Apple Extracts Research Articles

Using Biological Elicitation to Improve Type 2 Diabetes Targeted Food Quality of Stored Apple

Food quality improvements of fresh fruits targeting both food preservation and human health is essential to advance healthy dietary options and to mitigate imbalanced nutrition-linked non-communicable chronic disease (NCDs) challenges globally. Specifically, protective phenolic bioactives of fruits with dual functional benefits can be harnessed to advance innovations for improving nutritional quality and post-harvest shelf-life of perishable fruits. Based on this rationale the dual functional benefits of plant phenolics were harnessed using novel biological elicitation strategies to modulate phenolic bioactive-linked protective responses in apple during storage in two interrelated studies. Bioprocessed food-grade elicitors [water soluble chitosan oligosaccharide -(COS) and phenolic enriched oregano extracts-(OX)] were targeted as post-harvest dipping treatments (2 & 4 g/ L) and compared with diphenylamine (DPA) (1 & 2 g/L) to enhance phenolic-linked antioxidant and anti-diabetic (type 2 diabetes) relevant properties of Cortland apple during 3 months of storage (4°C). The selection of bio-elicitors and respective doses were based on the foundations of the previous related study, which resulted in reduction of superficial scald of Cortland apple during storage. Apples sampled over 3 months as aqueous and ethanol (12%) extracts of peel and pulp were analyzed separately for total soluble phenolic content, phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, and glucose metabolism relevant α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activities using in vitro assay models. Enhanced soluble phenolic content and associated antioxidant activity were observed in ethanol (12%) extracts of apple peel with 4 g/L COS elicitor treatments after 2 and 3 months of storage. High chlorogenic acid and quercetin derivatives were found in peel extracts of Cortland apple, while pulp extracts had high chlorogenic and gallic acids. Additionally, high α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity, which is relevant for managing post-prandial hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetes was also observed in bio-elicited apple peel and pulp extracts. Therefore, results of these two interrelated studies indicate that bioprocessed food grade elicitor such as OX and COS can be recruited as a novel tool to enhance protective phenolic responses for improving type 2 diabetes targeted food quality and post-harvest storage quality of apple.

Free Fatty Acid from Waste Palm Oil Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Immobilized on Surface Graphene Oxide as a New Adsorbent for Simultaneously Detecting Hazardous Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phthalate Esters in Food Extracts.

A newly synthesized free fatty acids from waste palm oil functionalized magnetic nanoparticles immobilized on the surface of graphene oxide (FFA@MNP-GO) was successfully synthesized and characterized in this research. The combinations of long alkyl chain of free fatty acid with graphene oxide that consists of large delocalized 77-electron systems and abundant of hydrophilic groups with hydroxyl, epoxide and carboxylic groups offer the determination of simultaneous wide range of polarities of organic pollutants in real matrices through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and 77-77 interactions. The fabricated adsorbent was successfully applied as a magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for the simultaneous separation of selected phthalate esters (PAEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in apple and cabbage extracts prior to their high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) determination. Factors affecting the extraction efficiency such as amount of adsorbent, desorption solvent, volume of desorption solvent, extraction time, desorption time, pH and sample volume were investigated and optimized. The results revealed that under optimal conditions, the detection limit of selected PAEs and PAHs were in the range of 0.56-0.97 ng mL-1 and 0.02-0.93 ng mL-1, respectively. The spiked recoveries of real apple and cabbage extracts for PAEs and PAHs were in the range of 81.5-117.6% with good relative standard deviation (RSD) (n = 5) less than 10% and 86.7-118.2% with acceptable RSDs (n = 5) ranging from 1.5 to 11.0%, respectively. This study reported for the first time the use of MSPE procedure for simultaneous determination of chosen PAHs and PAEs in real samples including apple and cabbage extracts by using new adsorbent, FFA@MNP-GO.

PERBANDINGAN KANDUNGAN FENOLIK TOTAL, FLAVONOIDTOTAL DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOLDAUN JAMBU BOL (Syzigium malaccense L.) DAN DAUN JAMBU AIR KANCING (Syzigium aqueum)

Leaves of malay apple (Syzygium malaccense L.) and water apple (Syzygium aqueum) are plants that contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds which have antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in total phenolic content, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of malay apple leaves and water apple leaves. The extraction method uses maceration with 96% ethanol solvent in a ratio of 1:15. The ethanol extract of malay apple leaves and water apple was tested for total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, total flavonoids using the colorimetric method and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Qualitative identification of quercetin compounds was performed by densitometry tlc. In the phenolic and flavonoid content test, the total sample extract was made with a concentration of 5000 ppm. In the antioxidant activity test of the extract samples, a series of concentrations of 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 ppm were made. The results showed that the total phenolic content in the ethanol extract of malay apple leaves has an average of 12.5149 mgGAE/g and water apple leaves of 14.3207 mgGAE/g. The total flavonoid content in the ethanol extract of malay apple leaves has an average of 9.1613 mgQE/g and water apple leaves of 16.5893 mgQE/g. The ethanol extract of malay apple leaves has antioxidant activity with an average IC50 of 138.3315 ppm and water apple leaves of 117.6745 ppm. In qualitative identification densitometry the Rf value of quercetin is 0,68; ethanol extract of malay apple leaves is 0,68 and water apple leaves is 0,85. The results of the independent statistical T test showed that there were differences in the total phenolic content, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity in the ethanol extract of malay apple leaves and water apple leaves.

SIKAP, KEPUASAN, DAN LOYALITAS KONSUMEN TERHADAP PRODUK SARI APEL UMKM APELNESIA, KOTA BATU DENGAN PENDEKATAN BAURAN PEMASARAN 4P

Massive apple production drives MSMEs in Batu City to process the fruit, as an example, apple extract. With so many MSMEs that make apple extract, creates higher market competitiveness. One of the MSMEs that makes apple extract is Apelnesia. The purpose of this research is to study attitude, satisfaction, and loyalty of consumers towards Apelnesia MSME apple extract product. The basic method of this research is a quantitative analysis. The sampling method uses non-probability method with time linear function technique. This research uses Fishbein analysis, Importance Performance Analysis, Customer Satisfaction Index, and Loyalty Pyramid. The results showed that consumer attitude is Quiet Positive. Importance Performance Analysis showed the attributes that needs improvement i.e. Packaging (X1.4), Price equals quality (X2.1), Easy product access (X3.1), and Strategic location (X3.3). Satisfaction level of consumers according to Customer Satisfaction Index is Satisfied. Loyalty Pyramid showed that the highest level of consumer loyalty is Liking the brand with 71.88%.Key words: apple extract, attitude, loyalty, marketing mix, satisfaction

Experimental investigation of heat transfer performance of novel bio-extract doped mono and hybrid nanofluids in a radiator

The paper investigates the heat transfer performance of distilled water (DW) and ethylene glycol-DW mixture (EG-DW) based aluminum and magnesium sulfate nanofluids and their hybrid nanofluids in a radiator. Mono and hybrid nanofluids at 0.05% and 1% volume fractions with Malay Apple (Syzygium Malaccense) extract were formulated and run in the experimental set up at 0.4 kg/s. The heat transfer performances of DW, EG-DW, mono, and hybrid nanofluids were determined using Nusselt number (Nu), heat transfer rate (Q˙) and coefficient (h), effectiveness (ε), heat transfer (Q), Prandtl number (Pr). An increment in the volume fraction was found to enhance Q˙, h, Nu, Q, Pr, and ε. The maximum heat transfer performance was obtained using mono (Mg/DW (Q = 2.26 kW and Nu = 175), Al/EG-DW (Q = 6.57 kW and Nu = 462)) and hybrid (Mg–Al/DW (Q = 10.06 kW and Nu = 348)) nanofluids. In comparison with the corresponding base fluid, maximum heat transfer enhancements of 13.9%, 306.7%, and 493.9% were obtained for Mg/DW, Mg–Al/DW, and Al/EG-DW nanofluids, respectively. This remarkable heat transfer enhancement obtained can be related to the presence of the Malay Apple (Syzygium Malaccense) extract. These novel nanofluids appeared to be suitable candidates for radiator cooling.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF FRUIT PEEL EXTRACTS OF ANNONA SQUAMOSA L. ON MOUSE MODELS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease arise as a consequence of exposure to antigens that cause arthritis. A number of herbs have been studied and proven to inhibit arthritis, such as artichoke tea, honey and bee venom. In this study, Freund′s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) induced rheumatoid arthritis in mice model was established and evaluated the effect of fruit peel extracts of custard apple, Annona squamosa Linn (AS), on their treatment. After 10 weeks, treated with the peel extracts at high dose, 400 mg/kg/day, the mice body weight increased from 31.56 g to 38.00 g, amount of leukocytes decreased from 8.38 to 5.23 (x103 cells/mm3) and ankle joint diameter decreased from 4.63 to 3.95 (mm). Histological analysis revealed that effect of fruit peel extracts of AS inhibited invasion of the immune cells into the joint substrate, reduced the fiber formation and restored cartilage structure of synovial membrane. Therefore, AS fruit peel extract prevents inflammatory cell growth of rheumatoid arthritis, increases the number of leukocytes and the body's immunity.

A novel HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of eleven phenolic antioxidants in commercial personal care and food products which contain extracts of green apple, pomegranate and argan oil

Abstract In this study, a simple, fully validated and rapid reversed-phase HPLC with photodiode array detector method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 selected phenolic antioxidants over 33 min in personal care and food samples containing extracts of green apple, pomegranate (Ponica granatum) and argan oil (Argania spinosa). The method was performed using NUCLEODUR C18 column 5 µm particle size and 12.5 cm length. The HPLC mobile phase was prepared as follows, solution A: 1% aqueous acetic acid and solution B: Acetonitrile. The method was gradient at flow rate 1.0 mL/min with a simple mobile phase, minimal sample preparation, and diminished organic solvent usage (3% acetonitrile for almost 90% of the run time). The detection was carried out at 278 nm. The method presented good precision and accuracy with RSD% values ranged between 0.33 and 1.94% and wide linear range. The developed method was successfully applied on 67 personal care and food products present in Egyptian market and can be used for routine screening in laboratory for the regular quality control of the antioxidant content for products containing the mentioned extracts.

Phenolic-rich apple extracts have photoprotective and anti-cancer effect in dermal cells

BackgroundSkin cancer is the most common type of malignancy in light-skinned populations and phenolics are promising anticarcinogenic agents. PurposeTo characterise and evaluate the protective potential of apple extracts against the DNA damage caused by UV-radiation in culture of human fibroblasts as well as to verify the anticarcinogenic effect of these extracts in murine and human melanoma cells. MethodsAcetone-ethanol extracts of apple were purified and fractionated by solid phase extraction. Four phenolic fractions (PF-I, PF-II, PF-III, PF-IV) and one Unfractionated Phenolics (UFP) were obtained. The presence of amygdalin, hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonols, flavanols and dihydrochalcones was confirmed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ResultsFollowing 48 h exposure to UV-radiation, UFP, PF-III and PF-IV protected (14–34 %) fibroblast DNA against UV-radiation; the UFP and PF-IV, both at 31.25 μg.mL−1, showed high antiproliferative effect in murine melanoma cells (B16F10); UFP and PF-IV, both at 125 μg.mL−1, and PF-II, at 250 μg.mL−1, were effective against human melanoma cells (SK-Mel-103). ConclusionsThe results indicate that phenolic extracts from apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. Gala) have potential for use in the formulation of cosmetic products and/or medicines for the protection of cellular DNA against UV radiation and for the treatment of melanoma.

Acute cognitive performance and mood effects of coffee berry and apple extracts: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover study in healthy humans

ABSTRACT Background: Polyphenols from coffee berry (chlorogenic acid) and apple (flavanol) have been shown to improve mood and increase cerebral blood flow in healthy humans. These effects may underpin the cognitive effects of polyphenols seen previously. Objective: The aim of the present paper was to extend previous research by investigating the effects of coffee berry at high and low doses when combined with apple extract on cognitive performance and mood. Design: This randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial included 46 healthy males and females,18–49 years of age (mean age 23 years),consuming: 1100 mg coffee berry extract, 1100 mg coffee berry extract plus 275 mg apple extract, 100 mg coffee berry extract plus 275 mg apple extract or placebo on 4 separate occasions, completing cognitive and mood assessments pre-dose and then again at 1-, 3- and 6 hrs post-dose. Results: Analysis revealed a consistent pattern of alerting effects following 1100 mg coffee berry extract. Limited effects on cognitive function were observed. Specifically, faster peg and ball performance (executive function) was observed following 1100 mg coffee berry plus apple extract and accuracy on the Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVIP) task increased on the third of four repetitions following 1100 mg coffee berry alone. Interestingly, more false alarms on RVIP were observed following the same intervention. Conclusions: In line with previous findings, 1100 mg coffee berry engendered increased arousal. The absence of effects on mood when an apple extract was added, and the potential for the low dose of caffeine within the coffee berry to act synergistically with polyphenols, raise interesting future avenues of research. Abbreviations: Cognitive demand battery (CDB), Profile Of Mood States (POMS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVIP)

The use of green apple and beet-root as natural radio-protectors against health effects of ionizing radiation

Objective: Evaluation of the antioxidant protective role of beetroot and apple to reduce the impact of ionizing radiation on the blood components. Subjects and Methods: Sixty adult white male rats were evenly divided into four experimental groups, Group 1 (n= 15) was used as a control group. Groups 2, 3, and 4 (n=15 each) were injected intravenously with radioactive material Tc-99m 130 ± 5 Mega Becquerel )MBq( (5 ± 0.5 Micro Curry )mCi)( as a source of ionizing radiation (gamma rays). Groups 2 and 4 were fed with apple fruit and beet seeds in addition to a small amount of commercial food. Rats in G3 were fed with commercial food pellets only and received the same volume of water. Rats in groups G1, G2, and G3 were sacrificed after7 days while those of G4 were sacrificed after 30 days. Osmotic fragility of RBCs and hematological parameters were investigated for each group. The structure characteristics of the blood cells for all groups were studied by recording the UV -Vis spectra. Results: The study revealed statistically significant changes regarding RBCs indices along with increased osmotic fragility among rats of group 3 compared to those in groups 1, 2, and 4. The U.V. spectrum revealed a partial irregularity in the RBCs. Conclusion: Our study pointed out the protective role of natural products namely, beetroots and green apple extracts, against the adverse impact of ionizing radiation on blood indices.

The Potential of Dietary Antioxidants from a Series of Plant Extracts as Anticancer Agents against Melanoma, Glioblastoma, and Breast Cancer.

In modern society, cancer is one of the most relevant medical problems. It is important to search for promising plant raw materials whose extracts have strong antioxidant and anticancer effects. The aim of this study was to determine the composition of phenolic compounds in plant extracts, to evaluate their antioxidant and anticancer activity, and to find the correlations between those activities. Extracts of calendula, sage, bearberry, eucalyptus, yarrow, and apple were selected for the study. The phenolic compounds of these extracts were determined by the UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method and the antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro by four different UV-VIS spectrophotometric methods (ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP). The anticancer activity of extracts was tested against melanoma IGR39, glioblastoma U-87, and triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell lines in vitro by MTT assay. The highest content of identified and quantified phenolic compounds was found in sage leaf extract and the lowest in ethanol eucalyptus leaf extract. The highest antioxidant activity was determined by all applied methods for the acetone eucalyptus leaf extract. The majority of extracts were mostly active against the melanoma IGR39 cell line, and possessed the lowest activity against the glioblastoma U-87 cell line. Acetone extract of eucalyptus leaf samples exhibited the highest anticancer activity against all tested cell lines. Strong and reliable correlation has been found between antioxidant and anticancer activity in breast cancer and glioblastoma cell lines, especially when evaluating antioxidant activity by the FRAP method.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytotoxic Activity of Extracts from Some Commercial Apple Cultivars in Two Colorectal and Glioblastoma Human Cell Lines.

Cancer initiation and development are closely related to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate apple extracts and individual tritepenes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities. Dry extracts of apple were analyzed by HPLC-PDA. A hyaluronidase inhibition assay was selected to determine the anti-inflammatory effect. Cytotoxic activities against human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) and human glioblastoma cell line (U-87) were determined using MTT, cell colony formation, and spheroid growth assays. Radical scavenging and reducing activities were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays, respectively. The apple extracts inhibited hyaluronidase from 26.38 ± 4.4% to 35.05 ± 3.8%. The AAW extract possessed the strongest cytotoxic activity (EC50 varied from 113.3 ± 11.11 µg/mL to 119.7 ± 4.0 µg/mL). The AEW extract had four and five times stronger antiradical activity when determined by ABTS and DPPH, and two and eight times stronger reducing activity when evaluated by CUPRAC and FRAP, respectively. Understanding the mechanisms of apple extracts and individual triterpenes as hyaluronidase inhibitors and antioxidants related in cancer development may be a benefit to future study in vivo, as well as cancer prognosis or the development of new, innovative food supplements, which could be used for chronic disease prevention.

Granny Smith Apple Extract Lowers Inflammation and Improves Antioxidant Status in L-arginine-induced Exocrine Pancreatic Dysfunction in Rats

Granny Smith is a cultivated hybrid variety of apple with a high antioxidant content relative to all other species of apple. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an instantly emerging inflammatory condition with a high mortality rate. The preferred treatment is restricted to symptomatic relief and supportive care. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the favorable effects of Granny Smith apple extract (GSAE) as a prophylactic treatment for L-arginine-induced AP in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided in to five groups (n=6): Normal control (saline), disease control (a single dose of L-arginine 2.5 g/kg I.P.), positive control (pelatonin 10 mg/kg I.P.), and GSAE I and II (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, orally, respectively). All groups were treated for 7 days. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus, serum separated, and subjected to estimation of biomarker enzymes such as amylase, lipase, antioxidant enzymes, etc. The animals were then sacrificed, and the pancreas was isolated and subjected to estimation of tissue biomarkers, DNA fragmentation assay, and histopathological studies. Serum levels of amylase and lipase were significantly (p<0.001) reduced in L-arginine-treated rats. Similar results were also observed with tissue inflammatory markers such as malondialdehyde, nitrate, etc. There was a dramatic increase (p<0.001) in the overall antioxidant enzyme levels when compared with disease control rats. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissue showed an intact structural feature of acinar cells in the extract-treated group of rats, which was further in pact with the intact DNA found in the DNA fragmentation assay. Thus, GSAE treatment was found to be beneficial in lowering the inflammatory conditions of AP by improving the overall antioxidant levels, and a further investigation into its exact molecular mechanism is needed.

Involvement of Activation of Mast Cells via IgE Signaling and Epithelial Cell-Derived Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Pollen Food Allergy Syndrome in a Murine Model.

Murine models to elucidate the pathogenesis of pollen food allergy syndrome (PFAS), characterized by oral hypersensitivity symptoms induced by specific foods in patients previously sensitized with a pollen, are lacking. The study aimed to examine PFAS pathogenesis in a novel murine model. Birch pollen-immunized mice were orally administered apple extract, and oral symptoms were evaluated based on oral rubbing frequency following the challenge. The birch pollen-immunized mice orally challenged with apple extract exhibited PFAS-like symptoms, including oral rubbing and positive reaction of swelling by the prick test. The apple extract administered with a protease inhibitor reduced the oral rubbing frequency, which was also significantly reduced in the immunized Fcer1a -/- and mast cell-deficient mice compared with the immunized control mice. The oral rubbing frequency, serum IgE levels, and Th2-cytokine production by the cervical lymph node cells were significantly reduced in the immunized Il-33 -/- and thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor-deficient (Crlf2 -/-) mice as compared with the immunized wild-type mice. IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin involve the pathogenesis of PFAS. The apple-extract stimulation did not lead to increased Th2-cytokine production in the oral mucosa or number of group 2 innate lymphoid cells or eosinophils. PFAS involves an early-phase response by mast cell degranulation via IgE signaling after the cross-reactivity of Bet v 1-specific IgE and the food allergen, and exacerbation of allergic symptom via proteases in food; PFAS does not involve a late phase with local Th2/eosinophilic inflammation in the oral mucosa. This novel murine model might be used for elucidating the pathogenesis and assessing new therapeutic strategies for PFAS.

Effect of Phenolic Components of Earth Apple (Helianthus Tuberosus) in the Inhibiting of Oxidation and Extension the Shelf-life of Vegetable Oils

Earth Apple (Helianthus tuberosus) phenolic compounds were extracted using two methods ethanol extraction (98 percent ethanol for 24 hours at room temperature) and water extraction (distilled water for 24 hours at room temperature). To measure the sum of phenols in the extract, the Folin-Ciocateu method was used. The alcohol extract gave a higher phenol content of 58.29 mg/g (gallic acid), while the alcoholic extract had flavonoids 26.63 mg/g (gallic acid). Water extract was phenols content of 42.62 mg/g (gallic acid) while the alcoholic extract had flavonoids 11.23 mg/g (gallic acid). The alcoholic extract from Earth Apple gave the highest antioxidant effect at 88.32%, while the water extract was 77.43%. The inhibitory effect of the added Earth Apple extract oil to inhibit oxidation, remove concentrations (0.1, 0.15, 0.2 percent) of Palm Oil and Sunflower oil as it exceeded the reduction of peroxide values during the reservoir periods (15, 30, 45, 60 days).

Permeability of native and digested polyphenols from apple, blueberry and cranberry extracts using PAMPA membrane permeability assays

The Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA) combined to a one-compartment in vitro gastrointestinal digestion screening was used to determine the passive diffusion of polyphenols and their metabolites through artificial membranes that mimic the skin barrier, the blood-brain barrier and the gastric barrier. Identification of the polyphenols from the extracts of cranberry, blueberry and apple pomace was performed utilizing Ultra High Performance Chromatography coupled with accurate mass quadrupole Time of Flight mass spectrometer. The polyphenols were tested as pure compound and in complex polyphenol-rich extracts including a matrix effect. In agreement with their physicochemical properties the polyphenols showed different absorption potential. The rate of effective permeability of the polyphenols was performed to rank them into permeable and non-permeable classes using spectrophotometry. The study suggested that PAMPA models could be used as a low-cost and rapid technique to determine the passive permeability of polyphenols when compared to biological models.

Effects of apple extract on the mechanism of apoptosis during acetic acid-induced colitis in Wistar rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoreactivity of Fas-L, Fas, FADD (Fas-associated protein with death domain), Smac/DIABLO, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase 3 in the colon of rats with colitis and treated with apple extract. For this purpose, Wistar rats were submitted to the following experimental design: Group 1 (Sh) was kept as normal and received 1.0 mL of saline solution by intra-colonic injection. Group 2 (AE) only received the concentrated apple extract (CAE) treatment. Groups 3 (AA), 4 (CT), and 5 (PT) were subjected to the induction of experimental colitis by intra-colonic injection of 1 mL acetic acid (7%). Group 3 (AA) simulated as AA-colitis control. Group 4 (CT) was treated with CAE after AA-colitis induction for 7 days, and group 5 (PT) was treated 7 days before colitis induction and followed CAE treatment after colitis induction. The AE, CT, and PT groups received the CAE (1 mL) orally by gavage. All rats were euthanized on day 8 following the experiment. There were no significant statistical differences in the immunoreactivity of Fas-L, Fas, Smac/DIABLO, AIF, and cytochrome c. The expression of FADD in the PT group was similar to that of the AE group and three times greater than in the CT group. For this preventive group (PT), the expression of FADD was restored by apple extract. Our results demonstrated that concentrated apple extract was able to interfere with either intrinsic or extrinsic apoptotic pathways in the colon of rats with colitis.

Azoxymethane-Induced Colorectal Cancer Mice Treated with a Polyphenol-Rich Apple Extract Show Less Neoplastic Lesions and Signs of Cachexia.

Obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer. In rodents, high-fat (HF) diets are able to increase the formation of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced polyps. Polyphenol-rich apple extracts have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and may induce an amelioration of the manifestations of colorectal cancer. Twenty-seven male Crl:CD-1 mice received AOM during four weeks and were subsequently divided into three groups fed a HF diet (n = 9 each group): a non-supplemented group, a second group supplemented with apple extract at 1%, and a third group supplemented with the same apple extract at 1.5%. Energy metabolism and the respiratory quotient were not affected by the supplementation with the apple extract. Although body weight was not affected by the treatment, the mice supplemented with the apple extract showed less signs of cachexia than the non-treated mice. In the intestine, the mice supplemented with the apple extract showed lower sucrase, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, and aminopeptidase N activities, and less intestinal lesions (aberrant crypt foci and polyps). Administration of a polyphenol-rich apple extract reduces the number of neoplastic lesions in mice with AOM-induced colorectal cancer and contributes to preserve adipose tissue mass.

Effect of Plant Extracts and Biological control agents on Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn

This study aims to examined antagonistic ability of some Plant Extracts and bio agents against of Rhizoctonia solani. The aqueous Extracts of plants used in study (Common Hornwort, Sage and Thorn apple) had against effect on the growth of pathogen in PSA medium. The Common Hornwort and Sage at rate 15% was superior inhibits fungal growth, it was 100.0 %. The results showed that alcoholic extract of plants (in concentrate 10 and 15%) was also effective and caused highly activity to inhibit radial growth of pathogen. In addition to the concentrates 1 and 5% were inhibited at rates 40.8-69.6% and 63.0-3838%. Thorn apple (Datura) extract was superior on Sage then Common Hornwort respectively. In the other hand the results appeared that Effective Microorganisms (EM-1) reduced growth of fungus more than organic fertilizer, Sea Bloom 29 which was 100.0% at both rates 10 and 15% whereas, the concentration 1 and 5% have inhibition influence which was 48.5 and 76.3% respectively. These results showed for the first time that ability of using the plant extracts and bioagents as alternative methods to control of the most serious plant pathogen and reduce using of chemicals and their problems.

Assessment of In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Polyphenols from Annurca, Limoncella, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious Apples Using a Sequential Enzymatic Digestion Model.

Four different varieties of apples have been considered (Limoncella, Annurca, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious) to estimate the extent of colon polyphenolics release after in vitro sequential enzyme digestion. Since several studies report a positive effect of apple polyphenols in colonic damage, we found of interest to investigate the colon release of polyphenols in different varieties of apples in order to assess their prevention of colonic damage. UHPLC-HRMS analysis and antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays) were carried out on the apple extracts (peel, flesh, and whole fruit) obtained from not digested samples and on bioaccessible fractions (duodenal and colon bioaccessible fractions) after in vitro digestion. Polyphenolic content and antioxidant activities were found to vary significantly among the tested cultivars with Limoncella showing the highest polyphenol content accompanied by an excellent antioxidant activity in both flesh and whole fruit. The overall trend of soluble antioxidant capacity from the soluble duodenal phase (SDP) and soluble colonic phase (SCP) followed the concentrations of flavanols, procyandinis, and hydroxycinnamic acids under the same digestive steps. Our results highlighted that on average 64.2% of the total soluble antioxidant activity was released in the SCP with Limoncella exhibiting the highest values (82.31, 70.05, and 65.5%, respectively for whole fruit, flesh, and peel). This result suggested that enzymatic treatment with pronase E and viscozyme L, to reproduce biochemical conditions occurring in the colon, is effective for breaking the dietary fiber-polyphenols interactions and for the release of polyphenols which can exercise their beneficial effects in the colon. The beneficial effects related to the Limoncella consumption could thus be of potential great relevance to counteract the adverse effects of pro-oxidant and inflammatory processes on intestinal cells.