Extract Mediated Silver Nanoparticles Research Articles

Isotherms, Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Removal of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Cr (III) Ions in Wastewater onto Green Silver Nanoparticle Adsorbent

Moringa oleifera leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles (MOR-AgNPs) were synthesized from a water-soluble leaf using a green technique. The plant's secondary metabolites served as capping and reducing agent. The spectroscopic characterization of the material was carried out by means of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (Uv-vis), X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Transition Electron Microscope (TEM), Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The UV–Vis spectrum showed absorption peak between 400 – 500 nm, while TEM revealed spherical images of sizes in the nano region. The MOR-AgNPs adsorbent uptake of the metal ions was optimized by varying concentration, shaking time, adsorbent mass, pH, and temperature conditions. The isotherm models studies revealed that the type-1 Langmuir fitted well to the adsorption showing monolayer/homogeneous adsorption. The second order kinetics fitted well to the adsorption study, while positive values of ΔH° and ΔS° indicated endothermic and increased randomness at the MOR-AgNPs-aqueous interface. The ΔG° showed that the sorption of the metal ions onto the adsorbent was spontaneous, making the adsorption process feasible. The Ea values for the metal ion adsorption onto the adsorbent used in this study suggest a physical adsorption process. The adsorption capacity of 294.15 mg/g (40 °C, and pH of 6) of Cd(II), 123.63 mg/g (40 °C, and pH 10) of Pb(II), and 122.93 mg/g (40 °C, and pH 6) of Cr (III) ions on MOR-AgNPs adsorbent were obtained.

Biosynthesis and characterization of Gardenia gummifera leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles and assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial, and photocatalytic activity

The current trend in nanoscience is the biosynthesis of nanoparticles, which is environmentally friendly and suitable for use in biomedical applications. By employing a green synthesis method that is both commercially and environmentally feasible, this work aimed to expand the range of uses by producing the AgNPs from Gardenia gummifera (G. gummifera) aqueous leaf extracts (GG-AgNPs). The biosynthesized GG-AgNPs were characterized using a range of methods, such as UV-visible, Infrared spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. The production of stable GG-AgNPs in the presence of G. gummifera was validated by the absorption peaks at 438 nm, which were shown by the UV-visible spectral analysis. Results from FTIR indicated that phytochemicals were strongly capped on GG-AgNPs. The majority of the GG-AgNPs in the SEM images are spherical with a size range of 125 nm. Interestingly, GG-AgNPs significantly outperformed tested Gram+ve and Gram-ve microorganisms, plant extract had no antibacterial impact. Zone of inhibition of GG-AgNPs (500 µg/mL) against Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli was 24.00 ± 1.00, 24.00 ± 1.00, 19.67 ± 0.58 and 19.33 ± 0.57, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the synthesized AgNPs against the Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were found to be 210 ± 2.00 µg/mL, 240 ± 1.73 µg/mL, 300 ± 1.00 µg/mL and 300 ± 1.73 µg/mL, respectively. The assessment of their antioxidant activity using radical scavenging assays and the reduction activity demonstrates that both plant extracts and GG-AgNPs exhibit strong dose-dependent in vitro antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 54.69 µg/mL and 24.50 µg/mL, respectively. GG-AgNPs also showed time-dependent photodegradation of the methylene blue dye of about 68.09% degradation after 90 minutes.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using green tea aqueous leaf extract and their biological and chemotherapeutic activity

Green tea leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (GT-AgNPs) were synthesized and characterized for their biological and chemotherapeutic activity. The synthesis process involved the reduction of silver ions by green tea leaf extract (GTLE), resulting in the formation of GT-AgNPs. Characterization techniques including UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and zeta potential analysis were employed to study the physicochemical properties of GT-AgNPs. The GT-AgNPs exhibited a characteristic color change and a noticeable shift in the surface plasma resonance (SPR) absorption peak at 458 nm, confirming their successful formation of nanoparticles. XRD analysis indicated a cubic structure with a crystallite size of 9 ± 1 nm. Both SEM and TEM images revealed that the spherical shape and size of the synthesized nanoparticles. The SEM analysis confirmed that the average grain size of GT-AgNPs is 20.27 ± 1 nm, while the TEM analysis determined the average particle size of 9 ± 0.025. GT-AgNPs have a negative zeta potential of -19.7 mV indicating a hydrodynamic diameter of 140.90 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 25.8 %. XPS confirmed the oxidation state of Ag0/+1 in GT-AgNPs. The energy band gap (Eg) value of GT-AgNPs is 3.38 eV, indicating semiconducting properties, while fluorescence activity was observed at 506.17 nm. CT-DNA and BSA protein binding studies demonstrated the formation of CT-DNA-GT-AgNPs and BSA-GT-AgNPs complexes with binding constants of 1.366×1010 M−1 and 6.77×109 M−1, respectively. GT-AgNPs exhibited exceptional anti-oxidant activity by effectively scavenging stable 2, 2ʹ - diphenyl-1-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) radicals. Cytotoxicity assays using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) demonstrate moderate activity against KB3 and AGS cancer cells while showing no detectable cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells. This indicates a safe therapeutic window for human eukaryotic cells.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Senna alexandrina leaf extracts and their antibacterial, larvicidal, nanotoxicity and photocatalytic activity

Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been discovered in recent years, and they have been effectively manufactured and studied from diverse plant extracts. Recent research has shown that nanoparticles have extremely promising antibacterial, larvicidal and anticancer effects. The current study aimed to synthesize Senna alexandrina leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (SA-AgNPs) as are reducing and capping agent. The produced SA-AgNPs were characterized by using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS). The result showed synthesized SA-AgNPs were confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy with 440 nm absorption. FT-IR analysis shows the presence of phosphine, primary amines, carboxylic acids, ether, and alkyl halides biomolecules in both plant extract and SA-AgNPs. XRD findings revealed the crystalline structures of produced SA-AgNPs. The spherical shape of SA-AgNPs with an average size of 20–35 nm was confirmed using FESEM. The SA-AgNPs show better antibacterial activity against E. coli (18.0 ± 0.25 mm), S. aureus (17.2 ± 0.36 mm), P. aeruginosa (16.8 ± 0.12 mm), and leaf extract of S. alexandrina showed minimal antibacterial activity. The SA-AgNPs show 100 % mortality for both Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti after 48 hrs. The brine shrimp lethal assay of the SA-AgNPs shows 100 % at 30 µg after 24 hrs of brine shrimp which indicated the presence of cytotoxicity this suggests that produced SA-AgNPs are slightly toxic. The photocatalytic activity was also tested using reactive orange 16 (RO16) and phenol red (PR) with the percentage of degradation being about 93.95 % and 92.91 % respectively. These results suggest that biosynthesized SA-AgNPs have promising properties that can be used as an effective biomedical and environmental protectant.

A facile bio–inspired route of synthesizing Solanum sisymbriifolium fruit extract mediated silver nanoparticles: Pharmaceutical and environmental aspects

The present research work focused on biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Solanum sisymbriifolium aqueous fruit extract (AgNPs@SsFE) and determining their pharmaceutical and environmental aspects for the first time. The phytochemicals extracted from S. sisymbriifolium fruit extract (SsFE) contributed in reducing the average particle size of green synthesized AgNPs@SsFE to 23.17 nm and served as capping agents. Further, when AgNPs@SsFE were characterized using PSA, ZP, FE–SEM, Elemental mapping, EDX, HR–TEM, SAED, FTIR and XRD, exhibited the high colloidal stability, spherical shape and crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. Moreover, the synthesized AgNPs@SsFE exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity in comparison to SsFE when assayed via DPPH, FRAP, •NO and H2O2 scavenging methods. The Agar well–diffusion analysis unveiled AgNPs@SsFE to possess greater antibacterial activity against highly pathogenic gram–negative strains than gram–positive strains. Besides, the synthesized AgNPs@SsFE established itself to be a strong photocatalyst by degrading the methylene blue cationic dye under Solar and UV irradiations. These features of synthesized AgNPs@SsFE are found promising to convince the efficacy of SsFE in synthesizing the nanoparticles which can be useful in modern medicine and clinical applications.

Crystallographic structure, antibacterial effect, and catalytic activities of fig extract mediated silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) play a pivotal role in the current research landscape due to their extensive applications in engineering, biotechnology, and industry. The aim is to use fig (Ficus hispida Linn. f.) extract (FE) for eco-friendly Ag NPs synthesis, followed by detailed characterization, antibacterial testing, and investigation of bioelectricity generation. This study focuses on the crystallographic features and nanostructures of Ag NPs synthesized from FE. Locally sourced fig was boiled in deionized water, cooled, and doubly filtered. A color change in 45 mL 0.005 M AgNO3 and 5 mL FE after 40 min confirmed the bio-reduction of silver ions to Ag NPs. Acting as a reducing and capping agent, the fig extract ensures a green and sustainable process. Various analyses, including UV–vis absorption spectrophotometry (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles, and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the fig extract revealed the presence of eleven chemicals. Notably, the Ag NPs exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 418 nm, confirmed by UV analysis, while FTIR and XRD results highlighted the presence of active functional groups in FE and the crystalline nature of Ag NPs respectively. With an average particle size of 44.57 nm determined by FESEM and a crystalline size of 35.87 nm determined by XRD, the nanoparticles showed strong antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli. Most importantly, fig fruit extract has been used as the bio-electrolyte solution to generate electricity for the first time in this report. The findings of this report can be the headway of nano-biotechnology in medicinal and device applications.

Synthesis and characterization of lemon leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles: An environmentally friendly approach with enhanced antibacterial efficacy

In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using lemon leaf extract, which served as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis process proved to be rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. The effect of the mixing ratio of the reactants was investigated. Optimal yield, approximately 70 %, was achieved at 60 °C with a 0.25 M silver nitrate solution interacting for 40 min with lemon leaf extract in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio. Confirmation of nanoparticle formation was achieved through visible color change, UV–visible spectra (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV–Vis spectrum of the aqueous medium containing silver nanoparticles showed an absorption peak at around 412 nm. FT-IR spectra had shown that the biomolecule compounds were responsible for the reduction and capping material of silver nanoparticles. The XRD study showed the particles displayed an average crystallite size ranging from 9.4 to 36 nm. SEM and TEM showed a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure with an average size of 34 nm. The stability was detected using zeta potential analysis. These nanoparticles were used as antibacterial agents against Escherichia coli and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and the effect of silver nanoparticle concentration was investigated. The results indicated the synthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against E. coli and MRSA, with average inhibition zone diameters exceeding 17 mm for E. coli and 15 mm for MRSA. Remarkably, antimicrobial activity was observed against two tested microbes at extremely low concentrations of 1–3 mM of silver nanoparticles.

Phytochemicals, antioxidant ability and in vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts from Vitexnegundo leaves against Haemonchus contortus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic effect of crude aqueous, methanol, ethanol, hydro alcohol and acetone extracts of Vitex negundo leaves against Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae. Phytochemical analysis to identify the number of compounds in extracts was done by chemical tests and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrophotometer detector (GC-MS). First off all the effectiveness of dried plant materials was evaluated on larval development by mixing powdered material (no nano particles) to faecal cultures from donor sheep. Adding powder to the faecal culture resulted into 100% inhibition in larval development at 200 and 300mg/g of faeces. The anthelmintic activity was assessed using the egg hatch assay (EHA) and the larval mortality assay (LMA). Comparison of mean inhibition percentage of egg embryonation, mean inhibition percentage of egg hatching and mean percentage of larval mortality at different concentrations with control was performed by one-way ANOVA. The means were compared for statistical significance using DMRT at P < 0.05. For both the assays, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and lethal concentration (LC50) were calculated by probit analysis. Chemical test revealed presence of high concentration of saponin and flavoinoids and moderate concentration of total phenols in leaves. The antioxidant activity (radical scavenging activity, RSA %) measured was 35.47%. On GC-MS, the methanolic leaves extract revealed 30 phyto-compounds. On EHA, there was marked effect on inhibition of egg hatching by aqueous, hydro alcohol and acetone extracts. On LMA all the five extracts showed excellent larvicidal activity. V. negundo leaves methanol extract mediated silver nanoparticles were found very effective at much lower concentrations as compared to crude methanol extract. The results indicated that the V. negundo leaves crude extracts possessed excellent in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal properties against H. contortus which needs more investigation, especially in vivo trials for the control of parasite.

Acer tegmentosum extract-mediated silver nanoparticles loaded chitosan/alginic acid scaffolds enhance healing of E. coli-infected wounds

This work developed Acer tegmentosum extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) loaded chitosan (CS)/alginic acid (AL) scaffolds (CS/AL-AgNPs) to enhance the healing of E. coli-infected wounds. The SEM-EDS and XRD results revealed the successful formation of the CS/AL-AgNPs. FTIR analysis evidenced that the anionic group of AL (-COO-) and cationic amine groups of CS (-NH3+) were ionically crosslinked to form scaffold (CS/AL). The CS/AL-AgNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G-) bacterial pathogens, while being non-toxic to red blood cells (RBCs), the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM), and a non-cancerous cell line (NIH3T3). Treatment with CS/AL-AgNPs significantly accelerated the healing of E. coli-infected wounds by regulating the collagen deposition and blood parameters as evidenced by in vivo experiments. Overall, these findings suggest that CS/AL-AgNPs are promising for the treatment of infected wounds.

Cytoplasmic Leakage and Protein Leakage Analysis of Ocimum Gratissimum Stem Extract-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles Against Wound Pathogens

ABSTRACT Aim: The current work intends to examine the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mediated by Ocimum gratissimum stem extract against wound infections. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the membrane damage brought on by AgNPs, analyses of cytoplasmic leakage and protein leakage assays were performed. Results: The outcomes demonstrated that all of the tested bacterial strains were significantly resistant to the AgNPs’ antibacterial activity. AgNPs damaged membranes and caused cellular contents to leak in the target pathogens, according to an examination of protein and cytoplasmic leakage. Conclusion: According to the current investigation, AgNPs mediated by Ocimum gratissimum stem extract may be effective antibacterial agents against microorganisms that cause wounds.

Grewia tenax bark extract mediated silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial, antibiofilm and antifungal agent

Grewia tenax plant possesses many medicinal qualities that can be harnessed for bio-applications via nanotechnology in a cost-effective and environment-friendly manner. The synthesised silver nanoparticles (GTB-AgNPs) from Grewia tenax bark extract were first detected by observing the change in colour from yellowish brown to dark brown and confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy. UV–vis spectral analysis recorded the surface plasmon resonance at 420 nm. In the current research, several process parameters (time, temperature, concentration of AgNO3 and the ratio of extract to AgNO3) were adjusted by using one variable at a time (OVAT) approach. Spectroscopy accompanied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) determines the size, nature, morphological variations and chemical constituents of GTB-AgNPs. The size range was found within 35−45 nm and the image clearly showed that the GTB-AgNPs were spherical in shape and well dispersed in nature. Zeta potential and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were done to analyse GTB-AgNPs stability, dispersion and the biomolecules in aqueous bark extract liable for the bioreduction of silver particles. These GTB-AgNPs showed excellent antibacterial action against Gram-positive (S. aureus and B. subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) which was observed by disc diffusion assay. Congo red agar plate (CRA) assay effectively unveiled the antibiofilm proficiency of the particles. These studies displayed a reduction in bacterial sustainability and the formation of exopolysaccharides. Disc diffusion assay confirmed the antifungal competency against A. niger and C. albicans. SEM was performed to elucidate the intracellular breakage and morphological transformations in cells of Gram-positive bacteria and fungi after treatment with GTB-AgNPs. The current study, therefore, enlightened applications of GTB-AgNPs as an efficient antimicrobial agent and applicable substitute in the pharmaceutical area.

Green Synthesis of Guilandina bonduc Seed Extract Mediated Silver Nanoparticles and Its Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Green synthesis is a promising approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that is environmentally friendly and sustainable. In this study, we report a green method for the synthesis of AgNPs using Guilandina bonduc seed extract. The seed extract was used as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of AgNPs. The prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity using Bovine serum albumin denaturation assay and Egg albumin denaturation assay. The AgNPs also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. The results show that the green synthesised silver nanoparticles have excellent anti-inflammatory activity. The results of this study suggest that the green synthesised AgNPs have potential application in the treatment of inflammation. These findings also highlight the potential of Guilandina bonduc seed extract as a source of natural compounds for the green synthesis of AgNPs with biological activity.

Preparation of Allium Cepa Peel Extract-mediated Silver Nanoparticles: A Hair Dye Formulation.

The burgeoning field of nanotechnology has ushered in innovative Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) that enhance the efficacy, safety, and patient compliance of pharmaceutical treatments. This study explores the synthesis and application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using green chemistry approaches, specifically leveraging plant extracts as reducing agents. AgNPs, known for their unique physical and chemical properties, including antimicrobial capabilities, offer significant potential in modern drug delivery. This study investigates the potential of using Allium cepa peel waste for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. This study also revealed the resultant formation of silver nanoparticles through microscopy and UV spectroscopy, which were further analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. This green synthesis method not only aligns with environmentally friendly practices but also provides a cost-effective and scalable approach to nanoparticle production. We formulated a hair dye incorporating these AgNPs and evaluated its physicochemical parameters, demonstrating enhanced performance compared to control formulations without nanoparticles. This work underscores the promise of green-synthesized nanoparticles in developing advanced drug delivery systems, offering insights into future applications in anticancer and antimicrobial treatments. Our findings advocate for the broader adoption of sustainable nanotechnology in pharmaceutical sciences, potentially revolutionizing the treatment landscape with safer and more effective therapeutic options.

Antibacterial Activity of Green Synthesized Eugenia jambolana Seeds Extract Mediated Silver Nanoparticles

The present study uses silver nanoparticles that are biosynthesized from Eugenia jambolana aqueous silver nitrate solution jambolana fresh seed extracts were combined with silver nitrate (AgNO3) to form the silver nanoparticle. UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, XRD, SEM, and FTIR were used to characterise the synthesised silver nanoparticles. It was established that nanoparticles had formed in the sample by SEM examination, which revealed that they had a spherical shape. Nanoparticles from seed extracts showed more antibacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa followed by Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholerae, and Staphylococcus aureus. This study makes evidence that seed extracts of Eugenia jambolana act as an excellent capping agent for the formation of silver nanoparticles and show immense Pharmacological activities. Hence, these AgNPs can be used as an antimicrobial agent in treating many medical complications. In this present study, the antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles from Eugenia jambolana seeds shows the zone of inhibition against all four pathogens.

Biosynthesis of Malus pumila extract mediated silver nanoparticles and study on its biomedical application

Biosynthesis of Malus pumila extract mediated silver nanoparticles and study on its biomedical application

Facile bio-genic synthesis of Astragalus sarcocolla (Anzaroot) gum extract mediated silver nanoparticles: Characterizations, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities

The recent increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria has led to a notable difficulty in medicine, demanding endeavors to fabricate efficient antibacterial substances. Unlike traditional physical and chemical approaches, bio-genic approaches demonstrate various advantages, such as affordability, safety, and speed. The current study presents novel green silver nanoparticles employing Astragalus sarcocolla (Anzaroot) gum extract (ASG-AgNPs). For the first time, the alcoholic gum extract of this plant was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles in order to obtain antioxidant and antimicrobial nanoparticles. After optimizing the fabrication reaction conditions, ASG-AgNPs were characterized by DLS, UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, FT-IR, and XRD analyses. The antibacterial and antifungal potential of ASG-AgNPs and ASG extract was examined against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans by the broth microdilution method. Also, the DPPH technique was carried out to investigate the antioxidant property. TEM images displayed a highly even and spherical configuration of ASG-AgNPs, with an average size of 15.76 ± 1.40 nm. ASG-AgNPs exhibited high antimicrobial activity against all examined microbial models. The strongest effects were on Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae microorganisms, with MIC values of 62.5 and 156.25 μg/ml, respectively. DPPH radical inhibition percentages were raised from 14 to 98 by raising the concentration of ASG-AgNPs from 100 to 800 μg/ml, indicating suitable antioxidant activity. Both the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the extract were weaker than ASG-AgNPs, suggesting significant synergism between the extract and AgNPs. These findings demonstrate that utilizing the gum of the Astragalus sarcocolla plant is effective in producing AgNPs, which likely possess significant potential for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. However, further research is required.

Green synthesis of Ag and Au NPs decorated rGO nanocomposite for high impedimetric electrochemical sensor as well as enhanced antimicrobial performance against foodborne pathogens

In the present study, Allium cepa L. leaves extract mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ag/Au/rGO NC’s) were synthesized and demonstrated their biological and electrochemical sensing applications. Interestingly, the synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs was achieved rapidly within 1 h and 4 h, respectively. Whereas the production of both reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Ag/Au/rGO NC’s was achieved at 96 h. The achieved results from the UV–Vis spectrum of 432 nm for AgNPs and 550 nm of AuNPs and the shifting of the characteristic GO absorption band of 230 nm into 270 nm as well as an absence of 305 nm confirmed the rGO synthesis. In addition, HR-XRD analyses confirmed the JCPDS file No. 04–0783 and 01–1174 pertaining to Ag and Au NPs. Further, the Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR and EDS analyses confirmed the evidence of nanomaterials biosynthesis. A polydisperse, spherical shaped average size AgNPs of 1 to 30 nm, spherical and triangular shaped AuNPs with an average size of 1 to 120 nm, and silk like appearance of a thin layered graphene sheet in rGO were observed through TEM. Also, the recorded results evident the uniform decoration of Ag and Au NPs into the rGO sheet. The electrochemical properties of as-synthesized materials were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Interestingly, the Ag/Au/rGO NC’s modified electrode exhibited higher electrical conductivity and good electrocatalytic properties towards the electrooxidation of nitrite in a neutral medium than other nanomaterials. Eventually, Ag/Au/rGO NC’s confirmed the enhanced antibacterial against Gram-negative bacteria and dose dependent antifungal inhibitory activities against foodborne fungal pathogens of Fusarium graminearum, Alternaria alternata, and phytopathogenic fungus of Curvularia lunata and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at the maximum tested conc. of 2 mg/mL, compared to other nanomaterials. From the result of zebrafish embryotoxicity (ZET), the highest toxicity was observed for AgNPs at 0.19 μg/mL. But in the case of Ag/Au/rGO NC’s the reduced toxicity was observed. Hence, the achieved results concluded the Ag/Au/rGO NC’s could be suitable for development of both as biomaterials for biomedical and effective sensors for environmental applications.

Euphorbia royleana Boiss Derived Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications as a Nanotherapeutic Agent to Control Microbial and Oxidative Stress-Originated Diseases.

Nanotechnology is one of the most advance and multidisciplinary fields. Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology radically changed the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent various diseases in all aspects of human life. The use of plants and their extracts is one of the most valuable methods towards rapid and single-step protocol preparation for various nanoparticles, keeping intact "the green principles" over the conventional ones and proving their dominance for medicinal importance. A facile and eco-friendly technique for synthesizing silver nanoparticles has been developed by using the latex of Euphorbia royleana as a bio-reductant for reducing Ag+ ions in an aqueous solution. Various characterization techniques were employed to validate the morphology, structure, and size of nanoparticles via UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and EDS. FTIR spectroscopy validates different functional groups associated with biomolecules stabilizing/capping the silver nanoparticles, while SEM and XRD revealed spherical nanocrystals with FCC geometry. The results revealed that latex extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (LER-AgNPs) exhibited promising antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and -negative bacterial strains (Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus viridians). Both latex of E. royleana and LER-AgNPs were found to be potent in scavenging DPPH free radicals with respective EC50s and EC70s as 0.267% and 0.518% and 0.287% and 0.686%. ROSs produced in the body damage tissue and cause inflammation in oxidative stress-originated diseases. H2O2 and OH* scavenging activity increased with increasing concentrations (20-100 μg/mL) of LER-AgNPs. Significant reestablishment of ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin serum levels was observed in mice intoxicated with acetaminophen (PCM), revealing promising hepatoprotective efficacy of LER-AgNPs in a dose-dependent manner.

Evaluation of antibacterial activity, in-vitro cytotoxicity and catalytic activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Leea macrophylla

Nanotechnology has become a cutting-edge field of research that has emerged as an interdisciplinary research area and contributes to almost every field of science. With the increasing demand for sustainable greener products, attention has recently been focused on green nanotechnology. This study manifested the aptitude of Leea macrophylla (LM) leaf extract, fortified with phytochemicals, to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the first time. As soon as the AgNPs were biosynthesized, they immediately changed color, and the distinctive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) occurred at 420 nm in the Ultraviolet–Visible spectrum, proving that the biosynthesis had been successful. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to examine the phytochemicals present in the LM leaf extract, those are accountable for the formation and stabilization of AgNPs. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) revealed the formation of quasi spherical silver nanoparticles with an average diameter of 22.77 nm. Synthesized nanoparticles were further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron microscope (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The production of AgNPs with high metal content from LM leaf extract exhibited encouraging results. The LM leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles evinced significant antibacterial and catalytic activities. The cytotoxicity effects of biosynthesized AgNPs were tested on brine shrimps.

Synthesis and characterization of Hypsizygus ulmarius extract mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and test their potentiality on antimicrobial and anticancer effects

The prime aim of this research is to discover new, eco-friendly approaches to reducing agents for manufacturing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from fresh fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Hypsizygus ulmarius (Hu). The confirmation of Hu-mediated AgNPs has been characterized by UV visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM with EDX, HRTEM, AFM, PSA, Zeta poetical and GCMS analysis. The absorption peak of Hu-AgNPs at 430 nm has been confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy analysis. The findings of the particle size study show that AgNPs have a size distribution with an average of 20 nm. The Zeta potential of NPs reveals a significant build-up of negative charges on their surface. The additional hydrate layers that occurred at the surface of AgNPs are shown in the HR-TEM morphology images. The antibacterial activity results showed that Hu-AgNPs were highly effective against both bacterial pathogens, with gram-positive (+) and gram-negative (−) pathogens having a moderate inhibition effect on K. pneumoniae (5.3 ± 0.3 mm), E. coli (5.3 ± 0.1), and S. aureus (5.2 ± 0.3 mm). Hu-AgNPs (IC50 of 50.78 μg/mL) were found to have dose-dependent cytotoxic action against human lung cancer cell lines (A549). Inhibited cell viability by up to 64.31% after 24 h of treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the hand information on the myco-synthesis of AgNPs from the H. ulmarius mushroom extract and the results suggest that it can an excellent source for developing a multipurpose and eco-friendly nano product in future.