Fructus Extract Research Articles

Inhibitory Effect of Rosae Multiflorae Fructus Extracts on the Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand-Induced Osteoclastogenesis through Modulation of P38- and Ca2+-Mediated Nuclear Factor of Activated T-Cells Cytoplasmic 1 Expression

BackgroundRosae Multiflorae fructus (RMF), known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has been used as a traditional remedy for inflammatory diseases such as arthritis in Eastern Asia. However, its effect on osteoclasts, which play a crucial role in resorptive inflammatory bone diseases, is yet to be elucidated.MethodsThe effect of extract of RMF (RMF-E) on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclastogenesis was examined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. In addition, RANKL-induced Ca2+-oscillation was also investigated.ResultsRMF-E remarkably inhibited TRAP+-osteoclast and resorptive pit formation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic, known as pivotal transcription factors for osteoclast formation in vitro and in vivo, and that of the osteoclast differentiation markers such as Acp5, Oscar, CtsK, Atp6v0d2, Tm7sf4, and Nfatc1 were significantly decreased by RMF-E treatment during osteoclastogenesis. The inhibitory effect of RMF-E on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis was caused by the suppression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and RANKL-induced Ca2+-oscillation removal via inactivation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), and subsequently phospholipase C-γ2.Conclusions RMF-E negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation and formation. These findings suggest the possibility of RMF-E as a traditional therapeutic agent against osteoclast-related bone disorders such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis.

Systemic Pharmacological Approach to Identification and Experimental Verification of the Effect of Anisi Stellati Fructus Extract on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells.

Anisi stellati fructus (ASF) is the dried fruit of the Illicium verum Hook.f. tree. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antileukemic effect of ASF on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells, which was hypothesized from the systemic pharmacological analysis of ASF, focusing on the combined effect of ASF extract (ASFE) and imatinib (IM). The compounds of ASF were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database and analysis platform. The target gene information was acquired from the UniProt database. The compound and target interaction network was generated from Cytoscape 3.7.1. Using this analysis, 10 compounds effective against CML cells were obtained. ASFE was prepared and analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography to provide experimental proof for the relationship between ASF and CML. The anti-p210Bcr-Abl effects of ASFE and ASFE + IM combination were evaluated by western blotting. Either ASFE alone or in combined treatment with IM on K-562 CML cells resulted in a significant reduction of the Bcr-Abl levels. As expected from the systemic analysis results, ASF had antileukemic activity, showing that it is a potential therapy for CML.

Simultaneous quantification of atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Xanthii Fructus extract.

Xanthii Fructus is extensively used as an herbal medicine. Ingestion of this herb is associated with severe hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside are two dominative toxic constituents in Xanthii Fructus. However, their pharmacokinetic study is lacking. In this study, a novel high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to simultaneously quantify the rat plasma concentrations of atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside. After protein precipitation, the analytes were chromatographic separated on a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus column (2.1 × 150mm id, 5 µm) under gradient elute. In the negative electrospray ionization mode, the transitions at m/z 725.3→645.4 for atractyloside, m/z 769.3→689.4 for carboxyatractyloside, and m/z 479.2→121.1 for paeoniflorin (the internal standard) were acquired by multiple reaction monitoring. This analytical method showed good linearity over 1-500ng/mL for atractyloside and 2-500ng/mL for carboxyatractyloside with acceptable precision and accuracy. No matrix effect, instability and carryover occurred in the analysis procedure. The extraction recoveries were greater than 85.0%. This method was applied to a preliminary pharmacokinetic study by orally administering Xanthii Fructus extract (9g/kg) to rats, which was useful to evaluate the role of these two compounds in Xanthii Fructus-induced toxicity.

Stabilizing and destabilizing effects of drug-excipient interactions in spray-dried, freeze-dried, and granulated Sennae fructus extracts

The objective of this study was to compare spray-dried and freeze-dried extracts of Sennae fructus regarding the stability of the sennosides. Therefore, the influence of the addition of maltodextrin (MD) not only before the drying processes but also during fluidized bed granulation was investigated. Analysis of the hygroscopicities, the simultaneous TGA-DSC-MS data, and the influence of storage revealed that spray-dried extracts are more stable than freeze-dried extracts. The addition of MD led to an even better stability of the extracts. Lower amounts of MD are sufficient if applied onto the surface of the native extract during fluidized bed granulation.

In vitro fermentation of Cucumis sativus fructus extract by canine gut microbiota in combination with two probiotic strains

Abstract There is a growing public interest in the use of fibre, probiotics and combinations of both of them to potentially improve the gut microbiota composition and the digestive health of dogs; however, there are limited studies on the effects of these supplements in companion animals. Using 24 h in vitro fermentation, the effects of probiotic strains, Lactobacillus paracasei JCM8130 and Lactobacillus acidophilus C8.1, and the fructus extract of Cucumis sativus on modulation and activities of healthy dogs’ microbiota were investigated, either individually or in combination, to evaluate their possible synergism. Real-Time PCR was performed for enumeration of the selected bacterial groups. Gas chromatographic analysis was conducted to quantify short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. The studied supplements showed some prebiotic-like effects especially the ability to promote a significant increase of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. counts and also the production of acetic, propionic and butyric acids.

Establishment of extraction method for Gardeniae Fructus extract and its application in evaluating different Gardeniae Fructus decoction pieces

In this experiment,the gradation analysis method was used to evaluate the quality of different pieces of Gardeniae Fructus through the extraction rate difference and the difference analysis of the main components in the extract. In this experiment cold-dip and hot-dip methods were used to compare the yield of Gardeniae Fructus extract and the content of chemical constituents with water,25%,50%,75% and 95% ethanol fractions. By weighted calculation,the optimal extraction method of Gardeniae Fructus was determined,and this was verified by practical application. RESULTS:: showed that for the water-soluble extract,cold dip method was better than the hot dip method; and for alcohol-soluble extract,75% ethanol under cold dip method was best. The verification results showed that water-soluble extracts under cold dip methods could be used to significantly distinguish the raw Gardeniae Fructus( GF) and processed( stir-baked) GF( GFP) collected from the market. Meanwhile,this method could be also used to distinguish the same batch of GF,GFP and carbonized GF( GFC) with significant differences,respectively( P<0. 05). Ethanol-soluble extract can be used to clearly distinguish GFP and GFC pieces in the same batch( P<0. 05). The results of content determination showed that the variation coefficient of components in GF processed products was higher than that in extracts,and the content of hydroxygeniposide was the most significant component between GF and its processed products. It is suggested that the method of water-soluble extract of GF and the determination of the content of gardoside should be combined together to evaluate the quality of GF and its heat processed products.

Forsythiae Fructus Extract Inhibits RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation and Prevent Bone Loss in OVX-Induced Osteoporosis Rat

Forsythiae Fructus Extract Inhibits RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation and Prevent Bone Loss in OVX-Induced Osteoporosis Rat

Ligustrum Japonicum fructus Induces Anti-adipogenetic and Pro-osteoblastogenic Activities in Human Bone Marrow-derived Mensencymal Stem Cells (P06-016-19)

ObjectivesMasenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have pluripotent differentiation properties that confirmed to differentiate into myocyte, adipocyte, osteoblast, neuron and chondrocyte when specific culture conditions and stimuli are applied. In bone, both adipocytes and osteoblasts are derived from bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs) and production of these cells has been reported as reciprocal processes. The bone mass disequilibrium causes osteoporosis, as a result of elevated adipogenic differentiation accompanied by reducing bone formation. Therefore, in this study the effect of Ligustrum japonicum fructus (Waxleaf privet) on the adipogenesis and osteoblast differentiation was investigated in BMSCs. MethodsThe fruits of L. japonicum were extracted with dichloromethane and methanol, and the combined extracts were concentrated. Differentiation of BMSCs was performed by changing the medium into adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation supplied by Promocell GmbH. The cellular lipid was stained with Oil Red O and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured using a colormetric assay kit (Biovision, Inc.). The relative protein levels were measured by immunoblotting assay. ResultsPresense of L. japonicum fructus extract (LJE) inhibited the cellular lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with the effects on lipid accumulation, the adipocyte specific genes including PPARγ, C/EBPα and SREBP1c was down regulated by treatment with LJE. Moreover, treatment with LJE enhanced osteoblast differentiation observed as increased ALP activity and upregulated the proteALP, BMP-2 and osteocalcine protein levels. ConclusionsThe results indicated that LJE may prevent bone loss by inhibiting adipogenesis while activating the osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs. Therefore, LJE possess the potential to be utilized as a source of nutraceutical agents against osteoporosis. Funding SourcesThis work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP).

Effects of Poly-herbal Tablet as Herbal Medicine on Lipid Level

Dyslipidemia is one of the high-risk factors that cause cardiovascular disease and the prevalence is increasing all the time. Garlic (Alii sativi) has been suggested to reduce serum lipid level. Poly-herbal is herbal medicine that has been widely used in Indonesia, and it contains Alii sativi, Belericae fructus, Curcumae aeroginosae, and Amomi fructus extract. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of poly-herbal tablet on lipid levels in dylipidemia subjects. The study was conducted for 6 weeks on 58 dyslipidemic subjects. The subject was divided into 2 groups. Group 1 was given Poly-herbal with the dose 2x1200 mg, and group 2 was not given anti-dyslipidemic drugs (control group). Serum lipid level (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides) were checked before the treatment (H0) and after the treatment (M6). There was a significant difference on the reduction of serum lipids level between the group that given Poly-herbal vs control group, respectively total cholesterol (-12.04±3.2 vs 8.38±4.3; p=.000), LDL (-4.42±2.8 vs 6.93±4.7; p=.049) and HDL (-2.62+1.0 vs 3.31+1.4; p=.005). Triglyceride level on Poly-herbal group is not significantly decreased. In Poly-herbal group there was also a decrease in HDL levels which was not statistically significant (-2.62±1, p=.015). This is probably due to the HDL baseline in the control group included in the normal HDL category (57.38 ± 14.9) so that the HDL levels after being given treatment did not increase. This study suggests that using Poly-herbal in dyslipidemia subjects can reduce the level of total cholesterol and LDL.

Quantitative analysis, pharmacokinetics and metabolomics study for the comprehensive characterization of the salt-processing mechanism of Psoraleae Fructus

Research based on quantitative analysis, pharmacokinetics and metabolomics was conducted to explore the effects of salt-processing on Psoraleae Fructus (PF). Quantitative analysis showed that the contents of bioactive components were higher in salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus (SPF) extract than in PF extract. Pharmacokinetics indicated that the overall AUC and tmax levels was higher, while Cmax was lower in the SPF group. In the metabolomics study, the differential influences of PF and SPF on 22 common biomarkers and associated metabolic pathways showed that salt-processing could enhance the effect of PF and reduce toxicity in the cardiovascular and renal systems. The internal correlations among these results, together with the influence of salt-processing, suggested that the effects of heating and newly generated surfactants during the salt-processing procedure were the primary causes of the changes in chemical composition and absorption characteristics, as well as the subsequent enhanced efficacy and minor toxicity.

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of four compounds in rat plasma after oral administration of Xanthii fructus and stir-fried Xanthii fructus extracts.

Xanthii fructus (XF), the fruit of Xanthium sibiricum Patr., is a traditional Chinese materia medica commonly used to treat allergic rhinitis and other rhinitis diseases. To uncover the mechanism of the stir-frying process and its effect on the pharmacokinetic behavior of active compounds in model rats, four active compounds-chlorogenic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid and apigenin-were selected based on previous spectrum-effect experiments. High performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS) technology, an accurate and feasible method, was applied to measure the concentration of these four compounds in rat plasma. This validated method can accurately measure the concentration of each compound at each sampling point of rat plasma. This validated method shows good linearity, extraction recoveries, matrix effects, intra- and inter-day precision and stabilities. Compared with the XF group, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) value of 1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid decreased remarkably (p < 0.05) after oral administration of stir-fried Xanthii fructus (SXF) extract, while the other compounds showed no significant difference. The mean residence time value of chlorogenic acid (p < 0.05) and 1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (p<0.01) after oral administration of SXF extraction demonstrated significant differences compared with the XF group, while the other two compounds showed no statistical difference, indicating that the stir-frying process prolonged the effect time and delayed the removal time of chlorogenic acid and 1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid. The values of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to the last quantifiable time-point, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to infinity, the time to maximum concentration and the elimination half-life of four compounds in the SXF group showed no statistically significant difference from the XF group. From this data, we speculated that the stir-frying process can not only keep the absorption of 4-caffeoylquinic acid and apigenin, but also increase the effect time of chlorogenic acid and 1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, which could be the mechanism underlying the stir-frying process enhancing the effects of XF.

Inhibitory effect of Gardeniae Fructus extracts on oxidationand motility of keratinocytes

Inhibitory effect of Gardeniae Fructus extracts on oxidationand motility of keratinocytes

Effects of Chaenomelis Fructus Extract on the regulation of myoblasts differentiation and the expression of biogenetic factors in C2C12 myotubes

Effects of Chaenomelis Fructus Extract on the regulation of myoblasts differentiation and the expression of biogenetic factors in C2C12 myotubes

Effects of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus induced CYPs and Nrf2 activation on acute liver injury induced by acetaminophen

Schisandra chinensis is a commonly used hepatoprotective medicine in clinic. Previous studies have showed that Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus has dual effects on the activity of CYPs. Short-term administration of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus may inhibit CYP450s activity, while long-term administration may up-regulate CYP activity. High CYP450s activity level may increase the frequency of reactive metabolites-induced liver injury. It remains unclear how long-term administration of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus may affect acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity. After oral administration of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus extract (0.5-2.0 g·kg⁻¹) for 21 d, the activity of CYPs, Nrf2, HO-1, GST expressions, SOD and GST activity as well as glutathione level of SD rats were up-regulated. Besides, Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus extract ameliorated APAP (500 mg·kg⁻¹)-induced acute hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, as evidenced by decrease in ALT, AST, and MDA level and increase in GSH level (P<0.05). What's more, the liver histopathology was alleviated, and cleaved caspase-3 expression was decreased. Besides, the increase of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine-GSH (reactive metabolite of acetaminophen) formation was observed in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus extract groups. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the effects of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructuson acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity may rely on the Nrf2 signal pathway activation, and less depends on the increase in CYP450s activity.

구기자 추출물 제조 시 백삼 및 홍삼 첨가에 의한 항산화활성 및 안지오텐신 전환효소에 대한 저해활성 효과

구기자 추출물 제조 시 백삼 및 홍삼 첨가에 의한 항산화활성 및 안지오텐신 전환효소에 대한 저해활성 효과

Lycii fructus extract ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity through indirect antioxidant action.

LFE: Lycii Fructus extract; GSH: glutathione; NQO1: NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; GCLC: glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit; xCT: a component of cysteine/glutamate antiporter (cystine/glutamate exchanger); CYP1A1: cytochrome P450 1A1; GSH: glutathione; AhR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; Nrf2: nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; CGA: chlorogenic acid; RT-PCR: reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; DTT: dithiothreitol; PMSF: phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; ARE: antioxidant response element; XRE: xenobiotic responsive element.

The Effects of an Extract of Fermented Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba, Curcumae Longae, Crataegi Fructus and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix on Anti-inflammation Associated with Dyslipidemia and Anti-oxidation in RAW264.7 and HUVEC Cells

Objectives To investigate the effect of fermented extract of Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba, Curcumae Longae, Crataegi Fructus and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (FMH) on anti-inflammation associated with dyslipidemia and anti-oxidation in RAW264.7 and HUVEC cells. Methods The total polyphenols, total flavonoids, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxicity of FMH were measured. RAW264.7 cells treated with FMH were tested for production of NO, and for cytokine and LTB4 levels and HUVEC cells treated with FMH were examined for production of cDNA of genes related to inflammation. Results FMH contained polyphenols and flavonoids. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity of FMH increased in a concentration-dependent manner. FMH treatment inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, and LTB4 in RAW264.7 cell when compared to the untreated control group. FMH decreased the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes, whereas it increased transcription of anti-inflammatory genes, in HUVEC cells. Conclusion FMH is effective as an antioxidant and for treatment and prevention of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and other cardiocerebrovascular diseases. Keywords: Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba, Curcumae Longae, Crataegi Fructus and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, fermentation

Rosae multiflorae fructus extract and its four active components alleviate ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammatory responses via regulation of Th1/Th2 imbalance in BALB/c rhinitis mice

Rosae Multiflorae fructus has potent antioxidative, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the immunomodulatory effect of Rosae Multiflorae fructus extract (RMFE) on allergic inflammation in an allergic rhinitis (AR) mouse model. Mice were sensitized and intranasally challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), the Th1/Th2-related cytokines and histopathology were examinated after RMFE treatments. Primary cell culture from spleen and NALT was performed to evaluate RMFE effect on Th1/Th2 responses. Four active components of RMFE were determined using HPLC and then tested the inhibition on Th2 response. Oral administration of RMFE inhibited the accumulation of eosinophils in nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and the nasal mucosa, goblet cells in the nasal epithelium, and mast cells in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity. Thus, the swelling of the nasal epithelium, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and lung tissue were ameliorated. Furthermore, the RMFE suppressed Th2-related cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in NALF, NALT, and splenocytes, whereas the Th1-associated cytokine IL-12 was up-regulated by RMFE. We also revealed the active components of RMFE, such as ellagic acid, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and miquelianin. They may inhibit IL-4 secretion in allergic responses. RMFE may have therapeutic potential for treating AR by modulating the relationships between Th1/Th2 responses.

Factors influencing the properties and the stability of spray-dried Sennae fructus extracts

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the properties of aqueous Sennae fructus extracts prepared by spray-drying at varying process conditions.Significance: From an industrial point of view it is essential to develop a formulation which has a constant quality over the whole period of its specified shelf-life.Method: Sennae fructus extracts were spray-dried with different atomizing gas pressures, pump feed rates, and inlet temperatures. The extracts were analyzed for their physical properties and stored at accelerated conditions. Sennoside degradation was monitored by HPLC analysis.Results: An increase of the atomizing gas pressure had the most pronounced influence on the decrease of moisture content and particle size. An increase of the inlet temperature led to a decrease of moisture content and particle density, as well as an increase of smooth particle amount. An increase in the pump feed rate, increased the moisture content and resulted in stable hollow spheres. The different conditions also led to smooth or wrinkled particle surfaces, and to golfball, donut, and shard particle shapes. The chemical stability of the sennosides differed from each other after storage. Stability-reducing factors were the moisture content of the samples and their hygroscopicities, as well as different particle morphologies. These factors were influenced by the inlet temperature of the spray-drying process. High inlet temperatures led to a positive influence on dryness and particle morphology and therefore on the stability of the sennosides.Conclusions: Variation of the process conditions affected the resulting particle properties and their storage stability of Sennae fructus extract.

Effects of pressurized steam-treated Corni Fructus extract on osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast formation

This study investigated the effects of pressurized steam-treated Corni Frutus (PSC) extract on osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast formation. The osteoblast differentiation effect of the extract was evaluated by measuring cellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, cell matrix ALP staining, alizarin Red S staining and von Kossa staining on proliferating MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells. The results confirmed that ALP activity, cell matrix ALP staining, alizarin Red S staining and von Kossa staining were all increased as proliferation increased from 1 to 14 days, without cytotoxicity. The osteoclast formation effect of the PSC extract was evaluated by measuring the cellular tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and cell matrix TRAP staining on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced RAW264.7 osteoclast cells. Treating RAW264.7 cells with RANKL for 7 days increased matrix staining for TRAP and cellular TRAP activity. The PSC extract decreased these changes in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, PSC is expected to be a natural source for developing health functional foods and medicinal agents to prevent bone-related diseases, such as osteoporosis, by increasing osteoblast differentiation and reducing osteoclast activity.