was an increase in TPC. The highest variation was also for Tempranillo. It varied from 10.1 ± 0.8 to 55.1 ± 0.9 mg / g dm. Among red varieties Tempranillo skin polyphenolic extract showed the lowest undigested anthocyanin content but the highest bioaccessibility index (BI) of 77%. For flavanols, flavonols and procyanidins the seed polyphenolic extracts showed a BI at the intestinal phase between 11% for (+)-epicatechin gallate to 130% procyanidin A2. The results of this study suggest that grape skin extracts and grape seed extracts are a reliable source of bioaccessible antioxidant polyphenols, to be used for the development of antioxidant supplements with specific functionalities depending on the grape variety.

Effect of edible coating containing Aloe vera extracts on the oxidative stability and quality parameters of cooked ground chicken meat

This study investigated the impact of incorporating Aloe vera gel (AVG) and Aloe vera leaf skin (AVLS) extracts into edible coating (EC) on retarding lipid oxidation and enhancing the quality characteristics of cooked ground chicken meat during 14 days of storage at 4 °C. The results indicated that both AVG and AVLS extracts had a similar amount of total phenolic contents. EC application resulted in a decrease in pH values, and an increase in aw values. The addition of 2% AVG or AVLS extracts into EC formulation also decreased TBARS and ORP values. Although textural properties were not affected by EC application containing AVG or AVLS extracts, this application retarded L*, a*, and b* color values. The results indicated that Aloe vera extracts may be incorporated into EC by processors to improve lipid oxidation inhibition and maintain the quality characteristics of poultry meat products during refrigerated storage.

Natural cellulosic biofunctional textiles from onion (Allium cepa L.) skin extracts: A sustainable strategy for skin protection

Cellulosic fabrics made of cotton, linen, bamboo, hemp, and nettle, were selected for the eco-sustainable production of colored biofunctional textiles, using natural dyes from onion skin of the Dorata di Parma (Allium cepa L.) variety. Dyeing experiments were performed in net water with and without pre-treatment with alum, tin chloride, and tannic acid as mordants. The color and the UV-protection factor (UPF) were evaluated through UV–visible spectroscopy. The treatment with onion skin extract induced a relevant increase of UPF in all investigated fabrics, promoting the protection category from insufficient (UPF<15) to good for linen (UPF = 21–26), up to very good and excellent for cotton (UPF = 35–66) and bamboo (UPF = 48–56), respectively. To mimic the direct contact with the skin, textile samples were immersed in artificial sweat where dyed cotton, hemp, and nettle were found to promote higher phenolic release (0.28–0.50 mg gallic acid equivalents/g textile) than linen and bamboo (0.12–0.22 mg gallic acid equivalents/g textile). The obtained “biofunctional sweat” did not impact on the survival of primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and skin keratinocytes (NCTC2455), while protected these cells against heat shock and reduced reactive oxygen species levels upon exposure to pro-oxidant and inflammatory agents as H2O2 and lipopolysaccharide, respectively. Increased activity levels of the H2O2-scavenging enzyme Catalase (CAT) were also observed, thus demonstrating enhanced stress response and homeostatic capability of these cells. This study provides evidence that extracts from onion waste can be used to functionalize cellulosic fabrics conferring properties as natural shield against UV radiation, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory materials thus holding potential in skin protection and prevention of dermatological diseases.

Nanoemulsion Mouthwash Formulation of Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Skin Extract Against Candida albicans

Candida albicans can cause two infections in humans: superficial and systemic. The ability of C. albicans to infect the host is influenced by virulence factors and character changes so that it can fool the immune system. From the character change factor, C. albicans can form a biofilm. This study aims to determine the good concentration in inhibiting and determine the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of nanoemulsion mouthwash formulation of bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) skin extract against C. albicans. This research was conducted with an experimental method. The formulation used a spontaneous magnetic stirrer technique to make nanoemulsion preparations. Antifungal and antibiofilm tests were carried out by dilution method using a 96-well plate and a microplate reader with a wavelength of 620 nm to determine the percentage inhibition against C. albicans and determine MIC50 and MBIC50. The results showed that the nanoemulsion mouthwash formulation of S. littoralis inhibited the planktonic and biofilm of C. albicans. The concentration of 1% is expressed as MIC50 and MBIC50. Therefore, the nanoemulsion formulation of S. littoralis extract could inhibit the growth of C. albicans in the oral cavity.

Identification of olfactory alarm substances in zebrafish

Escaping from danger is one of the most fundamental survival behaviors for animals. Most freshwater fishes display olfactory alarm reactions in which an injured fish releases putative alarm substances from the skin to notify its shoaling company about the presence of danger. Here, we identified two small compounds in zebrafish skin extract, designated as ostariopterin and daniol sulfate. Ostariopterin is a pterin derivative commonly produced in many freshwater fishes belonging to the Ostariophysi superorder. Daniol sulfate is a novel sulfated bile alcohol specifically present in the Danio species, including zebrafish. Ostariopterin and daniol sulfate activate distinct glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Zebrafish display robust alarm reactions, composed of darting, freezing, and bottom dwelling, only when they are concomitantly stimulated with ostariopterin and daniol sulfate. These results demonstrate that the fish alarm reaction is driven through a coincidence detection mechanism of the two compounds along the olfactory neural circuitry.

Anthocyanins and nucleation seeds are key factors affecting quercetin precipitation in red wines.

Climate changes have been leading to an excessive synthesis of quercetin (Q) and its glycosides (Q-Gs) in specific red grape varieties, such as Sangiovese. This has resulted in concentrations overcoming the solubility threshold of Q in wines, with the consequent formation of undesirable precipitates. This study aims at assessing the impact of various factors, including anthocyanins, temperature, nucleation seeds and time, on the precipitation of Q in red wine. The influence of anthocyanins on Q solubility was examined by adding a grape skin extract rich in anthocyanins to a model solution containing 89 μmol L-1 of Q. The data revealed that the solubility of both Q and Q-Gs increased as a function of the anthocyanin concentration in the model solution. In a subsequent experiment, red wines were stored at two different temperatures (2 and 20 °C), supplemented with Q nucleation seeds, and monitored over a 10-day period. Notably, after only 3 days of contact with Q seeds at 2 °C, a reduction of over 75% in Q concentration was observed in the supernatant. Among the considered factors, contact with nucleation seeds emerged as the most significant one (P < 0.0001). Q precipitation in red wines is influenced by the presence of anthocyanins in solution, although it is not the sole determinant. The data also suggested that a potential strategy for wineries to mitigate the risk of Q precipitation in bottled wine would be the acceleration of this process by promoting the formation of nucleation seeds. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Muscadine grape skin extract in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: A phase III, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

329 Background: Many patients prefer to delay endocrine therapy for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (BRCPC) due to associated adverse effects, underscoring the importance of safer and effective alternatives. Muscadine grape skin extract (MPX) inhibits cancer cell growth, promotes apoptosis, and reduces cell migration without impacting normal cells in preclinical studies. Superoxide dismutase2 (SOD2), exhibits a distinctive single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs4880), resulting in either an alanine (Ala) or valine (Val) allele. Results from our prior Phase II trial indicated a significant increase in PSA doubling time (PSADT) post-MPX treatment in patients with SOD2 Ala/Ala genotype, suggesting a therapeutic response specific to this subgroup. Methods: Encouraged by these results, we conducted a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase III trial to assess the efficacy of MPX treatment in men with BCRPC who have the SOD2 Ala/Ala genotype and wish to defer androgen deprivation therapy. Participants were allocated 1:1 to a daily regimen of 4000 mg MPX or a placebo, with stratification based on pretreatment PSADT and grade groups. The primary endpoint was on-study PSA slope compared between treatment arms and adjusted for baseline PSA slope. Secondary endpoints included PSADT, PSA objective response, and time to PSA progression. Concurrently, we analyzed fecal samples to examine the impact of MPX treatment on gastrointestinal microbiota composition. Results: A total of 59 patients were randomized, with 29 assigned to receive MPX and 30 to receive a placebo. The on-study PSA slopes, analyzed from PSA values recorded at baseline, 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks, demonstrated no significant difference between the placebo and MPX arms (p=0.49). There were no significant changes in paired on-study and pre-study slopes in either treatment or placebo arms. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in PSADT between the placebo and MPX arms (p=0.69), and no objective PSA response, defined as a decrease of over 50%, were observed in either arm. The median PSA PFS was 13.77 months in the placebo arm, while not reached in the MPX arm. Due to an insufficient response evidenced in the interim analysis, accrual to the trial was suspended by the DSMB for futility. Importantly, there were no drug-related CTCAE grade 3–4 adverse events. Conclusions: We have determined that MPX treatment had no significant effect on PSA slope in men with BCRPC exhibiting the SOD2 Ala/Ala genotype. Furthermore, qPCR analyses of DNA extracts from fecal samples revealed no substantial alterations in microbiome composition following 12 weeks of MPX treatment, when comparing pre- and post-treatment specimens. Consequently, we do not recommend grape skin extract supplementation as a strategy to delay the initiation of ADT in patients with BCRPC. Clinical trial information: NCT03535675 .

PERBANDINGAN TOTAL SENYAWA FLAVONOID EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT DAN BIJI BUAH OKRA HIJAU (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Green okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. Green okra fruit contains many secondary metabolites, one of which is flavonoids, which have potential as antioxidants to stabilize free radicals. This study aims to determine and compare the total flavonoid content of seeds and skin, so that it can be ascertained which part of the fruit has the highest total flavonoid content. The okra fruit extraction process was carried out by maceration with 70% ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography tests were performed on green okra seeds and skin extracts. The total flavonoid content was determined using the colorimetric-aluminum chloride method with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of green okra fruit peels contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids, while the ethanol extract of green okra fruit seeds contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of the thin layer chromatography test showed that the ethanol extract of green okra fruit skin and seeds contained a flavonoid compound as quercetin. The results of the total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of green okra fruit skin : okra fruit seeds were 6.4589 mg QE/g extract ± 0.86 : 27.7583 mg QE/g extract ± 0.36. Based on statistical results with an Independent T test using SPSS, the significance value (2-tailed) of both samples was &lt; 0.05, which means that there is a real difference between the total flavonoid compounds of skin ethanol extract and ethanol extract of green okra fruit seeds.

Automatic Extraction of Skin and Soft Tissue Infection Status from Clinical Notes.

The reliable identification of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) from electronic health records is important for a number of applications, including quality improvement, clinical guideline construction, and epidemiological analysis. However, in the United States, types of SSTIs (e.g. is the infection purulent or non-purulent?) are not captured reliably in structured clinical data. With this work, we trained and evaluated a rule-based clinical natural language processing system using 6,576 manually annotated clinical notes derived from the United States Veterans Health Administration (VA) with the goal of automatically extracting and classifying SSTI subtypes from clinical notes. The trained system achieved mention- and document-level performance metrics of the range 0.39 to 0.80 for mention level classification and 0.49 to 0.98 for document level classification.

Pengaruh Jenis Mordan Dan Lama Waktu Pencelupan Terhadap Kualitas Warna Kain Batik Dengan Pewarnaan Alam Kulit Bawang Merah Menggunakan Proses Post-Mordanting

Red onion skin is one of the wastes that can be used as a natural dye because it contains anthocyanins which are one of the natural color pigments. The availability of red onion skin waste is very abundant, especially from household waste and industrial waste which has not been optimally utilized. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fixation type with different dyeing times on the color quality of batik fabric. This research method is an experiment by varying the fabric treatment in the pre-mordanting process, time variations of 30 and 60 minutes, and fixation variations, namely alum, arbor, and quicklime. The results of the study obtained that red onion skin extract is very good as a natural dye for dyeing batik fabric, the value of the color fastness test at 40 ℃ soap washing and cloth rubbing (wet) shows good quality with an average value of 4 and 4 - 5. The value of the L *, a *, b * color difference test and the results of visual observations on the pantone color produce an orange-red color that contains dominant color elements towards reddish and yellowish.

Inhibition of Autophagy Aggravates Arachis hypogaea L. Skin Extracts-Induced Apoptosis in Cancer Cells.

The skin of Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut or groundnut) is a rich source of polyphenols, which have been shown to exhibit a wider spectrum of noteworthy biological activities, including anticancer effects. However, the anticancer activity of peanut skin extracts against melanoma and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells remains elusive. In this study, we systematically investigated the cytotoxic, antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-migration effects of peanut skin ethanolic extract and its fractions on melanoma and CRC cells. Cell viability results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction (AHE) of peanut skin ethanolic crude extract and one of the methanolic fractions (AHE-2) from ethyl acetate extraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against melanoma and CRC cells but not in nonmalignant human skin fibroblasts. AHE and AHE-2 effectively modulated the cell cycle-related proteins, including the suppression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma (p-Rb), E2F1, Cyclin A, and activation of tumor suppressor p53, which was associated with cell cycle arrest and paralleled their antiproliferative efficacies. AHE and AHE-2 could also induce caspase-dependent apoptosis and inhibit migration activities in melanoma and CRC cells. Moreover, it is noteworthy that autophagy, manifested by microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B) conversion and the aggregation of GFP-LC3, was detected after AHE and AHE-2 treatment and provided protective responses in cancer cells. Significantly, inhibition of autophagy enhanced AHE- and AHE-2-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Together, these findings not only elucidate the anticancer potential of peanut skin extracts against melanoma and CRC cells but also provide a new insight into autophagy implicated in peanut skin extracts-induced cancer cell death.

Six bufadienolides derivatives are the main active substance against human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells of Huachansu injection

BackgroundHuachansu injection (HCS) is an aqueous extract preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) toad skin (Bufo melanosticus or B. bufo gargarizans). As a national second-class and self-developed TCM preparation, it is widely used to treat human colorectal cancer (CRC), yet its substantial toxic side effects, such as vascular irritation reaction, drug fever, and allergic reactions, pose a considerable challenge during clinical use. In-depth research on the material basis of HCS' traditional efficacy is essential for developing more effective and less toxic medicine. Identifying the main components responsible for the efficacy of HCS is crucial in determining its material basis and explaining any adverse reactions. PurposeThe purpose of this study is to clarify the main active components of HCS as a growth inhibitory agent against CRC HCT116 cells and to further understand the material basis of its anti-CRC properties. MethodsSulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was used to screen the compound with strong inhibitory activity against HCT116 cells from 44 compounds isolated from aqueous extracts of toad skin (B. melanosticus). The screened compounds as standard and MeOH extracts from HCS were determined by HPLC coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The partial MeOH extract was subjected to HPLC system using solvents in a gradient of increasing polarity, yielding 12 fractions in total (HCS1 to HCS12). Besides, the screened active compounds were knocked out from HCS to obtain a fraction as a negative control, and the knocked-out components were collected as one fraction using semi-preparative HPLC. Those fractions were submitted to HPLC-MS/MS or HPLC-DAD system to determine the presence or absence of the screened compounds. In addition, cytotoxicity of those prepared fractions against CRC HCT116 cells was evaluated to determine the effect of the screened compounds in the anti-CRC of HCS. ResultsSix compounds, namely arenobufagin, telocinobufagin, gamabufalin, hellebrigenin, 19-hydroxylbufagin and argentinogenin, were screened for their inhibitory activity (with an IC50 value of less than 400 nM), and were present in HCS at a total-mass-percentage of 1.35×10−3 % in HCS MeOH extract. In addition, those 6 compounds were mainly distributed in HCS8, which also showed the strongest inhibitory activity against HCT116 cells. And the results of multicomponent knockout assay indicated the negative control lost its anti-CRC activity significantly, while the activity can be restored after those 6 compounds were added to the negative control. ConclusionsThose six bufadienolides derivatives are responsible for the anti-CRC HCT116 cells activity of HCS, and are the main components of HCS on anti-CRC. Through this research, we can more clearly understand the main anti-CRC active components in HCS, and the work also lays the foundation for the development of more effective and less toxic medicine from HCS.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Balinese Grape Extract (Vitis vinifera L.) on Hepar Histology and Reducing Blood Sugar Levels

This study aimed to determine the hepatoprotective activity of grape skin extract (Vitis vinifera L.) (BGE) on hepatic histology and blood sugar level reduction. This study was conducted in four stages: extraction of grape skin using 96% ethanol, phytochemical screening, antihyperglycemic activity test and hepatoprotective activity test. The experimental animals were divided into five groups consisting of negative control (Na CMC 0.5%), positive control (Curcuma), TI (100 mg BGE/kg BW), TII (300 mg BGE/kg BW), TIII (500 mg BGE/kg BW). Phytochemical screening showed that BGE positively contains terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and carotenoids. The results of antioxidant analysis on BGE showed an IC50 value of 80.77 ppm, which included intense antioxidant activity. BGE and negative control can provide hepatoprotector effects on hepatic cells from hepatocyte cell damage due to paracetamol and can reduce blood sugar levels.

Toxicity Evaluation of Anti-cholinesterasic Amphibian Extracts by MTT and an Optimized Artemia salina Test.

The amphibian skin is an important source of bioactive compounds. Recently, our workgroup reported the bioactivity of new extracts from the Hylidae, Microhylidae and Leptodactylidae families against several pathways involved in Alzheimer's disease. However, since cytotoxicity can be a limiting factor for their applicability, we evaluated the toxicity of nine amphibian skin extracts with reported anticholinesterase activity, using the traditional MTT assay and an optimized Artemia salina test. The proposed improvement, guided by experimental design, aims to reduce the amount of biological sample needed. Overall, we proved that the active extracts were non-toxic at effective concentration against cholinesterases (AChE/BChE), positioning the amphibian skin as a promising and preliminary safe source of bioactive compounds in the anti-Alzheimer's treatment. Interestingly, we demonstrated that both toxicity assays can discriminate between toxic and non-toxic samples. We propose the A. salina bioassay as a reliable and cost-effective alternative for early toxicity screening.

Investigation of immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effects of shed snake skin (Elaphe sauromates) extract.

Shed snake skin (SSS) is commonly used empirically in ethnomedicine to treat psoriasis, acne, warts, eczema, scabies, open wounds, hemorrhoids, and glaucoma. Although a few studies exist, SSS extracts' in vitro immunological effects have yet to be well described. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of SSS extract on murine lymphocytes and T cells. Hexane, methanol, and chloroform extractions were conducted in collected SSS samples. Protein concentrations in the SSS extract were measured. The cytotoxic and anticancer activities were measured using L929 Fibroblast and SK MEL 30 Cell Lines via MTT assay as described in TS EN ISO 10993-5. Immunomodulatory activities of SSS extract on total lymphocytes or enriched CD4+ T cell cultures, their cell-specific pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β. IL-12p40, IL-23p19, TNF-α, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-10, TGFβ1) levels were measured via FACS ARIA III analysis and related gene expression with Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (Rt-qPCR). Hexane, methanol, and chloroform-extracted SSS were tested on SK-MEL-30 cells via MTT and revealed a superior anti-proliferative effect for hexane extract of SSS at low concentrations. SSS treatment of murine lymphocytes augmented Tnf-α and IFN-γ levels produced by CD3+ T cells when lymphocytes were activated with anti-CD3/CD28 or LPS stimulation. This effect required the presence of non-T cells, possibly antigen-presenting cells, and was not observed on purified CD4+ T cells. Additionally, SSS significantly blocked suppressive cytokine Tgfb gene expression (but not Il10) without altering in vitro Treg generation/or expansion. This is the first in vitro study investigating SSS's anti-tumor and immunomodulatory effects. Our data provide evidence for SSS's anti-proliferative activity on SK-MEL-30 cells and its pro-inflammatory role on murine lymphocytes, which warrants further investigation of the potential use of SSS extract with in vivo disease models.

Bioactive compounds of peanut skin in prevention and adjunctive treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases.

The global prevalence of cancer continues to increase, so does its mortality. Strategies that can prevent/treat this condition are therefore required, especially low-cost and low-toxicity strategies. Bioactive compounds of plant origin have been presented as a good alternative. In this scenario, due to its abundant polyphenolic content (around 60 to 120 times greater than that of the grain), peanut skin by-products stand out as a sustainable source of food bioactives beneficial to human health. Investigated studies highlighted the importance of peanut skin for human health, its phytochemical composition, bioactivity and the potential for prevention and/or adjuvant therapy in cancer, through the advanced search for articles in the Virtual Health Library (VHL), Science direct and the Mourisco platform of the FioCruz Institute, from 2012 to 2022. Using the keywords, "peanut skin" AND "cancer" AND NOT "allergy", the words "peanut testa" and "peanut peel" were included replacing "peanut skin". 18 articles were selected from Plataforma Mourisco, 26 from Science Direct and 26 from VHL. Of these, 7 articles evaluated aspects of cancer prevention and/or treatment. Promising benefits were found in the prevention/treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases in the use of peanut and peanut skin extracts, such as cholesterolemia and glucose control, attenuation of oxidative stress and suppressive action on the proliferation and metabolism of cancer cells.

ANALISIS KADAR FENOLIK TOTAL DAN FLAVONOID TOTAL EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa pradisiaca L)

Banana peel is a very large amount of waste material (banana fruit waste). In general, banana peels have not been used optimally. Based on the research results, kepok banana peel contains secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. This study aims to determine the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of kepok banana skin (Musa pradisiaca L). Extraction was carried out by maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Determination of total phenol content used the Folin-Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as comparator compound and the determination of total flavonoid content used the colorimetric method with 10% AlCl3 and 5% acetic acid as reagents. The results showed that kepok banana peel extract had an average total phenolic content of 13.4495 mg GAE/g ± 1.5473206 and an average total flavonoid content of 8.5468 mg QE/g ± 0.947422695.