Root Extract Research Articles

Inhibition of the Janus kinase protein (JAK1) by the A. Pyrethrum Root Extract for the treatment of Vitiligo pathology. Design, Molecular Docking, ADME-Tox, MD Simulation, and in-silico investigation

This study delves into the therapeutic efficacy of A. pyrethrum in addressing vitiligo, a chronic inflammatory disorder known for inducing psychological distress and elevating susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Notably, JAK inhibitors have emerged as promising candidates for treating immune dermatoses, including vitiligo. Our investigation primarily focuses on the anti-vitiligo potential of A. pyrethrum root extract, specifically targeting N-alkyl-amides, utilizing computational methodologies. Density Functional Theory (DFT) is deployed to meticulously scrutinize molecular properties, while comprehensive evaluations of ADME-Tox properties for each molecule contribute to a nuanced understanding of their therapeutic viability, showcasing remarkable drug-like characteristics. Molecular docking analysis probes ligand interactions with pivotal site JAK1, with all compounds demonstrating significant interactions; notably, molecule 6 exhibits the most interactions with crucial inhibition residues. Molecular dynamics simulations over 500ns further validate the importance and sustainability of these interactions observed in molecular docking, favoring energetically both molecules 6 and 1; however, in terms of stability, the complex with molecule 6 outperforms others. DFT analyses elucidate the distribution of electron-rich oxygen atoms and electron-poor regions within heteroatoms-linked hydrogens. Remarkably, N-alkyl-amides extracted from A. pyrethrum roots exhibit similar compositions, yielding comparable DFT and Electrostatic Potential (ESP) results with subtle distinctions. These findings underscore the considerable potential of A. pyrethrum root extracts as a natural remedy for vitiligo.

Stem-and-leaf of new hydroponically-cultured ginseng cultivar K-1: A sustainable and innovative resource of ginsenosides for anti-inflammatory agents

BackgroundKorean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer), a traditional medicine plant cultivated in eastern Asia, has recently captured attention for its potential advancements in hydroponic cultivation, offering a sustainable and innovative resource. Additionally, in the typical processing of ginseng, stem-and-leaf are commonly discarded, leading to resource wastage and overlooking their economically valuable potential as an alternative to the conventionally prioritized roots. MethodsInitially, we investigated the phenotype of five Korean hydroponically cultivated ginseng cultivars, namely Kumpoong (KP), Chunpoong (CP), Honkaejong (HKJ), Yunpoong (YP), and K-1. Subsequently, we focused on evaluating aerial extracts to identify the most suitable cultivar for reliable resources. This involved phytochemical compositions and anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and LPS-induced mice, employing quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, and western blotting. ResultsThe K-1 cultivar exhibited superior phenotypic traits and pathogen resistance. HPLC results revealed that aerial extracts contained four times higher ginsenoside content and exhibited a considerable abundance of ginsenoside Rd compared to root extracts. K-1 aerial extract exhibited the highest phytochemical content. The aerial extract of CP and K-1 exhibited greater efficacy in attenuating ROS production, mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS) through the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways, which were corroborated in vivo at a 50 mg/kg dose. ConclusionsOur findings propose the stem-and-leaf of hydroponically cultivated ginseng cultivar K-1 presents an economical alternative to the traditionally valued ginseng root, given its superior stem-and-leaf phenotype and phytochemical content in the aerial extract coupled with promising potential for anti-inflammatory agents in dietary interventions.

Synergistic Effect of Imperata cylindrica Root Extract and Erlotinib on A549 Lung Cancer Cell Viability

Synergistic Effect of Imperata cylindrica Root Extract and Erlotinib on A549 Lung Cancer Cell Viability

Root of Seablite (Suaeda maritima), the Medicinal Halophyte for Skincare Application

ABSTRACT Background: Seablite (Suaeda maritima) grows near mangrove forests and shrimp farms on the coast of the Thai Gulf and South of Thailand. Extracts of S. maritima root can relieve or treat some skin symptoms or diseases, and it can be possessed. Methods: The aim of this study was to screen phytochemical constituents of S. maritima root extract (SMRE) to determine their in vitro biological activities related to skincare properties. Results and Discussion: Qualitative phytochemical screening was positive for tannins and triterpenes. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were 191.3 ± 3.55 mg of GAE/g and 21.2 ± 2.09 mg of QE/g, respectively. SMRE inhibited the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) radical (IC50 = 0.25 ± 0.2 mg/ml) and lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 2.61 ± 0.5 mg/ml). Human skin fibroblasts were increased by 26.58 ± 5.91% after treatment with SMRE (1.0 mg/ml) and exhibited wound healing capacity by narrowing the gap between skin fibroblast clusters. Conclusion: This study confirms the potential of SMRE for skincare protection which meets the need for traditional uses of plant-derived products for skincare applications.

Fabrication and characterization of Karaya gum-based films reinforced with bacterial nanocellulose stabilized valerian root extract Pickering emulsion for lamb meat preservation

A novel biodegradable film was fabricated by incorporating bacterial nanocellulose stabilized valerian root extract (VRE) Pickering emulsion into karaya gum with better antioxidant and antibacterial properties for lamb meat preservation. The valerian root extract Pickering emulsion (VPE) exhibited 98 ± 1.84 % encapsulating efficiency and excellent physical stability with an average particle size of 274.6 nm. The incorporation of VPE-5 into the film matrix increased its elongation at break (EAB), and improved water resistance and barrier properties against oxygen, water vapor, and UV light. Moreover, the antioxidant and anti-bacterial properties against S.aerous and E. coli were also improved based on VPE-5 concentration. The SEM images showed a uniform distribution of VPE-5 while FTIR and XRD revealed its compatibility with karaya gum, which improved its thermal stability. The active films showed a significant preservative effect by reducing the pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total viable count (TVC) value of lamb meat and maintained its texture and color during the storage period of 9 days at 4 °C. These results demonstrated the inclusion of VPE-5 into Karaya gum was a promising technique and offers a great potential application as a bioactive material in food packaging.

Green Synthesized Silver and Copper Nanoparticles Using Solanum trilobatum Root Extract and Comparative Study of Characterization

Green Synthesized Silver and Copper Nanoparticles Using Solanum trilobatum Root Extract and Comparative Study of Characterization

Augmentation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of Callerya speciosa root extracts: An exploration through simulated human gastrointestinal digestion

The present work represents the first effort to evaluate the effect of an in vitro simulated human digestion model on the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Callerya speciosa root extracts. Through bioguided fractionation, a series of fractions were obtained from hexane (CSH) and ethyl acetate (CSE) extracts. Initial screening identified active fractions (CSH2, CSH3, CSE2, CSE3, and CSE4) for further in vitro digestion evaluation. The results showed a decrease in antioxidant activity across all samples after digestion, while a simultaneous increase in α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities was observed during the small intestinal phase. Notably, compared with the undigested fraction, CSE3 demonstrated a 1.7-fold increase in α-amylase inhibition (IC50 = 0.86 mg/mL). Moreover, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of CSH3, CSE3, and CSE4 were significantly greater after digestion, with IC50 values of 0.18, 0.05, and 0.02 mg/mL, respectively. Impressively, during the small intestinal phase, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of CSH3, CSE3, and CSE4 were substantially greater than those of acarbose by 13.2-, 47.6-, and 119.0-fold, respectively, and greater than those of palmitic acid by 1.7-, 6.0-, and 15.0-fold, respectively. GC-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS analyses identified isoflavonoids, fatty acids, and triterpenoids as key bioactive compounds in these fractions. The present work provided foundational insights for the future exploration of C. speciosa root extracts for diabetes management.

Therapeutic Effect of Avishan-e-Shirazi (Zataria Multiflora Boiss) Root Extract on Oxidative Stress Markers in Moderate Asthmatic Patients

Avishan-e-Shirazi (Zataria Multiflora Boiss) is a plant widely recognised for its medicinal and culinary purposes. Objectives: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of plant’s root extract on pulmonary function tests and oxidative stress markers among moderate Asthma tic patients. Methods: A total participant of 66 patients with pulmonary disease, 30-40 age, were selected for the 2-month research trial. Individuals were enrolled and distributed equally in two groups, 33 each. In the control group, 53.8% of individual were man, and 46.2% were women. In the treatment group, 49.1% of participants were man, and 50.9% were women. The groups G0 was considered as a control group with no root extract, and group G1 where conventional treatment and root extract were advised to participants. The participants were selected from the Jinnah Hospital, Pakistan. The 5mg/kg/day dried root extract supplements 3 times a day were given to the individuals daily for 2 months. Results: The mean age group of Asthma tic patients enrolled in the study was 35 ± 2.98 years in G0, and in G1, it was 34 ± 3.05. The mean BMI was 31.34 and 30.98 kgm-2 in both groups, respectively. There was a significant improvement in FEV1 levels and MDA enzyme levels with a p-value less than 0.05. The NO2 levels were also better. Similarly, the enzymes thiolase and SOD levels also improved with a p-value less than 0.05 in the treatment group. Conclusions: The current study concluded that Avishan-e-Shirazi root extract could improve the pulmonary function and inflammation among Asthma patients.

Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-angiogenic Activity of Alingatong (Dendrocnide meyeniana Walp.) Root Extracts Using the Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay on Duck Embryo

Dendrocnide meyeniana (Walp.), known as "Alingatong" in the Visayas region of the Philippines, is a plant from the Urticaceae family. It is commonly found in the mountain areas of Taiwan and the Philippines. This study aims to determine the Dendrocnide meyeniana root extract's anti-angiogenic activity. The methanolic extracts of Dendrocnide meyeniana were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. Cytotoxicity test using Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay was conducted with different plant concentrations to determine the concentration to use for the anti-angiogenic activity of the root extracts. The anti-angiogenic activity was observed by calculating blood vessel percent inhibition using chorioallantoic membrane assay or CAM assay. Phytochemical screening reveals that the plant contains varying levels of detection of bioactive compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay showed that the ethyl acetate and hexane extracts from Dendrocnide meyeniana were highly toxic as their LC50 values were lower than 100 ppm. CAM assay results showed that hexane with 250 ppm concentration has the highest percent inhibition with 34.98% followed by hexane at 125 ppm with 34.07% inhibition. Both concentrations of ethyl acetate showed low percentage inhibition, where 250 ppm was at 19.05% and 125 ppm at 15.93%. One-way ANOVA indicates that the different treatments have significant differences (p-value< 0.0001) in the number of branches present using the CAM assay. Therefore, based on the results, Dendrocnide meyeniana root extracts have anti-angiogenic properties and these findings will help to understand the efficacy of the traditional medicine used by the local people.

A Systematic Review on Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Aspects of Croton plant Codiaeum variegatum (L.)

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) known as garden croton, is a vibrant decorative plant, often identified as variegated laurel. It belongs to Euphorbiaceae, a spurge family plant with colourful leaves. Traditionally, the leaves of the Codiaeum species were used to treat a variety of ailments, including cancer, constipation, diabetes, digestive issues, external wounds, diarrhoea, fever, inflammation, intestinal worms, hypercholesterolemia, malaria, pain, ulcers, and weight loss. The juice of plant leaves induce menstruation. So, it can also be used to induce abortion. The root extract is used to relieve stomach ache and tooth ache. The leaves and shoots of the plant are reported to have varied chemical constituents like cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, cardenolides, flavonoids and steroids, which are responsible for the mentioned pharmacological activities. The goal of this article is to explore the botanical diversity, the pharmacological profile of C. variegatum as well as its chemical constituents. Variegatum (L.) is a well-known medicinal plant with nutritional and therapeutic uses, according to scientific studies. Given that, ornamental plants are an extraordinarily rich source of bioactive chemicals, more study might open the door to the development of value-added products to treat contemporary ailments.

HPTLC FINGERPRINTS AND FTIR ANALYSIS FOR AUTHENTICATION AND QUALITY CONTROL OF Holostemma ada-kodien Schult.

Plant-derived pharmaceuticals are gaining increased acceptance in treating various ailments, but ensuring their quality is crucial. Both conventional and modern techniques are employed to validate the quality. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis were conducted to analyse and identify the various phytoconstituents in serial root extract of Holostemma ada-kodien. The peaks observed in HPTLC fingerprint profile corresponding to different phytoconstituents served as markers for standardizing drug; while FTIR analysis aids in identifying the major functional groups present. Thirteen bands were noted for hexane extract of H. ada-kodien in short UV in track I, while chloroform and methanol extracts showed eight bands each. In track II, the hexane extract exhibited eight bands, while chloroform and methanol extracts showed eleven and eight bands, respectively, under similar conditions. The hexane extract in long UV showed a maximum area of 78.4 and 71.59%, in track 1 and 2, respectively, with respective spanning from Rf 0.61 to 0.75 and 0.51 to 0.73. The methanol extract in visible light in track I showed a maximum area of 46.87%, spanning from Rf 0.73 to 0.98, and in track II, it displayed a maximum area of 36.59%, spanning from Rf 0.75 to 0.96 with 10 µL applied. Methanolic root extract of H. ada-kodien showed clear banding patterns in HPTLC fingerprints which seemed to be a dependable technique to detect adulteration while FTIR technique revealed functional groups of methanol root extracts.

In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Annona senegalensis Against Selected Bacteria Associated with Urinary Tract Infections

The study assessed the antibacterial activity of aqueous, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaves, bark, and roots of A. senegalensis against selected bacteria associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs). The extracts of A. senegalensis were obtained by soxhlet extraction method. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out using standard procedures. The bacteria tested were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urine samples of UTI patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the agar well diffusion method, while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth dilution method using two-fold serial dilutions. The qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phenols, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and cardiac glycosides. Zones of inhibition of extracts ranged between 16.33±0.58 – 24.67±0.58 mm (leaf extracts), 14.00±1.00 – 21.33 ±0.58 mm (bark extracts) and 14.67±0.58 – 21.00±1.00 mm (root extracts). The higest zone of inhibition (24.67±0.58 mm) observed was against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with aqueous leaf extract, while the least inhibition (14.00±1.00 mm) was with ethyl acetate bark extract, also against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MIC values ranged from 25 – 100 mg/mL, while MBC values were from 50 – 200 mg/mL against the test isolates. A. senegalensis demonstrated great antibacterial potential, and can be recommended for the treatment of UTIs.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Tribulus terrestris from Cholistan Desert

Tribulus terrestris (Puncture vine) is a medicinal herb found all around the world and also in the desert of Cholistan. Its therapeutic efficacy as eastern medicines have been known since ancient times. The present studies investigated the presence of phytochemicals and its antibacterial potential of Tribulus terrestris collected from desert of Cholistan, Punjab, Pakistan. Qualitative tests indicated the presence of alkaloids flavonoids, saponins terpenoids, tannins, carbs, proteins, amino acids and glycosides. Moreover, antibacterial potential of methanolic extracts of (seeds, leaves, stem and roots) was assessed using diffusion methods against different bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results shown that leaf and fruit extracts had (0 mm) activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While, methanolic extracts of leaves had the highest inhibitory activity (12 mm) against Klebsiella pneumoniae, whereas other bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, had the lowest inhibition region (2.2mm). Furthermore, methanolic extract of leaves showed a quite moderate inhibition zone (10mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, compared to Tribulus terrestris extract of fruits, which had a (7mm) inhibition zone. The present study indicated that the phytochemicals extracted from Tribulus terrestris are valuable for the development of pharmacological formulations to treat different diseases.

진달래 뿌리 추출물로부터 분리한 Taxifolin-3-O-arabinopyranoside가 탈모 증상 완화에 미치는 영향

진달래 뿌리 추출물로부터 분리한 Taxifolin-3-O-arabinopyranoside가 탈모 증상 완화에 미치는 영향

Exploring the immunomodulatory and antioxidant capacities of Berberis aristata in avian lymphocytes

India is one of the leading producers for eggs and broilers globally and thus has witnessed significant growth in the poultry sector. Different poultry stressors can negatively impact the growth, gut health, immune function and production reproductive performances of poultry. Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used in the poultry industry as they also combat stress in poultry along with growth promotion. But the use of antimicrobials as growth promoter raises the concern of antibiotic resistance and its potential hazardous effect on human health as well as the environment. Several other alternatives are available for AGPs such as acidifiers, probiotics, prebiotics, antibacterial peptides and phytobiotics. Phytobiotics are known to possess several benefits for poultry as well as livestock such as immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant effect, maintain intestinal health etc. One such important plant is Berberis aristata belonging to the family Berberidaceae which is used in traditional system of medicine for the management of various inflammatory disorders. In the present study aqueous root extract of Berberis aristata (BAE) was evaluated for its immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity. The extraction yield of the roots of Berberis aristata in water was about 9.78%. The BAE showed presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and contained about 104.97 mg/gm of BAE and 83.14 mg/gm of BAE of phenolics and flavonoids, respectively. BAE showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Maximum non-cytotoxic dose (MNCD) of BAE for lymphocyte culture was determined to be 600 µg/ ml. Lymphocytes proliferation assay (LPA) showed that BAE enhanced lymphocyte proliferation of B-cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and T-cells stimulated by Concanavalin A and Phytohaemagglutinin M (PHA). Treatment with BAE significantly reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increased the level of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in chicken lymphocytes, thus indicating antioxidant potential of BAE. The study reveals significant immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of BAE, thus suggesting that it could be a potential alternative to AGPs in poultry production. But further in vivo studies are required to explore its efficacy and safety for its application in commercial poultry farming.

Effect of Spraying Fenugreek and Licorice Root Extracts on Improving the Quality of Flame Seedless Grapes under Desert Conditions

Effect of Spraying Fenugreek and Licorice Root Extracts on Improving the Quality of Flame Seedless Grapes under Desert Conditions

Dandelion Root Delight: Crafting Bath Bombs for Anti-Inflammatory Skincare Serenity

Abstract: The research project "Dandelion Root Delight: Crafting Bath Bombs for Anti-inflammatory Skincare Serenity" aims to develop a skin care product containing dandelion root extract for its anti-inflammatory properties. The project will explore the benefits of dandelion root for skin care and well-being, test different bath bomb recipes and ingredients, and conduct user tests to gather feedback to improve the products. The project aims to create a unique and effective bath bomb product containing dandelion root extract, promote calm and relaxation in skin care through a unique bath experience, and explore the potential benefits of dandelion root in skin care and well-being. creature Project methods include researching the benefits of dandelion root extract for skin care and well-being, testing different bath bomb recipes and ingredients, and conducting user tests to gather feedback to refine the products. Project findings include potential benefits of dandelion root extract for skin care and wellness, such as soothing sensitive skin, reducing redness, brightening skin, and enhancing the antioxidant effects of green tea. In addition, the project investigated the possible synergy of dandelion root extract with other plant-derived substances such as calendula, rosehip seed oil, turmeric and hyaluronic acid to increase hydration, regenerate the skin and ensure general nutrition of the skin. Implications of the project include the potential of dandelion root extract to be a valuable ingredient in skin care products due to its anti-inflammatory properties, general benefits to skin health and potential synergy with other botanicals. The project also emphasizes the importance of considering possible allergic reactions or sensitivities when using products containing plant substances, and the benefits of combining dandelion root with a balanced lifestyle in terms of comprehensive skin care and general well-being

Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Calotropis procera Root Extract against some Pathogenic Microorganisms in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt This study evaluates the antimicrobial potential of Calotropis procera root extracts, traditionally used in Nigerian medicine, by scientifically validating their therapeutic properties. The research identified various phytochemical constituents, including tannin, saponin, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and reducing sugars, with terpenoids uniquely present in the aqueous extract. The significant antimicrobial activity observed, particularly with the chloroform extract showing the largest inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus, underscores the potential of C. procera roots as a rich source of bioactive compounds for developing alternative treatments for infectious diseases. Full Abstract Calotropis procera has been traditionally used for medicinal purposes in Nigeria, with various parts of the plant utilized by traditional healers without scientific validation of their therapeutic properties. Therefore, this study sought to assess the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial efficacy of root extracts from C. procera against pathogenic microorganisms. The extraction of C. procera roots was carried out using aqueous, chloroform, and n-hexane solvents, and the qualitative analysis of the phytochemical constituents was conducted following standard procedures. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus flavus through the agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical screening identified the presence of tannin, saponin, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and reducing sugars in all extracts, with terpenoids exclusively found in the aqueous extract and cardiac glycosides absent in all extracts. The extracts demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens, with the chloroform extract exhibiting the largest inhibition zone (23.50±0.38 mm) against S. aureus, while the n-hexane extract displayed the smallest inhibition zone (6.38±0.52 mm) against A. flavus. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined as 25 mg/ml for the chloroform extract against S. aureus and S. typhi, and 50 mg/ml for both aqueous and n-hexane extracts against K. pneumoniae and C. albicans. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was established at 100 mg/ml for S. aureus, S. typhi, and all extracts. The root extracts of C. procera exhibited promising antimicrobial effects against S. aureus and S. typhi, indicating its potential as a rich source of bioactive compounds and a viable alternative to antibiotics for treating infectious diseases.

Phytochemical analysis and biological evaluation of essential oils and extracts from Heracleum pastinacifolium subsp. incanum (Boiss. & A.Huet) P.H.Davis, an endemic plant from Turkey

Essential oil content of and phenolic compounds flower-fruit, root, and aerial parts of Heracleum pastinacifolium subsp. incanum were analysed by GC/MS and LC/MS methods, respectively. Antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, and antioxidant activities of flower-fruit, root, aerial parts methanol extracts were evaluated. Apiole (35.0%), myristicine (72.2%), and myristicine (15.1%) were found as major compounds of fruit-flower mixture, root, aerial part essential oils, respectively. Hesperidin was found the highest amount in aerial part and flower-fruit extracts with 8904.2621 ng/mL and 11558.3634 ng/mL values, respectively. Fruit-flower extract showed the highest activity against α-glucosidase (24%). Root extract demonstrating the highest activity (18%) against AChE enzyme. Flowers-fruits mixture methanol extract had a higher % inhibition value on ABTS·+ and DPPH•. Flowers-fruits mixture methanol extract was rich in total phenol, total tannin, and protein content. All the extracts were determined as genetoxically safe according to the results of Ames/Salmonella, Escherichia coli WP2 and Allium cepa assays.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles assisted by aqueous root and leaf extracts of Rhus chinensis Mill and its antibacterial activity

In the present study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous root and leaf extracts of Rhus chinensis Mill. This study aimed to undertake the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles utilizing plant extracts in an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and more efficient manner with its antibacterial application. The prepared silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized by using different techniques. Such as ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The color changes from yellowish to reddish brown can be visualized and it indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles. The UV–Vis absorption peak shown by the synthesized AgNPs assisted by root and leaf extract was at 443 nm and 440 nm respectively. The functional group present in plants' secondary metabolites may act as capping and stabilizing agents, indicated by the shifting and disappearing of the peak in the plant extracts and the extracts-assisted synthetic nanoparticles. The crystallite size of synthesized AgNPs assisted by the root and leaf extracts of Rhus cinensis was found to be 11.01 nm and 13.39 nm respectively, while with the help of FE-SEM image the shape and particle size of synthesized AgNPs root and leaf extract was found spherical with particle diameter of 54.40 nm and 30.89 nm respectively. The presence of an intense silver component was confirmed by EDX analysis which showed an intense peak at around 3 Kev and other elements like Cl, O, C, and N were also reported in synthesized AgNPs. Both the plant extracts assisted synthesized AgNPs showed higher zones of inhibition (ZOI) against both the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results of the study indicate the potential benefit of synthesized silver nanoparticles using Rhus chinensis root and leaf extracts for biomedical purposes.