Papaya Extract Research Articles

In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of Carica papaya seed on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes

The present study was aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of Carica papaya seeds on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, as this is known to be an antidiabetic mechanism. Analysis of the extracts of the seeds for phytochemicals revealed the presence of a significant amount of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, and steroids. The seed extracts of Carica papaya exhibited good antioxidant capacity using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric reactive substance (TBARS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. The results of the inhibitory studies of the extracts revealed that the hexane extract followed by the ethyl acetate extract was the most potent inhibitor of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme when compared to other extracts using their IC50 values. In the animal study, different doses (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/body weight) of the extracts of Carica papaya seed were administered orally for 120 min, to normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and were compared with acarbose 100 mg/kg/body weight and control group for the effect on postprandial hyperglycemia. The extract of ethyl acetate (at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/body weight) significantly reduced postprandial glucose levels in these animals. The characterization of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts by GC-MS analysis revealed 20 bioactive compounds while the FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of this functional groups: -C=C, -C-Cl, -C-O, -O-H, -CH, -C=O, -C=C=C, -N=C=S, -O=C=O and -N-H in Carica papaya seed extracts. It was concluded that the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes and the prevention of oxidative stress in postprandial hyperglycemia could be some of the possible mechanisms by which they exert their anti-diabetic properties.

The Effectiveness of Fruit Extract and Temperature for In Vitro Culture of Kepok Banana (Musa balbisiana)

Kepok Banana (Musa balbisiana) is beneficial in fulfilling nutrition for it has a high B vitamin complex. Additionally, it is of high economic value as a food processing material. Bananas as processed ingredients for industrial scale are constrained by unsustainable production. Thus, efforts are needed to supply quality, uniform seeds and meet cropping patterns. In vitro culture technique is an innovation in meeting the availability of standardized banana seed sources. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of fruit extracts and temperature differences for in vitro culture in Kepok banana. Murashige and Skoog (MS) base media were used in the multiplication stage with the addition of melon, banana, and papaya extracts (150 g.L−1). The explants were stored at various growth room temperatures (±25, ±28, and ±31°C). The results showed that the Kepok banana explants morphogenesis using MS media enriched with papaya extract gave no difference effectivity result with vitamin synthesis in the parameters of number of shoots (4), number of leaves (7), number of roots (7.3), and length roots (6.3 cm) and showed the highest results with parameter height of plantlets (9 cm). The best condition for the proliferation of Kepok banana explants was room temperature (±28°C).

Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Nilai SPF (Sun Protection Factor) Ekstrak Etanol Buah Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) yang Diperoleh dari Simplisia dan Buah Segar

Papaya contains vitamin C and beta-carotene which are useful as antioxidants and can be used as a sunscreen. The content of the active substance is affected by the type of raw material. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and SPF value of extracts obtained from simplicia and fresh fruit. Extracts obtained from simplicia and fresh fruit were determined antioxidant activity by DPPH method and SPF values by spectrophotometric method. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of papaya extract obtained from simplicia had IC50 values smaller than papaya extract obtained from fresh fruit, whereas the papaya extract obtained from simplicia had IC50 values of 175 �g / mL and the papaya extract obtained from fruit fresh is 209 �g / mL. While in the sunscreen test, the SPF value of papaya extract obtained from simplicia is greater than the papaya extract obtained from fresh fruit. SPF value of papaya extract obtained from simplicia is 37, while papaya extract obtained from fresh fruit is 35. The conclusion from this study is papaya extract extracted by the drying process of the initial material (simplicia) has antioxidant activity and SPF values that are more optimal than papaya extracts extracted without going through a drying process first (fresh fruit).

Trials on In vitro Propagation and Using Natural Additives for Myrtus communis L. Plant

Explant types, anti-oxidant pre-treatments, organic additives, natural additives, vitamins mix strengths, cytokinin types and concentrations, different medium strengths, GA3 concentrations, auxin types and concentrations were studied during the period from 2017 to 2018 to establish a protocol for in vitro propagation of Myrtle. It was found that culturing of pre-treated shoot tips with anti-oxidant solution (A.O.S) on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS), or Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with PVP as anti-oxidants induced the best results in reducing free phenolic compounds and enhancing explant development parameters. Also, adding combination of tryptophan, adenine sulphate and coconut water as organic additives maximized survival percentage and improved explant development. In the same time, adding combination of coconut water at 5% plus Banana pulp plus Papaya extract at 50 g/L of were helpful in maximizing number of shoots/plant, shoot length and greening parameters. Also duplicating the dose of vitamin mix of Gamborg medium improved explants development and survival (%) of explant. Meanwhile, using of 1.0 mg/ L BAP increased proliferation. Meanwhile, addition of 2.0 mg/ L GA3 to half strength medium maximized shoot length. Moreover, the addition of 2.0 mg/L IBA to the culture medium induced the highest number of roots/plant.

Aqueous Extracts of Aloe vera and Carica papaya Leaves: Impacts on Coccidiosis, Production and Haematology in Kabir Chickens in Buea, South West Cameroon

Aqueous Extracts of Aloe vera and Carica papaya Leaves: Impacts on Coccidiosis, Production and Haematology in Kabir Chickens in Buea, South West Cameroon

Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Papaya (Carica papaya) Terhadap Kematian Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti Instar III

ABSTRAK
 Latar Belakang: Ekstrak daun papaya (Carica papaya) merupakan bahan larvasida alami yang mengandung papain dan alkaloid karpain sehingga penggunaannya aman bagi lingkungan. Sifat larvasidanya juga dapat diterapkan untuk mengurangi jumlah larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Nyamuk spesies ini adalah vektor utama untuk virus yang dapat menyebabkan demam dengue yang tingkat insidensinya semakin lama semakin meningkat. Sudah ada beberapa metode kontrol nyamuk yang dipakai, salah satunya adalah mengurangi jumlah larva nyamuk dengan menggunakan insektisida organofosfat kimiawi yang disebut sebagai temefos. Temefos sangat baik dalam membunuh larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti namun memiliki banyak efek samping terutama bagi lingkungan. Dengan mengontrol jumlah larva nyamuk ini diharapkan akan terjadi penurunan jumlah kasus demam dengue. Tujuan: Untuk membuktikan bahwa ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya) dapat mempengaruhi kematian larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti instar III. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental menggunakan post test only control group design. Penelitian terdiri dari tujuh kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol positif yang diberi bubuk abate, kelompok kontrol negatif yang hanya diberi aquades dan lima kelompok perlakuan dengan konsentrasi 0,5%, 1%, 1,5%, 2%, dan 2,5%; diulang sebanyak empat kali. Penghitungan jumlah larva nyamuk yang mati dilakukan setelah 24 jam. Hasil: Berdasarkan uji Kruskal-Wallis didapatkan p<α dengan p=0,000 dan α=0,05. Hal ini membuktikan signifikansi penelitian. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak daun papaya (Carica papaya) dapat mempengaruhi kematian larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti instar III.
 
 Kata Kunci: daun Carica papaya, demam dengue, Aedes aegypti
 
 ABSTRACT
 Background: Papaya leaves (Carica papaya) extract is a natural larvacide that contains papain and alkaloid karpain so its usage is safe for the environment. The larvacide properties can also be used to reduce the amount of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. This mosquito species is the main vector for the virus that causes dengue fever which incident number increases over the years. There have been a few methods used to control the mosquito’s amount, one of which is by decreasing the number of Aedes aegypti’s larvae using the organophosphate insecticide chemical known as temefos. Temefos is really effective in killing the Aedes aegypti larvae but it has a lot of side effects especially towards the environment. By controlling the number of the Aedes aegypti’s larvae, hopefully the number of the dengue fever case can also be reduced. Objective: To prove that the papaya leaves (Carica papaya) extract have effects on the death of Aedes aegypti’s instar III larvae. Method: This is an experimental research what uses a post test only control group design. The study consists of seven groups, which are positive control that is given abate powder, negative control that is given only aquadest, and five groups treated with concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%; repeated for four times. The calculation of the amount of dead larvae is done within the first 24 hours. Result: Based on the Kruskal-Wallis test, p’s value is <α with p value being 0.000 and α being 0.05. It proves the significance of the experiment. Conclusion: The papaya leaves (Carica papaya) extract have effects on the death of Aedes aegypti’s instar III larvae.
 
 Keywords: Carica papaya leaves, dengue fever, Aedes aegypti

Gas Production, Digestibility and Efficacy of Stored or Fresh Plant Extracts to Reduce Methane Production on Different Substrates.

Simple SummaryMedicinal plants possess the ability to mitigate methane production from ruminants. Long-term stability of these plant extracts are essential qualities to be able to replace other rumen modifiers. After one year of storage, plant secondary metabolites used in this study reduced methane production from low-quality forages, without adverse effects on feed digestibility in vitro.Natural compounds such as plant secondary metabolites (PSM) can be used to replace antibiotic growth promoters as rumen modifiers. In this study, the effectiveness of stored and freshly extracted Aloe vera (AV), Azadirachta indica (AZ), Moringa oleifera (MO), Jatropha curcas (JA), Tithonia diversifolia (TD) and Carica papaya (CP) crude extract and monensin on in vitro gas and methane production, organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were evaluated using a total mixed ration (TMR), lucerne or Eragrostis curvula substrates. Fresh extracts were processed from the same batch of frozen (−20 °C) plant material a few days before the trial while the stored extracts were extracted and stored at 4 °C for 12 months prior to the study. Extraction was done by solubilising 50 g freeze-dried plant material in 500 mL 100% methanol. Four mL of reconstituted 50 mg crude extract per 1000 mL distilled water was added per incubation vial, which already contained 400 mg substrate and in vitro fermentation, and gas production and IVOMD evaluation were carried out using standard procedures. Results showed that storing plant extracts for 12 months did not affect the activity or stability of metabolites present in the crude extracts, as shown by the lack of differences in total gas production (TGP) and methane produced between fresh or stored extracts across the substrates. In the TMR substrate, plant extracts increased IVOMD but did not affect TGP and methane production, whereas monensin did not have any effect. Plant extracts increased IVOMD of Eragrostis substrate and supressed methane production to a greater extent than monensin (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that storing plant extracts for up to 12 months did not compromise their efficacy. In addition, the use of 50 mg/kg of AV, AZ, MO, JA, TD and CP extract to a forage-based diet will reduce methane production while improving feed digestibility.

Larvicidal activity of ethanol extract of carica papaya seed against aedes albopictus (skuse)

Chemical insecticides used for killing mosquitoes have caused side effects such as development of insecticide resistance and environmental pollution. Natural products are the alternative resource for development of new bio-insecticides. This study was conducted to evaluate the lethal effect of Carica papaya seed extract against Aedes albopictus larvae. C. papaya seed was extracted by using ethanol maceration followed by concentration of rotary evaporator. Stock solution of seed extract was prepared in 0.01 g/ml of distilled water. Serial dilution ranging from 1–1000 mg/ml of seeds extracts was used for testing and Abate® was used as positive control. The larvicidal activity, behavioural and morphological changes of Ae. albopictus larvae were observed between 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Lethal effect was observed starting from 500 mg/ml and 100% of larval mortality was observed at 1000 mg/ml. Morphological changes of larvae were observed at 1000 mg/ml showing depigmentation of mid gut. Further studies to identify the active compounds in the ethanol extract of Carica papaya seed are needed.

Development and evaluation of polyherbal halal ointment using honey and Papaya

Skin care products are one of the important formulations that being marketed worldwide. Currently herbal medicines are getting popularized in developing and developed countries. Natural ingredient based formulations has its own advantages compared to conventional medicines. Herbal products give better patient compliance, it is economical, devoid of side effects, environmentally friendly in processing and of renewable source. Therefore, a new polyherbal ointment was formulated by combining papaya extract and honey from two different ointment formulations as active ingredient into one formulation. Fusion method was used to develop the polyherbal ointment. The polyherbal ointment prepared with different percentages of honey and papaya extract. The formulations were evaluated for its physio-chemical properties by evaluating on the pH, physical appearance, stability study, Spreadability and Washability. The formulation passes all the standard physical evaluation tests. This ointment formulation can be used in the treatment of antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound. The ointment can also be used as moisturizer.

Hepatoprotective effect of hydroethanol extracts of Allium sativum and Carica papaya on CCl4- induced liver damage in rats

Plant-based products, believed to be less toxic have been employed as hepatoprotective agents in recent times. Polyherbal therapy is reported to have therapeutic benefits over single herb therapy. Allium sativum and Carica papaya are two known plants used traditionally for the treatment of liver related diseases. Thus, in this study, the hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of hydroethanol extracts of Allium sativum cloves (Garlic) and Carica papaya (Pawpaw) leafs (singly and combined) against CCl4-induced toxicity in rats was evaluated. Thirty male albino rats used were classed into six (groups A- F) groups of five rats each and treated (orally) for 14 days. Group A- rats + distilled water (negative control); Group B- rats + CCl4 in olive oil (positive control); Group C- rats + 200 mg/ kg-day combined extract of A. sativum and C. papaya (1: 1 ratio); Group D- rats + 200 mg/ kg-day extract of A. sativum; Group E- rats + 200 mg/ kg-day extract of C. papaya; Group F- rats + 100 mg/kg bw of silymarin. CCl4 induce hepatotoxicity was characterized by an upsurge (P&lt;0.05) in serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT) activities, and total bilirubin. Also, CCl4 administration led to a substantial reduction (P&lt;0.05) of reduced glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and an increase (P&lt;0.05) in lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the liver tissue. However, treatment with hydroethanol extract of A. sativum and C. papaya prevented the CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation and returned the altered marker enzymes of serum and antioxidant enzymes level to near normal. The extracts of both plants demonstrated significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity as reflected by the results. Comparatively, the combined extract gave the most promising antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential, which may be due to positive synergistic effects of both plants over either plant used singly, thereby vindicating the use of polyherbal remedy over a single herb.

Antipyretic activity of aqueous extracts of Andrographispaniculata and Carica papaya in Wistar albino rats – A comparative study

Antipyretic activity of aqueous extracts of Andrographispaniculata and Carica papaya in Wistar albino rats – A comparative study

The contraceptive potential of Carica papaya seed on oestrus cycle, progesterone, and histomorphology of the Utero-ovarian tissue of adult wistar rats.

Objective:The study’s goal was to ascertain the contraceptive effects of Aqueous extract of Carica papaya on female rats by assessing changes in the body weight, estrous cycle, serum progesterone level and the cyto-architecture of the Utero-ovarian tissue.Methods:We used twenty (20) healthy young Adult Female Albino rats. The study ran for 7 and 21 days, respectively. Each study group has their Experimental (treated 200mg/kg aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed extract) and Control group (n=5). We determined daily the phases and frequencies of the estrous cycles of the rats during the administration of the extract. We processed the utero-ovarian tissue for histological analysis, and we assessed serum progesterone level and the oestrus cycle pattern.Results:There was a significant increase in body and Ovarian weights after 21 days of treatment when compared to controls and those treated for 7 days. However, uterine weight reduced significantly (p<0.05), serum progesterone level decreased (p<0.05) in the treated rats, mostly in those submitted to 21 day-treatments; the ovary showed marked degeneration of the theca cells, granulosa and corpus luteum, and loss of mucin granules in the uterine tissues. Carica papaya administered for 7 and 21 days caused the animals to have more proestrus and diestrus phases as compared to the control animals. The estrous cycle became irregular, with prolonged diestrous and proestrus phase.Conclusion:The aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds caused antifertility, anti-implantation, by a reduction in progesterone level, disruption of oestrus pattern and histological alteration of utero-ovarian tissue.

Comparative Evaluation of the In Vitro Anthelminthic Effects of the Leaves, Stem, and Seeds of Carica papaya (Linn) Using the Pheretima posthuma Model.

This study was conducted to comparatively assess the anthelminthic activity of leaves, stem bark, and seeds of Carica papaya, in order to identify which of the plant parts possess the highest anthelminthic activity. Three concentrations of ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of the plant parts (1 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, and 5 mg/ml) were prepared and tested against Pheretima posthuma using albendazole as the positive control and 0.9% normal saline solution as the negative control. Preliminary phytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, and reducing sugars of glycosides present in all the crude extracts of Carica papaya. Tannins were observed only in extracts of the leaves, while fixed oils were only present in the extracts of the seeds. The results of the anthelminthic activity testing indicated that all crude extracts prepared were more effective than albendazole in reducing paralysis time (p < 0.0001) and death time (p < 0.0001). It was further shown that the extracts from the seeds (SE and SHE) were more effective than the extracts from the stem bark and leaves both in reducing paralysis and death times. Fractionation of SE provided a fraction, SEB, which was more effective than SE both in reducing paralysis and death times (p < 0.0001) and was established to contain fixed oils. The outcome of the current study has provided a scientific justification for the preference of the seeds of Carica papaya for the treatment of helminth infections and has shown that the fixed oils present in the seeds could be responsible for such activity.

Comparative laboratory efficacy of novel botanical extracts against Tribolium castaneum

Citrus sinensis, Allium sativum, Ocimum basilicum, Mentha spicata, Curcuma longa, Carica papaya, Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica, Cymbopogon citratus and Acorus calamus were compared in the form of extracts of chloroform, hexane and aqueous media for their effectiveness in repelling Tribolium castaneum. Filter paper of 9 cm in diameter was cut into halves. Using a micro-pipette, each extract was applied to one half of the filter paper. The volume applied was kept constant at 0.6 mL per 30 cm2 . The filter paper was dried and reattached leaving a 0.5 cm gap between, in a Petri-plate. Ten adults of T. castaneum were introduced and the repellency was observed after 30, 60 and 180 min. The aqueous extract of C. papaya exhibited the highest repellency (82-97%) followed by that of garlic bulbs (aqueous extract) with 86.67% repellency. Further, gunny bags were sprayed separately using bottle sprayers with the two most effective extracts at a constant volume of 42 mL per 575 cm2 . These treated gunny bags were compared with malathion-treated gunny bags in the insect management unit. The observations were taken after 2, 8 and 24 h. Papaya leaf extract-treated gunny bags showed relative repellent activity similar to that of malathion-treated gunny bags after 24 h of treatment. Thus, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of aqueous extract of papaya leaves was performed. It can be concluded that extract of papaya leaves containing 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (8.47% peak area) can be used as a repellent biopesticide. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Breaking the Barrier of Cancer through Papaya Extract and their Formulation.

In the last decade, many new avenues of cancer treatment have opened up but the costs of treatment have sky-rocketed too. Hence, screening of indigenously available plant and animal resources for anti-carcinogenic potential is an important branch of anticancer research. The effort has been made through this comprehensive review to highlight the recent developments of anticancer therapies using different parts of papaya plant extract. In search of the naturally existing animals and plants for anticarcinogenic potential, papaya plant has been exploited by the scientist working in this research field. A widespread literature search was performed for writing this review. Different constituents of Carica papaya responsible for anticancer activities have been discussed. Papaya extract for the treatment of breast, liver, blood, pancreas, skin, prostate, and colon cancer have also been reported. Finally, the various formulation approach using Carica papaya extract have been highlighted. The information provided in this review might be useful for researchers in designing of novel formulation of Carica papaya extract for the treatment of cancer.

Alternative Media Based on Papaya and Fish Extract for Glutathione Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant that functions to protect cells from oxidative stress. It is used for medical purposes, as an additive in foods and cosmetics industry. The magnitude of these applications results in increased demand for glutathione every year, however, the cost of glutathione is high. The production of glutathione using an alternative source for the medium and the amino acids used in the media might be the solution for managing the high cost of glutathione production in yeast. This study uses an alternative media based on papaya and fish extract to reduce production costs. The fish extract contains glutamate, cysteine and glycine that can be utilised as a source of amino acid. This study suggested that media based on papaya extract could be employed to produce glutathione in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Moreover, administration of 5 mg/mL of fish extract could increase the glutathione production up to 36.36% as compared to a control. The optimum production of glutathione was obtained in a harvest time of 44 h culture. Therefore, further investigation by modifying the medium is warranted to produce glutathione in a cost friendly manner in the S. cerevisiae.&#x0D;

Antimicrobial activity of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Carica papaya L. against postharvest pathogens of avocado pear (Persea americana Mill.)

Phytopathogenic fungi associated with postharvest rot of avocado pear were isolated and identified. The identification was based on their morphological and microscopic characteristics. The effects of ethanolic plant extracts of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Carica papaya L. on in vitro inhibition of the mycelia growth of the isolates were determined. The isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Galactomyces candidum, Trichoderma viride, Rhizopus delemar and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae and were confirmed by pathogenicity test as the causal agents of fungal rot of avocado pear. The extracts inhibited the mycelia growth of the pathogens except R. delemar, to a significant level (P < 0.05) at different concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ml. The inhibitory effects of the plant extracts increased with increase in concentration. The fungicidal activity was strongly exhibited by O. gratissimum at 100 mg/ml against all the pathogens except R. delemar which showed no inhibition at all concentration. Carica papaya extract was more effective against A. flavus with inhibitory effects of 38.45 ± 5.18, 30.40 ± 1.85 and 21.47 ± 3.24% at 80, 60 and 20 mg/ml concentration, respectively. The inhibitions were significantly different at P < 0.05. It could be concluded that the plant extracts can effectively control fungal rot of Persea americana Mill and as such potential biofungicide for the management of postharvest losses.

Mimosa pudica and Carica papaya extracts on Ascaridia galli - Experimentally infected Kabir chicks in Cameroon: Efficacy, lipid and hematological profile.

Mimosa pudica and Carica papaya extracts on Ascaridia galli - Experimentally infected Kabir chicks in Cameroon: Efficacy, lipid and hematological profile.

QUANTIFICATION OF QUERCETIN AND CHLOROGENIC ACID IN PAPAYA SEED ETHANOL EXTRACT

Objective: The objective of the study was to quantify the quercetin and chlorogenic contained in the ethanolic extract of papaya seed.&#x0D; Methods: Papaya seeds were extracted using the maceration method; then, the qualitative phytochemical analysis was obtained from standard phytochemical screening; furthermore, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) examination was used to determine the number of its bioactive compounds.&#x0D; Results: The quantitative examination using LC–MS showed that the content of chlorogenic acid was greater than the quercetin level. Further studies have to be carried out regarding the papaya seed ethanolic extract in vitro inhibition compare to the antibacterial potential of the commercial antibiotics on the tested bacteria species.&#x0D; Conclusion: Our results suggest that papaya seed ethanolic extract quantitatively contains chlorogenic acid greater than quercetin.

An Evaluation of the Clotting Properties of Three Plant Rennets in the Milks of Different Animal Species.

Cynara cardunculus, Carica papaya and Ficus carica extracts are proposed as milk coagulants herein. Their coagulation efficiency was measured in bovine, buffalo, goat and sheep milk incubated at different temperatures. The milk-clotting and proteolytic activities as well as the lactodynamographic parameters were determined considering animal rennet as a reference coagulant. The vegetable coagulant, extracted from C. cardunculus pistils, proved to be the most suitable milk-clotting enzyme for cheesemaking, since it possesses similar milk clotting properties to conventional calf rennet. F. carica latex, but seemed to be a promising alternative coagulant at higher temperatures. The strong proteolytic activity of papain caused poor milk coagulation in all milk samples. To conclude, this result also supports the original hypothesis of this study that the excessive proteolytic nature of plant coagulants can negatively affect the cheesemaking process. The optimization of using a plant rennet in a dairy application can be done by selecting the appropriate plant rennet with a consistent clotting efficiency. These innovative manufacturing processes may also lead to the optimization and production of new cheese varieties.