Bacopa Monnieri Extract Research Articles

Green synthesis of Ceriumoxide Nanoparticles using Bacopa monnieri Leaf Extract - In vitro A ntioxidant Activity

Objectives: Cerium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a rapid green method using an aqueous leaf extract of Bacopa monnieri to investigate its antioxidant activity. Methods: Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) were synthesized using Bacopa monnieri leaf extract as a stabilizing agent by solution combustion method. Characterization techniques like FTIR, PXRD,SEMEDAX, HR-TEM, UV-visible, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the synthesized NPs. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by in vitro Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Findings: The biosynthesized CeO2 NPs possess tiny spherical shapes and sizes ranging from 5-50nm, and the average particle size is 27 nm as measured by HR-TEM. XRD and Raman confirm the nanoparticle’s polycrystalline nature and face-centered cubic fluorite structure with maximum UV-visible absorbance at l max 301.2nm. The biosynthesized CeO2 NPs exhibited better scavenging activity than Vitamin C. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies must be warranted to explore its mechanism and therapeutic potential. Novelty: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report involving the green synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles using Bacopa monnieri leaf extract, which exhibited potent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity which can be a promising therapeutic candidate in oxidative stress-related disorders. Keywords: CeO2 NPs; Green synthesis; Bacopa monnieri; HR-TEM; Hydroxyl radical

Neuroprotective Potential of Bacopa monnieri: Modulation of Inflammatory Signals.

To date, much evidence has shown the increased interest in natural molecules and traditional herbal medicine as alternative bioactive compounds to fight many inflammatory conditions, both in relation to immunomodulation and in terms of their wound healing potential. Bacopa monnieri is a herb that is used in the Ayurvedic medicine tradition for its anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we evaluate the anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties of the Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) in vitro model of neuroinflammation. Neuronal SH-SY5Y cells were stimulated with TNFα and IFNγ and used to evaluate the effect of BME on cell viability, cytotoxicity, cytokine gene expression, and healing rate. Our results showed that BME protects against the Okadaic acid-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, in TNFα and IFNγ primed cells, BME reduces IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS, mitigates the mechanical trauma injury-induced damage, and accelerates the healing of wounds. This study indicates that BME might become a promising candidate for the treatment of neuroinflammation.

Bacopa monnieri reduces Tau aggregation and Tau-mediated toxicity in cells

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss and behavioral impairments. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri was studied for its potency to inhibit Tau aggregation and rescuing of the viability of Tau-stressed cells. Bacopa monnieri was observed to inhibit the Tau aggregation in vitro. The cells exposed to Bacopa monnieri were also observed to have a low level of ROS and caspase-3 activity. The immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis showed that Bacopa monnieri acts as an antioxidant and restored the Nrf2 levels in Neuro2a cells. Bacopa monnieri treatment to Neuro2a cells was observed to reduce the phospho-Tau load in formaldehyde-stressed cells. Furthermore, the treatment of Bacopa monnieri reduced the phosphorylation of GSK-3β in formaldehyde-stressed cells. Ran and NUP358 are the key proteins involved in nuclear transport. It was observed that formaldehyde treatment impaired the nuclear transport by missorting the NUP358 arrangement in Neuro2a cells. On the contrary, Bacopa monnieri treatment restored the NUP358 arrangement in cells. The overall results of the present study suggested that Bacopa monnieri could be considered a potent herb against Tau phosphorylation and Tau aggregation, which projects it as a promising formulation for Alzheimer's disease.

Bilosomes as a Potential Carrier to Enhance Cognitive Effects of Bacopa monnieri Extract on Oral Administration

AbstractThe Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda employs Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) for memory enhancement. This study attempts to prepare and test a more potent formulation by incorporating BME in nanovesicles. BME-loaded liposomes and bilosomes (bile salt-stabilized liposomes) were formulated using soy phosphatidylcholine. Liposomes and bilosomes had homogeneous size distribution and an average size of 285.7 nm and 84 nm, respectively, with satisfactory zeta potential. Spherical multilamellar bilosomes and unilamellar liposomes were observed under transmission electron microscope (TEM), with BME entrapment efficiency of 85% and 45%, respectively. During a 72 h interval, bilosomes and liposomes released 78% and 65% of the loaded BME, exhibiting a biphasic release, following the Higuchi model diffusion. Both liposomes and bilosomes were stable in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. When tested on dementia-induced Swiss albino mouse models using the Y-maze apparatus, the bilosome-treated group showed significant cognition enhancement activity than those treated with liposomal vesicles. The better pharmacological effect shown by bilosomes may be attributed to better bioavailability, possibly augmented by higher entrapment efficiency, and improved vesicle integrity afforded by bile salts. Likewise, bilosomes were more stable than liposomes in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Taken together, innovative formulation techniques hold substantial promise for enhancing the ethnopharmacological claims of BME.

Discovery of Molecular Networks of Neuroprotection Conferred by Brahmi Extract in Aβ42-Induced Toxicity Model of Drosophila melanogaster Using a Quantitative Proteomic Approach.

Accumulation of Aβ42 peptides forming plaque in various regions of the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. However, to date, there is no effective management strategy reported for attenuation of Aβ42-induced toxicity in the early stages of the disease. Alternate medicinal systems such as Ayurveda in the past few decades show promising results in the management of neuronal complications. Medhya Rasayana such as Brahmi is known for its neuroprotective properties via resolving memory-related issues, while the underlying molecular mechanism of the same remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to understand the neuroprotective effects of the aqueous extract of Bacopa monnieri and Centella asiatica (both commonly known as Brahmi) against the Aβ42 expressing model of the Drosophila melanogaster. By applying a quantitative proteomics approach, the study identified > 90% of differentially expressed proteins from Aβ42 expressing D. melanogaster were either restored to their original expression pattern or showed no change in expression pattern upon receiving either Brahmi extract treatment. The Brahmi restored proteins were part of neuronal pathways associated with cell cycle re-entry, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dynamics. The neuroprotective effect of Brahmi was also validated by negative geotaxis behavioral analysis suggesting its protective role against behavioral deficits exerted by Aβ42 toxicity. We believe that these discoveries will provide a platform for developing novel therapeutics for AD management by deciphering molecular targets of neuroprotection conferred by an aqueous extract of Bacopa monnieri or Centella asiatica.

In-vitro antidepressant property of methanol extract of Bacopa monnieri

ObjectivesThe present investigation was aimed to analyze the antidepressant activity of methanol extract of Bacopa monnieri using albino rats. MethodsThree doses of methanol extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg), and standard (imipramine hydrochloride, 25 mg/kg) were administered to albino rats. Methanol extract was subjected to use forced swimming test, tail suspension test and locomotor activities. ResultsAt 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses, immobility time decreased at 49.6%, 59.5% and 69.9%, respectively than control (p value < 0.0001). Tail suspension test increased immobility time at higher doses of methanol extract. Locomotor activities were statistically significant at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg (p value = 0.005), and non significant at 100 mg/kg (p value = 0.781) in experimental animal. The experimental animals treated with plant extract showed varying levels of monoamine oxidase - A (MAO-A) activity. MAO - A level of the control animal was 2.87 ± 0.021 ng/mL and it reduced in the experimental albino rats treated with imipramine hydrochloride (2.73 ± 0.09 ng/mL). The amount of MAO-A in the experimental animals treated with methanol extract at 25 mg/kg (p = 0.01), and 50 mg/kg (p value = 0.0001) showed significant decrease in MAO-A activity in rats brain than control. ConclusionsThe present finding revealed antidepressant effect of methanol extract of B. monnieri in Albino rats.

The Long-term Effect of Bacopa monnieri Extract on Spatial Learning and Memory in Rats

The Long-term Effect of Bacopa monnieri Extract on Spatial Learning and Memory in Rats

Evaluation of Nootropic activity of Bacopa monnieri and Convolvulus pluricaulis herbs extracts with Panchagavya ghrita

Bacopa monnieri and Convolvulus pluricaulis with the Panchagavya ghrita are expected to have better nootropic activity than the combination of Bacopa monnieri and Convolvulus pluricaulis. These marshy herbs are found throughout India having various medicinal importances like treatment of ulcer, epilepsy, memory improvement. The present study was focused on the exploration and assessment of memory and learning activity from the aqueous and methanol extract of Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) and Convolvulus pluricaulis (Sankhapuspi) leaves with and without the Panchagavya ghrita (PGG) by performing different pharmacological screening models. The study of nootropic activity was performed by using different screening methods such as; phenobarbitone sodium-induced sleeping time, elevated plus maze, radial arm maze, actophotometer. Both methanol and aqueous extracts of Brahmi, Sankhapuspi with the combinations of Panchagavya ghrita showed a significant increase in memory and learning activity as compared to solvent control group where methanol extract containing combination exhibited better enhancement of memory learning activity in all experimental models as compared to aqueous extract. However, it is confirmed that herbs are having excellent activities in learning and memory when combined with Panchagavya ghrita.

Pharmacological attributes of Bacopa monnieri extract: Current updates and clinical manifestation.

Bacopa monnieri has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine, alone or in combination with other herbs, as a memory and learning enhancer, sedative, and anti-epileptic. This review aimed to highlight the health benefits of B. monnieri extracts (BME), focusing on anti-cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. We examined the clinical studies on phytochemistry and pharmacological application of BME. We further highlighted the mechanism of action of these extracts in varying types of cancer and their therapeutic implications. In addition, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanism in therapeutic interventions, toxicities, safety concerns and synergistic potential in cognition and neuroprotection. Overall, this review provides deeper insights into the therapeutic implications of Brahmi as a lead formulation for treating neurological disorders and exerting cognitive-enhancing effects.

Investigating neuroprotective roles of Bacopa monnieri extracts: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications

Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) is a well-known perennial, creeping herb of the Indian Ayurveda system; it contains numerous bioactive phytoconstituents implicated in the therapeutic management of several life-threatening diseases. This herb was used by Ancient Vedic scholars due to its pharmacological effect, especially as a nerve tonic and nootropic booster. However, to better understand the roles of Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) in neurological disorders and memory-related diseases, it is necessary to understand its active phytochemical constituents and their molecular mechanisms. Several clinical studies suggested that BME have neuroprotective effects, making it worth revising a notable herb. Here we investigated the contours of BME's phytochemistry and pharmacological features, focusing on neuronal disorders. We further analyzed the underlying molecular mechanisms in therapeutic intervention. Various clinical concerns and synergistic potential of BME were explored for their effective use in cognition and neuroprotection. The generation of reactive oxygen species increases neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity and is associated with Tau and amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation, leading to a neurological disorder. Our findings provide deeper mechanistic insights into the neuroprotective roles of BME, which can be further implicated in the therapeutic management of neurological disorders and exerting cognitive-enhancing effects.

Novel research on Neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri L. against propionic acid induced investigation on autism in Sprague Dawley rat

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by complex behavioral and memory impairments resulting from abnormal brain development. The research objective is to identify the lack of understanding of the etiology of autism. The Ayurvedic system of medicine recognizes Bacopa monnieri for their potential nootropic activity to maximize brain and neuronal processes such as learning and memory. Brahmi, Bacopa monnieri has been demonstrated in Ayurvedic preparation as memory booster medicine. The neuroprotective properties of hydroalcoholic extract of Bacopa monnieri against propionic acid-induced neuroprotective effect in autistic rat models were investigated in the present study. The animal species used in the study are adult Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes were divided into four groups and administered the vehicle/extract for 28 days. Between the 22nd and 28th days of the trial, autism was caused by an intracerebroventricular infusion of propionic acid. Rats were treated to the fundamental methods such as different in vivo behavior and memory evaluation procedures during this infusion period, including the actophotometer test and the Morris water maze test. Animals were euthanized on the 29th day of the investigation to obtain brain material. Extracted brain tissues were used to calculate levels of neuroinflammatory markers (TNF-) and histological examination.

Simultaneous Estimation of Scopoletin, Bacopaside-II, Bacopasaponin-C, Withanolide-A, and Withanoside-IV in a Clinically Proven Polyherbal Formulation for Treatment of Insomnia

The present work is aimed to develop and validate a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of Scopoletin, Bacopaside-II, Bacopasaponin-C, Withanolide-A, and Withanoside-IV in a proprietary polyherbal formulation containing Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), Convolvulus pluricaulis (Shankhapushpi), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Nardostachys jatamansi (Jatamansi), Myristica fragrans (Jatiphal) and Valeriana wallichii (Tagar) extracts intended for the treatment of insomnia. The HPLC analysis was performed on a Inertsil ODS, 3V, 250 x 4.6 mm x 5µm, C18 column using 0.1% orthophosphoric acid buffer as the mobile phase (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) with the gradient: 0-5 min, 10-20% B; 5-10 min, 20-30% B; 10-25 min, 30% B; 25-30 min, 30-40% B; 30-40 min, 40% B; 40-45 min, 40-60% B; 45-48 min, 60% B; 48-50 min, 60-30% B; 50-52 min, 30-10% B and 52-55 min, 10% B at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. The detection wavelength was chosen at 227 nm for Withanoside-IV and Withanolide-A, for Scopoletin, Bacopaside-II and Bacopasaponin C, it was 205 nm. The HPLC method was validated as per ICH guidelines for linearity, LOD and LOQ. The calibration curve of all the five phytomarkers showed excellent linear correlation coefficients with values (r2=0.996) for Scopoletin, (r2=0.995) for Withanoside-IV, (r2=0.996) for Withanolide-A, (r2=0.996) for Bacopaside-II and (r2=0.999) for Bacopasaponin-C. Limits of detection (LOD) were 0.04, 0.43, 0.35, 0.39 and 0.18 μg/ml and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.12, 1.29, 1.06, 1.18 and 0.54 μg/ml for Scopoletin, Withanoside-IV, Withanolide-A, Bacopaside-II and Bacopasaponin-C respectively. The developed HPLC method showed good separation of all the five constituents, enabling efficient analysis of Scopoletin, Withanoside-IV, Withanolide-A, Bacopaside-II, and Bacopasaponin-C in the polyherbal formulation

Bacopa monnieri extract ameliorates core autistic behavioural deficits of sodium valproate-induced autism spectrum disorder in mice, and its mechanism of action related to PTEN protein

Our previous study demonstrated the effect of Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) on behavioural deficits in sodium valproate (VPA)-induced autism spectrum disorder in mice. The present study aims to further investigate the effect of BME on neurobehaviors of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in mice and the biochemical mechanism(s) involved. Female pregnant mice were divided into control and VPA treated groups at 12-13 days of gestation (saline/sodium valproate 500 mg/kg respectively, i.p.). Control group pups of saline-treated mothers received distilled water. The VPA-treated mothers received either distilled water or BME (50 mg/kg, p.o.) after birth until 13 days later. Then, from postnatal day 14, ASD pups were orally treated with BME (50 mg/kg)/distilled water for the duration of the study. Behavioural deficits (repetitive behaviour and social behaviour deficit) were measured by a self-grooming test and a three-chamber test on postnatal days 20 and 30. On postnatal day 40, the cerebral cortex of pups was isolated for evaluation of the expression level of PTEN protein using the Western blot method. The results showed that BME (50 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly improved repetitive behaviour and social behaviour deficits in ASD mice on postnatal day 20 and 30, and also increased PTEN protein expression level in the brain of ASD mice. These results demonstrated that BME ameliorates core behaviours of autism and concurrently restores decreases in PTEN protein expression in the cerebral cortex of valproate-treated mice.

An imperical analysis of various extracts of Bacopa Monnieri towards antibacterial and antifungal activities

Bacopa monnieri was also known as “Brahmi.” Theses plant has been considered as medicinal plants in Ayurvedic systems for centuries. This present study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of ethanolic, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts of B. monnieri. Agar disc diffusion tests were carried out to determine the antimicrobial effects of ethanolic, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of B. monnieri against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains and antifungal strains (Aspergillus flavus, and Candida albicans). Among the various extracts, diethyl ether extracts of B. monnieri has an antibacterial potency against Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive), and ethyl acetate extract showed effects on E. coli (gram negative) at higher concentrations of 300 μg mL-1. The ethanolic extract has potent antifungal activity against the fungus (Aspergillus flavus, and Candida albicans) compared to diethyl ether and ethyl acetate-ether. Both extracts (diethyl ether and ethyl acetate) has a minimum antifungal effect while these extracts showed more inhibitory effects on tested bacteria.

Neuroprotective role of Bacopa monnieri extract in modulating depression in an experimental rat model

BackgroundDepression is a common illness with no definite treatment. MethodsThe study involved 2 experimental periods; 45-day (P1) followed by 30-day (P2). 40 adult albino rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Grp 1 received saline orally while Grp 2 reserpine inraperitoneally (ip) during P1 and P2. Grps 3 and 4 received reserpine during P1, followed by reserpine plus B. monnieri, and reserpine plus citalopram ip during P2, respectively. Forced swimming test (FST) was performed at beginning and end of P1 and P2. Animals were sacrificed by end of P2 and brain taken for histopathological examination and ELISA estimation of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, BDNF, MCP-1, FAS, and Bcl-2. ResultsDuring P1, reserpine prolonged immobility time (IT) in FST in Grps 2, 3, and 4. IT was subsequently lowered in Grps 3 and 4 but remained elevated in Grp 2 by end of P2.Serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine were lowered in Grps 2, 3, and 4, but in Grps 3 and 4, levels were comparable to Grp1. BDNF and Bc1–2 were reduced in Grps 2, 3, and 4, with higher levels in Grps 3 and 4 than Grp 2. MCP-1 and FAS were elevated in Grps 2, 3, and 4, but levels were lower in Grps 3 and 4 than in Grp 2. Histopathology showed congested cerebral cortex in Grp 2 and normal cortex in other groups. LimitationsOnly adult male rats were involved and effects of co-administration of B. monnieri and citalopram were not characterized. ConclusionB. monnieri improves depression comparable to citalopram in reserpine-induced depression.

Neuroprotective effect of the standardised extract of Bacopa monnieri (BacoMind) in valproic acid model of autism spectrum disorder in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceBacopa monnieri (BM) is commonly employed in the Indian traditional system of medicines, i.e. Ayurveda as a memory booster, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, sedative and anti-epileptic for decades. Aim of the studyTo evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri (BM) in experimental model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Wistar rats and explore its mechanism of action. Materials and methodsBacoMind, was evaluated for its neuroprotective effect in valproic acid (VPA) model of ASD. For in-vivo study, the pregnant female Wistar rats were divided in two groups; normal control (NC) and VPA group who received single dose of normal saline (0.9%) or 600 mg/kg dose of VPA respectively on gestation day (G.D) 12.5. After the birth, all pups were segregated according to the sex. All the male pups from the dams were divided into six groups: Group 1 (NC, treated with only 0.9% normal saline, group 2 (VPA, treated 600 mg/kg on G.D12.5 and normal saline from post natal day (PND) 23 to 43), group 3 (risperidone 2.5 mg/kg, PND 23 to 43) and groups 4, 5 and 6 (BM 20, 40, 80 mg/kg, PND 23 to 43). All experimental groups were subjected to batteries of behavior parameters (three chamber sociability test, Morris Water Maze, elevated plus maze, open field and rota rod test), biochemical parameters such as oxidative stress (GSH, SOD, Catalase, MDA), inflammatory cytokines (Il-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α), histopathological examination (cresyl violet staining) of hippocampus (HC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions. Further, the mRNA as well as protein expression of AMPA receptor was evaluated using RT-PCR and western blot respectively to study the mechanism of neuroprotective effect of BM. The in-silico analysis followed evaluating the binding profile of different constituents of BacoMind with AMPA receptor. ResultsThe results of the in-vivo study indicated BM at 80 mg/kg ameliorated abnormal behavioral paradigms such as social deficits, repetitive behavior, learning and memory impairments, and motor coordination exhibited by the VPA model of ASD in rats. Furthermore, BM was found to have a significant anti-oxidant (increasing GSH, SOD, and catalase and decreasing MDA levels) and anti-inflammatory properties (decreasing IL-1β, 6, TNF- α). The histopathological score was also found to be significantly improved by BM in a dose dependent manner in both HC and PFC. In addition to this, the up-regulated mRNA as well as protein expression of AMPA receptor was significantly reduced by 80 mg/kg dose of BM in both HC and PFC. Further, the in-silico analysis of different constituents of BacoMind with AMPA receptor demonstrated that luteolin and apigenin showed good binding to both the competitive antagonist binding site, non-competitive antagonist binding site and allosteric modulator site while Bacosaponin C showed good binding to the non-competitive antagonist binding site. ConclusionThe present study concluded that BM can be a potential candidate for ameliorating the ASD symptoms in rats and acts via modulating the up-regulated AMPA receptor expression.

Crude Extracts of Bacopa Monnieri Induces Dendrite Formation in Rodent Neural Stem Cell Cultures-A Possible Use in Neuronal Injury.

Background Repair of nervous tissue injury impairs positive functional outcome. Major challenges involved are formation of new neuronal cells at the site of injury, growth and development of existing or stem cell-derived neuronal cells, and proper anatomical alignment of the cells required for the functional organization of the nervous system. Stem cells and various agents have been tried to overcome the above challenges yielding only limited positive results. Bacopa has been in frequent usage for cognitive impairment in Ayurvedic medicine. The assumption that Bacopa monnieri (BM) extracts may lead to certain specific changes at the cellular structural level benefitting the central nervous system repair, prompted us for the present study. Objective This is an in vitro study evaluating the effect of BM extracts (bacopasides and analogues) on the neuronal stem cells (NSC) culture in various concentrations. The study investigates the possibility of BM as an agent for the regeneration and differentiation of nervous tissue injury. This may have clinical and therapeutic implications. Materials and Methods NSC were harvested from the newborn albino rats, Rattus norvegicus, and the BM extracts were obtained from product “brahmi” manufactured by Himalaya Drug Company. Aqueous suspension of 2 μL of alcoholic extract of BM was locally added to the culture plates of NSC in concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 µg/mL after development of NSC in the media. The control NSC (without BM) and BM-rich NSC were simultaneously observed at regular unit intervals after inoculation. The morphological change in the NSC were observed and recorded. Result NSC could be successfully cultured from the newborn rat's brain harvested at 3 and 6 hours of birth. NSCs derived at 3 hours of birth were more primitive (predominantly neurospheres) than derived those at 6 hours of birth. BM had significant positive effect on the neurospheres, that is, dendritic formation was seen in the NSC predominating when 2 μL of suspensions containing 5 and 10 µg/mL concentration of the extracts were used but showed relatively lesser effect at concentration of 20 µg/mL. The positive effect was biologically significant. Conclusion NSC can be cultured from brain of the newborn rodent. BM and its extracts act positively on NSC in terms of dendritic formation when used in proper appropriate concentration. The study opens up a new area of research and explores newer avenues in nervous tissue injury repair. It may have future clinical implication in the treatment of injury of central and peripheral nervous tissue. However, the hypothesis needs to be validated by adequate number of experimental runs as well as in vivo studies to know the reproducibility of the findings in other centers.

Effects of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08®) in a population of males exhibiting inattention and hyperactivity aged 6 to 14 years: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

The current study investigated the efficacy of extract of Bacopa monnieri (BM; CDRI 08®) in reducing levels of inattention and hyperactivity in young children. BM has demonstrated improvements in cognitive outcomes in adults, yet little research is available on its effects in younger populations. A 14-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, with placebo run-in and run-out phases, investigated the effects of BM on behavioural, cognitive, mood, and sleep effects in male children aged 6 to 14 years against placebo. One-hundred and twelve participants were recruited into the trial, with 93 datasets available for analysis. No significant behavioural differences were noted between treatment groups. Cognitive outcomes indicated decreased error-making in children taking CDRI 08® (p=.04) and increased speed of reaction time in those taking placebo (p=.04) at study end. Improvements in cognitive flexibility (p=.01), executive functioning (p=.04), interpersonal problems (p=.02), and sleep routine (p=.04) were noted in those consuming CDRI 08® over placebo. CDRI 08® did not improve behavioural outcomes, but may have cognitive, mood and sleep benefits in children aged 6 to 14 years. Further study is required to support the findings presented here.

Autistic Effects of Nootropic Drug Brahmi against Propionic Acid-induced Behavior and Memory Impairment in Rat Model

Aims: To evaluate the hydro alcoholic effect of Brahmi against propionic acid-induced behavior and memory impairment in rat model.&#x0D; Study Design: This includes preclinical study on Sprague Dawley rats in which Propionic acid induced and evaluation of in vivo and in vitro models were performed.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, C L Baid Metha College of Pharmacy Jan 2019 to June 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: We include a total of 27 adult Sprague Dawley Rats and induced propionic acid intracerebroventricular route to induce autism. Drug treatment using hydro alcoholic extract of Bacopa monnieri was given in 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg was compared with negative group rats and control groups. In vivo parameters like Actophotometer and marble burying test was done, In vitro analysis of Serotonin and Glutamate was estimated in the above treated groups.&#x0D; Results: The locomotor activity of rat was recorded individually for each animal using Actophotometer. HAEBM (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) treated rat produced an increase in the level of significance (P&lt;0.0001) on day one. In marble burying test Rats were located for thirty minutes in a standard cage covered with 5 cm depth of wood chip bedding with ten marbles evenly spaced. HAEBM (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) showed significant (P&lt;0.001) level of burying when compared to group-II rats (P&lt;0.01). In this research study 5HT level showed a significant (P&lt;0.001) increase in Group III, Group IV when compared with group-II (P&lt;0.01). Glutamate is an excitatory Neurotransmitter. Group II showed significant increase (P&lt;0.001) in the level of Glutamate but on drug treated groups III and IV shows decrease in concentration of glutamate.&#x0D; Conclusion: The present study findings showed that the hydro alcoholic root extract of brahmi possesses neuroprotective activity with significant nootropic effects. The hydro alcoholic root extract of Bacopa monnieri. L showed the presence of various Gabapentin and flavonoids phenols may be the reason for its neuroprotection and memory improvement effects.

Adaptogens as anti-stress agents in reducing increased plasma cortisol level during stress

The stress response involves the activation of both the sympathetic-adrenal response and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. During times of increased stress, the adrenal gland is stimulated to produce increased levels of hormones. Cortisol, the main hormone involved in the stress response, is secreted in increased amounts within minutes of a perceived stressor. Cortisol secretion can increase as much as 20-fold and has several important physiological effects. Short-term surges in cortisol levels can suppress inflammation and at the same time suppress immune function. Though inflammation control is important, surges of sustained levels of cortisol are not healthy and ultimately lead to premature aging, degenerative disease, and increased susceptibility to cancer. Studies show that psycho-social stress activates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis causing an increase in morning cortisol levels, which correlated to the subjects reports of increased fatigue and anxiety. Although this stress response is important for survival during an acute stressor, prolonged activation of the stress response may lead to adrenal exhaustion in which cortisol levels drop to insufficient levels resulting in fatigue or illness. Many herbs have been shown to impact adrenal function. Adaptogens are plants that produce a non-specific response improving the physiological resistance to stressors. These herbs are often used in the context of adrenal support formulas to balance adrenal hormone levels. It is believed that adaptogenic herbs can increase low levels of adrenal hormone or decrease levels that are elevated. Additionally, these herbs provide balancing activity on many body systems that are impacted by stress, such as the immune response and blood sugar control.In the present study, we have evaluated the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum 47mg/kg p.o, Withania somnifera 23 mg/kg p.o and Bacopa monnieri 23 mg/kg p.o on plasma cortisol level in mice subjected to swim endurance test and cold restraint stress. The standard group was administered water-soluble root powder of Panax ginseng 100 mg/kg p.o and the stress control group was administered distilled water orally for 7 days. It was found that mice pretreated with ethanolic extracts of Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera and Bacopa monnieri showed a fall in the plasma cortisol level. The standard group also showed a significant decrease in the plasma cortisol level compared to the stress and normal control groups.