Extract Of Azadirachta Indica Research Articles

Green synthesis and optimization of iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agent

Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) derived from herbal plants are being explored as potential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents due to their biocompatibility and ability to perform targeted drug delivery. For the first time, the usage of various novel combinations of leaf extracts such as those of Azadirachta indica and Piper betle and extracts of two other Ayurvedic herbs – namely, Asparagus racemosus and Symplocos – was attempted for eco-friendly green synthesis of FeNPs. The nanoparticles were coated onto nanofibers made from a banana pseudo-stem (FENPs-NF) to enhance their biocompatibility. The synthesis process was optimized using response surface methodology, and techniques such as ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, vibrating-sample magnetometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used for characterization. Hemolytic and immune cell assays, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and MRI analysis were carried out. A peak at 325 nm observed in UV–Vis spectroscopy, AAS, FE-SEM, EDX and FT-IR proved the presence of FeNPs. Hemolytic and immune cell assays indicated biocompatibility, and the MTT assay (MCF-7) showed inhibition at 250 μg/ml. FeNPs and FeNPs-NF showed a good signal loss in MRI analysis at 1.5 T, proving their contrast agent nature. Thus, FeNPs synthesized from herbal plant sources may open a new door for potential application in the biomedical field as a chemical-free and biocompatible MRI contrast agent.

Ameliorative Histological Effects of Aqueous Neem Leaf Extract (Azadirachta indica) on Lead Induced Neurotoxicity of Lateral Geniculate Body of Adult Wistar Rats

Introduction: Lead exposure remains a significant public health burden across the globe, impacting millions of individuals and posing a major threat to nervous system development and function. Among the vulnerable targets of lead's neurotoxic assault is the lateral geniculate body (LGB), a crucial relay station within the visual pathway. This brain region acts as a gateway for visual information, processing signals from the retina and transmitting them to the visual cortex for interpretation. Aim: This study seeks to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of aqueous Azadirachta indica (Neem leaf) extract against lead-induced neurotoxicity in the LGN of adult rats. Methods: Twenty (20) adult wistar rats weighing 150-200g were randomly grouped into four(4) (A-D, n=5). Group A Normal control Group B received (70mg/kg)(Orally) Lead only, Group C received (200mg/kg)(Orally) Azadirachta indica (Neem leaf), Group D received (70mg/kg Lead and 200mg/k Azadirachta indica)(Orally). Alterations in the relative weight of the LGB were determined, and antioxidant status was assessed by measuring Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. The effects of neem leaf extract on lactate dehydrogenase were also evaluated. Additionally, histological changes in the cerebellum due to lead exposure were examined using H&E and Cresyl Violet staining. Results: Lead exposure led to alterations in the relative weight of the LGB, SOD and CAT level was significantly (P,<0.005) reduced compared to the control, while the LDH was significantly increased(P.>0.005) and disruptions in lactate dehydrogenase activity. Aqueous neem leaf extract administration showed potential ameliorative effects mitigating these alterations and histological examination revealed ameliorative changes in the LGB associated with lead exposure. The study highlights the potential neuroprotective effects of aqueous neem leaf extract against lead-induced neurotoxicity, emphasizing its role in mitigating oxidative stress and preserving histological integrity in the LGN. Insights into the effects of neem on carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and cerebellar histology contribute to a comprehensive understanding of its therapeutic potential.

Anti-Fungal Activities of Azadirachta indica Seed Extract against Candida Species

At present, multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungal species have become widespread worldwide, which leads to high morbidity and mortality. As of now, only a few antifungal agents are coming up in the pharmaceutical industry. This may lead to a threat to humanity for their survival. In this study, we explored the possible antifungal action of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica, seeds against MDR and ATCC strains of Candida species. The extract showed antifungal activities with MIC varied between 0.76 and 1.56 mg/mL in both MDR and ATCC fungal species. Thus, Azadirachta indica ethanolic seed extract is an effective antifungal agent on MDR fungal species and may help save the lives of many critically ill patients.

Poly(m-phenylenediamine) based nanocomposite as high-performance biofuel cell electrode for renewable energy generation using environmentally friendly and biocompatible materials

There is a tremendous increase in the development of high performance environmentally friendly and biocompatible nanomaterials for several applications including biofuel cells. This study focuses on the fabrication of a bioanode by physical adsorption of an enzyme and the mediator on ternary nanocomposite, acting as a conducting support. The nanocomposite was obtained by in-situ polymerization of aniline’s derivative/poly(m-phenylenediamine) (mPDP), magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) (Fe3O4) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN). The Fe3O4 NPs were synthesised through green route using Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) extracts via a hydrothermal process. Advanced analytical techniques including FTIR, XRD, TEM and SEM coupled with EDX were used to uncover the characteristics of these materials. Furthermore, the assessment of the modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) was carried out by Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The bioanode [Fe3O4/g-CN/mPDP/Ferritin (FRT)/Glucose oxidase (GOs)] modified with ternary nanocomposite delivered an excellent current density of ca. 9.2 mA cm−2 at ca. 50 mM glucose concentration by sweeping the voltage at 100 mVs−1. Moreover, the developed bioanode showed high open circuit voltage (ca. 0.59 V) with good electrocatalytic performance having immense potential for diverse electrochemical processes along with energy generation in biofuel cell applications.

Synthesis of Lanthanum Ferrite Perovskite Nanoparticles: An Alternative Bio‐Approach Versus a Conventional Chemical Approach

AbstractHerein, we report the synthesis of perovskite‐type oxide LaFeO3 nanoparticles via chemical as well as bio approaches. Azadirachta indica (neem) extract's impact on the LaFeO3 nanoparticles has been studied to identify potential substitutes for detrimental chemical synthesis. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) examinations of synthesized perovskites by both routes reveal the cubic LaFeO3 phase and identical crystallographic patterns. The optical bandgap energies (Eg) for the chemical and bio‐synthesized variants are determined to be 2.05 and 2.03 eV, respectively using UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis affirms the occurrence of two significant vibrational bands at 558 and 438 cm−1, which strengthen the formation of perovskite LaFeO3. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) investigation indicates the chemical variant has larger blockier‐shaped particles, whereas the bio‐synthesized sample has a micro‐spherical morphology with sharp edges. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigations substantiate the chemical state of La‐3d, Fe‐2p, and O‐1s present in both variants, which comprises the 3 : 3 perovskite type. Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) analysis elucidates weak ferromagnetism at room temperature in both of the synthesized samples. The novelty of this work concentrates on divulging that green synthesized LaFeO3 perovskites are more environmentally benign and affordable than chemically synthesized ones.

Evaluation of the Neuroprotective Action of <i>Azadirachta indica</i> Leaves Extract in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rodent Model

Among the most common and painful consequences of diabetes mellitus, Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common. For DPN management, a variety of techniques have been used, ranging from traditional medicines to alternative approaches. Natural compounds are also the focus of research to explore the possible treatment by replacing or combining with the existing therapies. Different neurological changes in diabetic neuropathy and the effect of the Azadirachta indica (neem) extract were assessed with nerve conduction velocity, and biochemical and histological analysis in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mellitus. The therapeutic effect of the extract was evaluated with doses 100, 200 and 500mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks after induction of diabetes. The protective effect was evaluated by treating the animals with hydroalcoholic extract of neem leaves in 500mg/kg dose before the induction of diabetes and post-treatment with the standard drug Metformin (500mg/kg). Both resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose, additionally, 500mg/kg body weight dose revealed the signs of neuroprotection in diabetic rats. Neem leaf extract appears to be promising for future investigations, which might contribute to the emergence of new drugs for diabetes treatment and diabetic neuropathy either alone or in combination with conventional therapies.

Guardians of Citrus Groves: An In-Depth Analysis of Neem Leaf Extract's Effects on Asian Citrus Psyllid Attractiveness, Diaphorina citri kuwayama, And its Potential for Integrated Pest Management

Background: The pervasive impact of fungal diseases on wheat crops necessitates the exploration of sustainable and safe pest control alternatives. Neem (Azadirachta indica) is renowned for its medicinal properties and is being investigated for its potential as a biopesticide in agriculture. Objective: To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of Azadirachta indica leaf extracts on fungal pathogens in wheat crops, aiming to offer an environmentally benign alternative to chemical fungicides. Methods: Neem leaves were collected, sterilized, dried, and ground to powder. This powder was subjected to solvent extraction using methanol, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, and distilled water. The resulting extracts were tested for antifungal activity against Diaphorina citri kuwayama using the agar well diffusion method. Wheat plants treated with the extracts were monitored for fungal disease incidence and yield changes. Results: Methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica showed a significant zone of inhibition of 34.67 mm against Diaphorina citri kuwayama. Additionally, methanolic extracts displayed a zone of inhibition of 31.6±2.04 mm, while the control showed 31.33±0.58 mm. The MIC values ranged from 35 µg/ml for methanol to 24 µg/ml for distilled water, with the control at 20 µg/ml. Treatment of wheat crops with these extracts resulted in reduced fungal contamination and enhanced yield. Conclusion: The study confirms that Azadirachta indica leaf extracts have substantial antifungal properties, demonstrating potential as a natural and environmentally friendly pest management strategy in wheat production. This approach aligns with sustainable agricultural practices and could have a beneficial impact on human health by reducing harmful chemical residues in food.

Effects of Azadirachta indica Leaf Aqueous Extract supplemented Fish Diets on Innate Immune Response and Disease Resistance of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Pseudomonas fluorescens is an important bacterial pathogen causing economic losses in aquaculture worldwide. The adverse effects of antibiotics raise public concerns on using them in aquaculture. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica leaves on nonspecific immunity and disease resistance in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish diets supplemented with aqueous extract of A. indica at the concentrations of 0% (Diet 1), 1% (Diet 2), 1.5% (Diet 3) and 2% (Diet 4) were investigated for their effects on nonspecific immune response and disease resistance in tilapia. The fish given diet 3 and diet 4 for 3 weeks had increased levels of leukocyte phagocytic activity though higher activity was observed in diet 4 group. Diet 3 and diet 4 also enhanced plasma lysozyme activity in tilapia. The similar levels of lysozyme activity were found in the fish receiving both diets for 3 weeks. Only diet 4 had stimulatory effect on respiratory burst activity in tilapia. This effect was observed 3 weeks after feeding the fish with diet 4. Throughout the experiment, no significant differences (P > 0.05) in phagocytic, lysozyme and respiratory burst activities were found between group fed with diet 1 (control) and diet 2. Following 3 weeks after feeding, fish were infected with Pseudomonas fluorescens at median lethal dose (LD50). No mortality was found in the diet 4 group while 50%, 48% and 28% of cumulative mortality were found in the fish receiving diet 1, 2 and 3 respectively. These results indicate that the aqueous extract of A. indica may elevate the nonspecific immune response and enhance disease resistance in tilapia.

Development, Standardization and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Syrup

Ayurveda states that it takes more than just herbs to accomplish a medicinal impact. Optimizing its composition as a combination of herbs in a certain ratio improves its medicinal impact while reducing toxicity. The purpose of this research was to make a polyherbal syrup using aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Allium sativum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Punica granatum in varying proportions in order to provide such an intervention. The agar well diffusion technique was used to screen the formulation for antimicrobial and antifungal activity against various organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger, which are representative of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively. The syrup underwent review and standardization for multiple assessment criteria. Additionally, this formulation was subjected to an expedited stability test. Research demonstrated that the tested formulation outperformed the gold standard in terms of zone of inhibition. The formulation that has been produced meets all of the requirements, however, additional in-vitro and in-vivo investigations are needed to confirm its effectiveness.

Comprehensive antifungal investigation of green synthesized silver nanoformulation against four agriculturally significant fungi and its cytotoxic applications

The present study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in powder form using the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and EDX. The synthesized AgNPs were in a powdered state and dispersed completely in 5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) and demonstrated prolonged shelf life and enhanced bioavailability over a year without any aggregation. The resulting silver nanoformulation demonstrated complete inhibition against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Colletotrichum falcatum and 68% to 80% inhibition against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizoctonia solani respectively, at 2000 ppm. The EC50 values determined through a statistical analysis were 66.42, 157.7, 19.06, and 33.30 ppm for S. sclerotiorum, C. falcatum, C. gloeosporioides, and R. solani respectively. The silver nanoformulation also established significant cytotoxicity, with a 74.96% inhibition rate against the human glioblastoma cell line U87MG at 250 ppm. The IC50 value for the cancerous cell lines was determined to be 56.87 ppm through statistical analysis. The proposed silver nanoformulation may be used as a next-generation fungicide in crop improvement and may also find application in anticancer investigations. To the best of our knowledge, this is also the first report of silver nanoformulation demonstrating complete inhibition against the economically significant phytopathogen C. falcatum.

IDF23-0541 Decrease of lipids with extracts of Plathymenia reticulata Benth and Azadirachta indica (Neem) in obese rats

IDF23-0541 Decrease of lipids with extracts of Plathymenia reticulata Benth and Azadirachta indica (Neem) in obese rats

Comparative study of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) leaves on two life stages of Haemonchus contortu

In Burkina Faso, the production of small ruminants is confronted with many constraints, including gastrointestinal parasitosis. These parasitic diseases causes many mortality in small ruminant breeding therefore considerable economic losses. Thus, the present study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the in vitro anthelmintic effectiveness of Azadiracta indica (A. indica) leaves on two life stages of Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus): eggs and adult worms. To do this, an aqueous and ethanolic extract of A. indica leaves was carried out. From these extracts, five (5) increasing concentrations were performed: 1.25; 2.5; 5 ; 10 and 20 mg/mL and three (3) controls (distilled water, DMSO 2% and albendazol). These concentrations were brought into contact with i) eggs for Eggs Hatch inhibition Assay st (EHA) and ii) Adult Mortality Test (AMT). Three replicates were performed for each experimental preparations. In vitro observations showed that ethanolic extract of A. indica caused high mortalities (p < 0.0001) ranging from 44.44 to 100% at 2 hours and 6 hours of exposure respectively at 20 mg/mL. In the same time interval, albendazol showed 100% of mortality in H. contortus. For EHA, the inhibition rate varied from 18% to 85% for the aqueous extract and from 54% to 93% for ethanolic extract. We can therefore say that A. indica extracts have nematicidal and ovicidal effect.

Br - nanoconjugate enhances the antibacterial efficacy of nimboloide against Flavobacterium columnare infection in Labeo rohita: A nanoinformatics approach

BackgroundThe bacterial pathogen, Flavobacterium columnare causes columnaris disease in Labeo rohita globally. Major effects of this bacterial infection include skin rashes and gill necrosis. Nimbolide, the key ingredient of the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica possesses anti-bacterial properties effective against many microorganisms. Nano-informatics plays a promising role in drug development and its delivery against infections caused by multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Currently, studies in the disciplines of dentistry, food safety, bacteriology, mycology, virology, and parasitology are being conducted to learn more about the wide anti-virulence activity of nimbolide. MethodsThe toxicity of nimbolide was predicted to determine its dosage for treating bacterial infection in Labeo rohita. Further, comparative 3-D structure prediction and docking studies are done for nimbolide conjugated nanoparticles with several key target receptors to determine better natural ligands against columnaris disease. The nanoparticle conjugates are being designed using in-silico approaches to study molecular docking interactions with the target receptor. ResultsBromine conjugated nimbolide shows the best molecular interaction with the target receptors of selected species ie L rohita. Nimbolide comes under the class III level of toxic compound so, attempts are made to reduce the dosage of the compound without compromising its efficiency. Further, bromine is also used as a common surfactant and can eliminate heavy metals from wastewater. ConclusionThe dosage of bromine-conjugated nimbolide can be reduced to a non-toxic level and thus the efficiency of the Nimbolide can be increased. Moreover, it can be used to synthesize nanoparticle composites which have potent antibacterial activity towards both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This material also forms a good coating on the surface and kills both airborne and waterborne bacteria.

Tomato: An Overview of Application of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), Neem (Azadiratcha indica) on Shelf-Life Extension During Post-Harvest Storing of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has to be preserved to prevent losses and ameliorate food security. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts are useful to extend shelf life of tomato. This paper performed a review of tomato and use of neem and turmeric for its storage/ preservation. This paper mostly, will discuss the tomatoes under the following headings: history, biological nature, taxonomy, postharvest importance, utilization of neem and turmeric for its storage, economic benefits, and disadvantages of using artificial preservatives.

EFFECTS OF Azadirachta indica, Parkia biglobosa AND SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES ON Sesamia calamistis (HAMPSON) ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea Mays L.) IN MAKURDI

Zea mays, plays a crucial role in the dietary habits of numerous individuals residing in Nigeria. Several factors, including the presence of Sesamia calmistis and the effects of synthetic insecticides on beneficial insects and hazards to humans, contribute to the limitation of maize output. The study evaluated the effect of Azadirachta indica and Parkia biglobosa extracts on the control of S. calamistis and this experiment was carried out in two planting seasons of 2021 and 2022. The experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi. Three treatments; A. indica, P. biglobosa, Karate 5 EC (Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC) and control were used. From the study, A. indica extract had a significant effect at p<0.05 on the insect population resulting in a significant increase in the yield parameters which includes the number 100 seed weight of the plant, yield in both 2021 and 2022 planting season with the mean value of 5298.21 and 5428.98 kg/ha respectively. The use of A. indica extract was observed to be effective in the control of insect population and leading to maximum productivity of maize low infestation by observing the maize plant with borers tunnels to be lower in A. indica extracts and Karate 5 EC plots with the mean value of 3.00 and 3.00 in 2021 planting season respectively at p<0.05. The percentage of dead hearts at 60 days after treatment in 2021 and 2022 cropping seasons was significant at p<0.05%, with the control plot having the highest...

Application of green synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles to prolong commercial availability of Vitis vinifera L

The objective of the study was to extend shelf life of Vitis vinifera (L.) by the application of green synthesized Magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica A. juss. and various concentrations of 20 mM, 30 mM, and 40 mM solutions of Magnesium nitrate hexa hydrate salt, were used to synthesize nanoparticles of different size. The characterization of nanoparticles was done by SEM, XRD, and UV. The antimicrobial activity of MgO NPs was evaluated for Azospirilum brasilense and Trichoderma viride, representative of microbes responsible for V. vinifera fruits spoilage. Nanoparticles with crystal size of 28.60 nm has more pronounced effect against microbes. The Shelf life of the Vitis vinifera L. was evaluated by application of 28.60 nm MgO NPs through T1 (nanoparticles coated on packaging), T2 (nanoparticles coated directly on fruit) at 4 °C and 25 °C. T1 at 4 °C was effective to extend the shelf life of Vitis vinifera (L) for an average of 20 days.

Efficacy of binary mixtures and antagonistic effect of Azadirachta indica on Afranamum melegueta against helminth parasites of fish in Epe lagoon

This research aims to investigate the efficacy of binary mixtures and interaction of extracts of Azadirachta indica and Afranamum melegueta in reference with praziquantel at Fish Low Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) on classes of fish parasite species. An in-vitro study was conducted using binary extract mixtures of A.melegueta and A.indica (ratios 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1) respectively on each of the classes of fish helminth parasites and saline solution was used as the control. Average Survival Time (AST) and percentage Reduction in Survival Time (%RST) as measure of sensitivity were estimated for the parasites at varying toxicities (fish 96 h LC5, LC10, LC50) with reference to praziquantel. Saponin and Terpenoid had the highest presence in ethanol mix (water) in A.indica and A.melegueta. The sensitivities of the parasites to the extracts and praziquantel in decreasing order is; A.melegueta (singly) > Praziquantel > 3:1 mix > 1:1 mix > 1:3 mix > A.indica (singly). Increase in the proportion of A. indica decreases the combined effect of the mixtures on the parasites, thereby, decreasing the effect of A. melegueta when acting singly. Tenuisentis sp, an acanthocephalan showed sensitivity of RST >80 % against A. melegueta (singly) similar to praziquantel, the sensitivity was reduced to RST <80 % with 3:1 mix, and significantly reduced to RST close to 60 % with 1:3 mix. Other parasite species had similar trend. There was significant correlation (r > 0.70) between parasite sensitivities to praziquantel and A.melegueta (singly) as well as its binary mixtures at the fish Low Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC). This indicates that the binary extract mixtures could serve as potential alternatives to the use of chemotherapy considering their potency and wide margin of fish host safety.

Catalytic evaluation of solid state hand-crafted bimetallic nanocore-shell composite via green reducing agent

The material fabrication via greener way as well as the magnetic nature for easy recoverability of the catalyst offers a way to put forth on material as Azadirachta indica (AI) decorated Fe3O4 @Ag-Cu nanocomposite. The nanocomposite (NC) was prepared by an eco-friendly one-step hand-made grinding method. Herein, the AI powder acts as a greener reducing and stabilizing agent for preparing nanocomposite (NC). The successfully synthesized bimetallic catalyst was examined with the help of HR-TEM, FE-SEM, XPS, VSM, XRD, FT-IR, and UV–vis studies. On average, the size of NC range was around 21 ± 3 nm, and the NC was spherical in shape while the metal nanoparticles (MNPs) were uniformly distributed over the surface of the AI extract. The green catalyst prepared by varying ratios of the metals was examined for the treatment of pollutant water-containing dyes and pharmaceutical waste. The core advantage of the green synthesized catalyst was tested for the photo-reduction of well-known pharmaceutical waste, such as paracetamol and ciprofloxacin in an efficient manner, and their rate constants were 3.82 × 10−2 min−1 and 1.27 × 10−2 min−1 respectively. Furthermore, the NC acquires the capability to degrade carcinogenic pollutants like Xylene Cyanol FF (XC) and Malachite Green (MG) at 86% and 82%, respectively. Despite this, it shows good antibacterial activity towards gram-positive (B. subtilis and S. aureus) as well for gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa). The catalyst was also employed for the reduction of 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP). A comparative strategy for the reduction of the pollutants with the help of sodium borohydride vs the photo-reduction were analyzed in these strategical studies. was Thus, the bimetallic catalyst flagged a better way to reduce pharma compounds and several noxious pollutants due to its low cost, highly efficient, and reusability holding good for many cycles.

Elucidating the structural, catalytic, and antibacterial traits of Ficus carica and Azadirachta indica leaf extract-mediated synthesis of the Ag/CuO/rGO nanocomposite.

The present exploration demonstrates the efficient, sustainable, cost-effective, and environment-friendly green approach for the synthesis of silver (Ag)-doped copper oxide (CuO) embedded with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite using the green one-pot method and the green deposition method. Leaf extracts of Ficus carica and Azadirachta indica were used for both methods as reducing and capping agents. The effect of methodology and plant extract was analyzed through different characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The lowest band gap of 3.0 eV was observed for the Ag/CuO/rGO prepared by the green one-pot method using F. carica. The reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the formation of metal oxide was confirmed through functional group detection using FT-IR. Calculation of thermodynamic parameters showed that all reactions involved were nonspontaneous and endothermic which shows the stability of nanocomposites. XRD studies revealed the crystallinity, phase purity and small average crystallite size of 32.67 nm. SEM images disclosed that the morphology of the nanocomposites was spherical with agglomeration and rough texture. The particle size of the nanocomposites calculated through HRTEM was found in agreement with the XRD results. The numerous properties of the synthesized nanocomposites enhanced their potential against the degradation of methylene blue, rhodamine B, and ciprofloxacin. The highest percentage degradation of Ag/CuO/rGO was found to be 97%, synthesized using the green one-pot method with F. carica against ciprofloxacin, which might be due to the lowest band gap, delayed electron-hole pair recombination, and large surface area available. The nanocomposites were also tested against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Facile synthesis of Ag/CuO/rGO nanocomposite using a green one-pot method and the green deposition method. The lowest band gap of 3.0 eV was observed for nanocomposite prepared by a green one-pot method using Ficus carica. Least average crystallite size of 32.67 nm was found for nanocomposite prepared by a green one-pot method using F. carica. Highest antibacterial and catalytic activity (97%) was obtained against ciprofloxacin with nanocomposite prepared through green one-pot method using F. carica. A mechanism of green synthesis is proposed.

Antimicrobial Activity of Cow Urine and Azadirachta indica and Phytochemical Analysis

We have evaluated antimicrobial activity of neem leaves extract and cow urine extract on bacterial strains which are Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa to assess the phytochemical analysis of neem leaves and cow urine. In this various studied extracts of cow urine and Azadirachta indica possessed antimicrobial activity against pathogens liked Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli. Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extracted Indian cow urine and Azadirachta indica demonstrated antimicrobial properties against all tested microorganisms. Given their abundance in nature, cow urine and Azadirachta indica offer a cost-effective and easily processable solution for a range of health issues, making them promising for future applications. The medicinal properties of these cow urine and Azadirachta indica can be exploited to formulate drugs for several diseases caused by antibiotic resistant pathogenic microorganisms.