Guardians of Citrus Groves: An In-Depth Analysis of Neem Leaf Extract's Effects on Asian Citrus Psyllid Attractiveness, Diaphorina citri kuwayama, And its Potential for Integrated Pest Management

Abstract

Background: The pervasive impact of fungal diseases on wheat crops necessitates the exploration of sustainable and safe pest control alternatives. Neem (Azadirachta indica) is renowned for its medicinal properties and is being investigated for its potential as a biopesticide in agriculture. Objective: To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of Azadirachta indica leaf extracts on fungal pathogens in wheat crops, aiming to offer an environmentally benign alternative to chemical fungicides. Methods: Neem leaves were collected, sterilized, dried, and ground to powder. This powder was subjected to solvent extraction using methanol, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, and distilled water. The resulting extracts were tested for antifungal activity against Diaphorina citri kuwayama using the agar well diffusion method. Wheat plants treated with the extracts were monitored for fungal disease incidence and yield changes. Results: Methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica showed a significant zone of inhibition of 34.67 mm against Diaphorina citri kuwayama. Additionally, methanolic extracts displayed a zone of inhibition of 31.6±2.04 mm, while the control showed 31.33±0.58 mm. The MIC values ranged from 35 µg/ml for methanol to 24 µg/ml for distilled water, with the control at 20 µg/ml. Treatment of wheat crops with these extracts resulted in reduced fungal contamination and enhanced yield. Conclusion: The study confirms that Azadirachta indica leaf extracts have substantial antifungal properties, demonstrating potential as a natural and environmentally friendly pest management strategy in wheat production. This approach aligns with sustainable agricultural practices and could have a beneficial impact on human health by reducing harmful chemical residues in food.