Betel Leaf Extract Research Articles

Green Betel Leaf and Lemongrass Extracts as Sustainable Disinfectants: Optimizing Dosage and Environmental Impact for Medical Waste Recycling

Green Betel Leaf and Lemongrass Extracts as Sustainable Disinfectants: Optimizing Dosage and Environmental Impact for Medical Waste Recycling

Antibacterial Activity Of Staphylococcus aureus From Chinese Betel Leaf Juice (Peperomia pellucida L.)

Infectious diseases, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia, are a common health problem, one of which is caused by bacteria. This study tested the antibacterial activity of Chinese betel leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, with secondary metabolite content such as alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids that act as antibacterials. This study was a laboratory experiment using a completely randomized design with three repetitions at five concentrations of extract, as well as one positive and negative control. The method used was the agar diffusion method, and the test results showed that Chinese betel leaf extract had antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus at various concentrations tested. The concentrations used were 6µL/disc, 8µL/disc, 10µL/disc, 12µL/disc, and 14µL/disc, where all these categories produced inhibition zones included in the moderate category according to Susanto (2012). Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test produced a significant value of 0.035 (<0.05), indicating a significant difference between each concentration tested. From the research results, it can be concluded that Chinese betel leaf extract has effective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

The Effectiveness of Giving 25% Green Betel Leaf Extract Formula (Piper Betle) in Reducing Germ Numbers on the Emergency Room Floor of RSU "X" Ponorogo Regency

Hospitals are places of service that aim to achieve optimal health for the community. In addition to seeking cures, hospitals are also a source of various diseases for both patients and visitors. The disease is caused by pathogenic microorganisms that multiply in the air, water, floor, food, medical and non-medical equipment. One of the most common hospital-acquired infections in the Emergency Department (ER) is nosocomial infection. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the use of green betel leaf extract (Piper betel) in reducing the number of germs on the emergency room floor at the x Hospital of Ponorogo Regency. The method used in this study is experimental, with the analysis being Quasi-Experimental and using Pretest-posttest Group Design. The percentage of effectiveness in reducing the number of germs in the 25% formula is 86.78%, the 20% formula is 85.40%, the 15% formula is 8 1.96%, and the 10% formula is 75%. There was a decrease in the number of germs on the floor of the emergency room using green betel leaf extract (Piper Beetle). The effectiveness of green betel leaf extract on the floor swab test is found in the 25% formula. In addition, a long soaking method and a higher formula can be used to measure the effectiveness of green betel leaf extract as an antibacterial in reducing the number of germs on the floor.

Comparison of binahong <em>(Anredera cordifolia) (Ten. Steenis)</em> and red betel <em>(Piper crocatum)</em> leaves ointment formulations toward length of laceration and bleeding time in rats

Laceration is a condition in which the structure of body tissue is damaged as a result of the body being slashed by sharp objects such as knives, razors, or cutters. One plant that can be applied to laceration is binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) steenis and red betel (Piper crocatum). This plant contains a variety of active compounds, including alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. This present study aims to determine the effectiveness comparsion of the formulation and the difference in optimal concentrations of binahong and red betel leaf extract ointment formulation for incision healing with concentrations of 7%, 15%, and 30%. Here, Wistar rats incision were compared with ointment extract. To assesses the healing process with length of laceration and bleeding time. Incision demonstrated the elevated length of laceration and bleeding time. In contrast, animals received ointment extract demonstrated better for length of laceration and reduced the bleeding time. Taken the ointment extract, our results suggest ointment extract binahong and red betel leaves exhibit antioxidant and increase the collagen activity which may contribute to the heal of incision.

Development and characterization of sodium alginate and β-cyclodextrin nanoemulsions encapsulating betel leaf (Piper betle L.) extract for enhanced antimicrobial efficacy against foodborne pathogen

This study aims to investigate the physical stability, droplet size, zeta potential, and antimicrobial properties of nanoemulsions formulated with betel leaf extract using β-cyclodextrin (CD) and sodium alginate (SA) biopolymers. Nanoemulsions with β-cyclodextrin exhibit superior stability at lower temperatures, with limited droplet size, and strong electrostatic repulsion. Morphological images demonstrate the successful encapsulation of betel leaf extract within both biopolymers, highlighting their potential for antimicrobial applications. Both CD and SA nanoemulsions display inhibitory effects on bacterial strains (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and B. cereus) and fungal growth (A. brasiliensis, R. stolonifer, F. oxysporum, and C. albicans). SA nanoemulsions show higher antimicrobial activity due to H+ ion release, particularly against A. brasiliensis and C. albicans. These findings underscore the potential of betel leaf extract nanoemulsions, especially those with SA, for various antimicrobial applications for sustainable food packaging, highlighting their significance in addressing microbial challenges.

Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and ɑ-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Red Betel (Piper crocatum) Extract in Various Solvents

Alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity needs to be inhibited to avoid increasing blood sugar levels in diabetics. Red betel leaf extract is reported to have active compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids that have alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity. Previous research showed that 70% betel leaf extract has an ɑ-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity of 69.84%, but it is not yet known how the effect of extracts with different levels of polarity on the inhibition activity of alpha-glucosidase enzyme. This study aimed to determine extracts that have optimal levels of phenolic and flavonoid content and the highest suppression of α-glucosidase activity. The multistage maceration method was used to extract red betel leaf simplicia using solvents with different levels of polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol). Tests were conducted on overall phenolic concentration, flavonoids, and ɑ-glucosidase inhibition ability. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test with Tukey's further test (p<0.05). The results of the assessment of phenolic concentration, flavonoids, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity as a whole showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in all extracts with the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content found in the n-hexane extract of 25.68 ± 0.29 mg GAE/g and 65.84 ± 0.96 mg QE/g respectively. Meanwhile, methanol extract of red betel leaf became the best extract in this study with the greatest inhibition among all extracts with a percent α-glucosidase inhibition value of 43.87 ± 1.83%.

Chemical, physical, and antibacterial properties of alginate-based edible film with red betel leaf extract

Edible films are biodegradable and environmentally friendly, making them ideal for food packaging; however, they often exhibit low water resistance and poor water vapor barrier properties. This study aims to enhance alginate-based edible films by incorporating ethanol extract from red betel leaves known for their antibacterial properties. The effects of red betel leaf extract on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of these films were evaluated, in addition to their antibacterial activity. Concentrations of the extract tested were 0%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%. The films were assessed for various properties, including moisture content, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), water solubility, colour, opacity, thickness, tensile strength, and elongation at break. The antibacterial efficacy was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the impact of the extract on film surface morphology. Adding red betel leaf extract significantly impacted the thickness, WVTR, moisture content, water solubility, colour, and opacity of the films. Notably, incorporating the red betel leaf extract improved the WVTR and water solubility, with the 12.5% concentration showing the greatest antibacterial effectiveness.

FORMULATION OF RED BETEL LEAF EXTRACT LOTION (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) AS SUNSCREEN

Betel leaf is a natural ingredient that people use as a traditional medicine. One of the ingredients found in red betel leaves is a phenolic compound in the form of flavonoids, a photoprotective substance that can be used as protection from UV radiation. Sunscreen is a cosmetic preparation that can protect the skin from UV radiation and reduce the amount of radiation harmful to the skin. This study aimed to formulate a lotion preparation from red betel leaf extract that has activity as a sunscreen. Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) was extracted using the maceration method. Preparation formulations were made with variations of red betel leaf ethanol extract in each formula, namely with concentrations of 0.04% (F1), 0.05% (F2), 0.06% (F3), and base control (F0). The activity of sunscreen lotion extract is based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value using UV-VIS spectrophotometry at wavelengths of 290–320 nm using the Mansur equation. The results of the SPF value of the lotion are F1 of 13.48, F2 of 16.71, and F3 of 18.7. The evaluation of the lotion results obtained a light green lotion with M/A emulsion type that met the requirements, including homogeneity, pH, spreadability, viscosity, centrifugation test, and freeze and thaw test. Research results show that betel leaf extract lotion is physically stable and has a high SPF value, so it has the potential to be a sunscreen.

Testing the Antibacterial Activity of Black Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betle L. Var Nigra) on Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Enterococcus faecalis

Black betel leaves (Piper betle L. var nigra) are known to have antibacterial effects caused by secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. This study aims to assess the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of black betel leaves (Piper betle L. var nigra) against S. mutans, P. gingivalis, and E. faecalis by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone formed. This research is a type of pure experimental research (true experimental) with post test only control group design. This experimental research was conducted using the disc diffusion method in vitro, the bacteria were treated with black betel leaf extract (Piper betle L. var nigra) with a concentration variation of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. The experiment was repeated three times. The results showed that black betel leaf (Piper betle L. var nigra) had antibacterial activity against two of the three bacteria. This activity was observed through the presence of distinct clear zones around the paper disks. In conclusion, extracts derived from black betel leaf (Piper betle L. var nigra) had antibacterial activity against S. mutans and P. gingivalis bacteria at 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% concentrations. However, it did not have antibacterial activity against E. faecalis bacteria.

EFFECTIVENESS OF RED BETEL (PIPER CROCATUM) EXTRACT ON LEUCORRHEA IN WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE

Introduction: Reproductive health problems exist in Asia; 76% of women experience vaginal discharge. Vaginal discharge symptoms are also experienced by women of childbearing age (around 31.8%). Women of childbearing age are more at risk of fluor albus, which can be a trigger for reproductive organ infections. One of the treatments is to use betel leaves, which contain natural antiseptics and antibiotics. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum) against leucorrhea in women of childbearing age. Method: This research method uses a quasi-experiment design with one pre-and post-test design technique group. The research was conducted at the Independent Midwife Practice in Bandung City. The population in the study were all women of childbearing age in Bandung City. The sample consisted of women of childbearing age, according to the inclusion criteria of 36 people. The data obtained were primary data from the measurement of vaginal pH with Neco test litmus paper. The data analysis used was the Wilcoxon test to test the difference in pH scores before and after the intervention. Result: The results showed a significant difference in the use of 0.5% red betel leaf extract in women of childbearing age before and after the intervention. Conclusion: Red betel leaf extract 0.5% is effective in reducing the incidence of leucorrhea. There is a decrease in vaginal pH before and after the use of red betel leaf extract 0.5% by 1.78 (p <0.05).

Synthesis and Characterization of Ethanolic Extract of Red Betel Leaf as an Antiseptic Gel

Synthesis and Characterization of Ethanolic Extract of Red Betel Leaf as an Antiseptic Gel

Preparation and Evaluation of Cream Containing Betel Leaf Extract for Removal of Cutaneous Warts

Abstract: Warts are common skin growths caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). They can appear on any part of the body but are most commonly found on the hands, feet, and genitals. Warts are usually harmless but can be unsightly or cause discomfort, especially if they are frequent friction or pressure. There are several types of warts, including common warts, plantar warts (on the soles of the feet), genital warts, and flat warts (often found on the face). Creams are semisolid dosage form containing one or more drugs substances dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base. They are emulsion of either W/O, O/W creams are uses for various purposes. Wart removal cream contains some synthetic substances as well as herbal ingredients like betel steam which is having antiviral activity against the human papilloma virus (HPV). Then calcium carbonate and sodium hydroxide slowly absorbed into the skin causing rupturing of the skin cells that contains the wart virus. To prepare wart removal cream sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate along with the aqueous extract of betel leaf by maceration with the excipients such as stearic acid, glycerin, methyl paraben, distilled water are used. Finally, the cream is evaluated with various parameters such as physical and chemical properties like pH, viscosity, spreadability, texture. As this cream has clove oil which is used as an analgesic to avoid the irritational pain. The pH of the cream is supposed to be basic and around 12-12.5. During the evaluation the pH of the cream was found out to be 12.1. Cream was easily spreadable and it had a pleasant appearance.

Eco-Friendly Antifungal from Seven Botanical Extracts and Its Effect To Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Fusarium oxysporum has been the enemy in agriculture due to the wide range of infections in the whole crop and postharvest. Botanical extracts in traditional medicine systems were considered valuable sources for discovering new antifungals. Thus, exploration to get antifungals from eco-friendly botanical extracts as an alternative to synthetic fungicides needs to be expanded. Therefore, this study aims to test the antifungal potential of seven eco-friendly botanical aquadest extracts against F. oxysporum in vitro. The antifungal potential test was done on PDA media and the mycelial growth data was collected every two days for seven days. There were three antifungal phenomena were observed. The pandan leaf extract had a 4% fungal inhibition zone (phenomenon I). The extract of banana leaf, Hibiscus flower, papaya leaf, guava twig (phenomenon II), orange peels, and betel leaf (phenomenon III) had no values of fungal inhibition zone. Thus, pandan leaves extract revealed a fungal inhibition while other six botanical extracts had not enough antifungal potential in vitro.

Larvicidal Activity of Red Betel Leaves (Piper ornatum) Ethanolic Extract Against Mosquito Larvae

Larvae are the initial carriers of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and culex, making them significant in disease transmission. Excessive chemical larvicides pose serious risks to human health, thus driving the development of biological alternatives like red betel leaf extract. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of red betel leaf extract in larval control. Using 300 larvae, concentrations of 5%, 6%, and 7% were tested with three replicates over 24 h. The bioassay involved placing the larvae into a plastic container filled with the extract. It was found that ethanol extract from Piper ornatum leaves contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. After 24 h, results revealed 83% mortality at 5%, 98% at 6%, and 100% at 7% of extract concentration. Consequently, the 7% concentration showed the fastest efficacy in killing mosquito larvae (100% in 50 min). The LC50 value, representing the concentration at which 50% of larvae are killed, was determined to be 0.04%. Additionally, the LT50 value, indicating the time required to kill 50% of larvae (based on the LC50 value), was found to be 3.34 hours. In conclusion, red betel leaf extract demonstrated promising larvicidal activity against mosquito larvae. Future research is anticipated to prove its safety via in vitro and in vivo test.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and response surface methodology (RSM) for optimizing wetting and anti-bacterial properties of woven fabric

This study aims to enhance woven fabric’s antibacterial properties by coating with betel leaf extract using immersion and plasma pre-treatment techniques. It explores nano surface modification and develops mathematical models for inhibition zone values using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANNs). We divided the RSM into two groups based on the inputs, model A and model H, and then used artificial neural networks to compare the models. We analyzed fabric treatments using SEM, wetting tests, FT-IR spectrometry, and disc diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) with Staphylococcus aureus to assess nano surface modification and antibacterial properties of fabric-treated with discharged plasma. We compared the optimal inhibition zone values for polyester fabrics with plasma treatment, anti-bacterial coatings, and anti-bacterial and plasma treatment. Fabrics treated with antibacterial coating, plasma treatment, or both exhibited inhibition zones of 2.30 ± 0.50 mm, 3.00 ± 0.50 mm, and 6.40 ± 0.50 mm, respectively. Using RSM model A, wetting properties were predicted with SSE, R-squared, and RMSE values of 0.2402, 0.9999, and 0.2451, respectively. Model A also forecasted inhibition zones for different fabric treatments with R-squared values of 0.899 and 0.9579, and SSE values of 0.8038 and 0.0782, respectively. Additionally, inhibition zones were modeled using RSM model H and ANNs, yielding R-squared values of 0.9128 and 0.97724, respectively. We found that the inhibition zone value using the ANNs model had a better predictive ability than RSM. The new technique can, therefore, be used to enhance the anti-bacterial properties and absorbency of 100% polyester fabrics.

Synergistic Effect of Henna and Betel Leaf Extract on Dyeing and Antimicrobial Performance of Silk Fabric

Synergistic Effect of Henna and Betel Leaf Extract on Dyeing and Antimicrobial Performance of Silk Fabric

Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of antibacterial compounds from Piper betle leaf with inhibitory activity against the Vibrio species in shrimp

ABSTRACT The present study examined the antimicrobial effects of betel leaf (Piper betle) extracts against Vibrio spp. along with the isolation of the most prevalent bioactive components using a bioassay-guided purification. Following a preliminary screening, the ethanolic extract proved the most effective and performed to silica gel chromatography, followed by reversed phase HPLC to isolate the active components. By means of subsequent UHPLC-orbitrap-ion trap mass spectrometry, two compounds were identified as (E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoic acid (cinnamic acid) and [4-(1-hydroxyprop-2-enyl)phenyl] acetate (1’−hydroxychavicol acetate). The compounds showed anti-microbial activity against Vibrio species including V. parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. anguillarum. Their antibacterial action was quantified by a microdilution assay showing that cinnamic acid displays more potent activity (IC50, 21–121 µg/mL) compared to 1’-hydroxychavicol acetate (IC50, 24–365 µg/mL). These findings propose the potential use of the betel leaf as a substitute for antibiotics to combat Vibrio infections in shrimp aquaculture.

Formulation and evaluation of antifungal herbal gel using Aloe Vera and Betel leaves extract for the treatment of candidiasis

The primary objective of the current study was to develop and evaluate an antifungal herbal gel for the treatment of candidiasis using an extract from aloe vera and betel leaves. Herbal remedies are now widely used for both medicinal and commercial reasons. The antibacterial gel made from herbal plants works better than synthetic medications and has fewer side effects. Aloe vera belongs to the Asphodelaceae family, which also includes Aloe barbadensis. One species in the Piper betle L. family of Piperaceae is the betel leaf. Aloe vera and betel leaf products, such as plant branches, roots, and leaves, have also been shown to be abundant in phytochemicals. The most popular herbs for treating fungus infections are aloe vera and betel leaves, which also contain potent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Methods: Hydroalcoholic extract was prepared by the maceration method. Carbopol 940 was used as a gelling agent to create the gel formulation. Candida albicans has been used to test its antifungal properties. Evaluation:The pH, viscosity, homogeneity, grittiness, extrudability, spreadability, antifungal activity and in vitro drug release research were assessed for the optimally designed herbal gel. Results:In comparison to marketed 1% clotrimazole gel 25 mm and marketed herbal gel 20 mm, the aloe vera and betelleaf extract herbal gel (S4 Batch) was found to be brown in color, homogenous, had good extrudability, no grittiness, pH 6.8, viscosity of 3424±0.45, spreadability of 4.3±0.3, and zone of inhibition of 23 mm. After being stored for 60 days, the herbal gel mixture, including extracts of aloe vera, tulsi, and peppermint leaves, did not alter in appearance. The pH has not changed in two months.

SYNTHESIS OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC FROM (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam), (Zea mays) AND (Piper betle) USING GLYCEROL AS PLASTICIZER

This study aims to produce starch-based bioplastic that is environmentally safe and reduces pollution. This research aims to investigate the effect of betel leaf extract as an antimicrobial agent on the characteristic of bioplastic based on jack fruit seed starch. Bioplastics are the only solution to replace plastics. As a result, these nonbiodegradable plastics remain in the environment for a long time and cause an increase in solid waste production. Starch is one of the major sources in the development of bioplastics. The bioplastic was produced from the starch of jackfruit seed along with glycerol as a plasticizer and analyzed for its physical and mechanical properties. The bioplastic produced was analysed for its antimicrobial activity. The produced bioplastic showed better physio mechanical properties and can be used widely in industries. Keywords: Bioplastics, Glycerol, Jackfruit, Cornleaf, Betel leaf.

Powerful Antibacterial for Wound Healing using Betel Leaf Extract

This study investigates the antibacterial properties of betel leaf (Piper Betle L) extract on suture wound infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Using 25 Webster mice divided into five groups, the research compared the healing effects of 5%, 10%, and 15% betel leaf extract against a control group and a gentamicin antibiotic group over 8 days. Results, measured with the REEDA scale, indicated that the 15% extract was most effective, achieving optimal healing by the eighth day. These findings suggest that betel leaf extract, particularly at higher concentrations, could serve as a potent alternative to traditional antibiotics for treating bacterial wound infections. Highlights: 15% Extract Most Effective: Achieved complete healing by eighth day. Comparative Study: Betel leaf extract vs. control and gentamicin. Antibacterial Alternative: Potential for treating bacterial wound infections. Keywords: Betel leaf extract, Piper Betle L, wound infection, Staphylococcus aureus, antibacterial