Antioxidant Properties Of Extracts Research Articles

Kalanchoe tomentosa: Phytochemical Profiling, and Evaluation of Its Biological Activities In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico.

In this work, the leaves of K. tomentosa were macerated with hexane, chloroform, and methanol, respectively. The phytochemical profiles of hexane and chloroform extracts were unveiled using GC/MS, whereas the chemical composition of the methanol extract was analyzed using UPLC/MS/MS. The antibacterial activity of extracts was determined against gram-positive and gram-negative strains through the minimal inhibitory concentration assay, and in silico studies were implemented to analyze the interaction of phytoconstituents with bacterial peptides. The antioxidant property of extracts was assessed by evaluating their capacity to scavenge DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 radicals. The toxicity of the extracts was recorded against Artemia salina nauplii and Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. Results demonstrate that the hexane and chloroform extracts contain phytosterols, triterpenes, and fatty acids, whereas the methanol extract possesses glycosidic derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol together with sesquiterpene lactones. The antibacterial performance of extracts against the cultured strains was appraised as weak due to their MIC90 values (>500 μg/mL). As antioxidants, treatment with extracts executed high and moderate antioxidant activities within the range of 50-300 μg/mL. Extracts did not decrease the viability of A. salina, but they exerted a high toxic effect against C. elegans during exposure to treatment. Through in silico modeling, it was recorded that the flavonoids contained in the methanol extract can hamper the interaction of the NAM/NAG peptide, which is of great interest since it determines the formation of the peptide wall of gram-positive bacteria. This study reports for the first time the biological activities and phytochemical content of extracts from K. tomentosa and proposes a possible antibacterial mechanism of glycosidic derivatives of flavonoids against gram-positive bacteria.

Anti-Inflammatory, Antidiabetic, and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts Prepared from Pinot Noir Grape Marc, Free and Incorporated in Porous Silica-Based Supports.

This study presents properties of hydroethanolic extracts prepared from Pinot Noir (PN) grape pomace through conventional, ultrasound-assisted or solvothermal extraction. The components of the extracts were identified by HPLC. The total content of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and condensed tannins, as well as antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of extracts were evaluated using UV-vis spectroscopy. All extracts were rich in phenolic compounds, proving a good radical scavenging activity. The extract obtained by conventional extraction at 80 °C showed the best α-glucosidase inhibitory activity close to that of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. To improve the chemical stability of polyphenols, the chosen extract was incorporated in porous silica-based supports: amine functionalized silica (MCM-NH2), fucoidan-coated amine functionalized silica (MCM-NH2-Fuc), MCM-41, and diatomite. The PN extract exhibited moderate activity against Gram-positive S. aureus (MIC = 156.25 μg/mL) better than against Gram-negative E. coli (MIC = 312.5 μg/mL). The biocompatibility of PN extract, free and incorporated in MCM-NH2 and MCM-NH2-Fuc, was assessed on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells, and the samples showcased a good cytocompatibility at 10 µg/mL concentration. At this concentration, PN and PN@MCM-NH2-Fuc reduced the inflammation by inhibiting NO production. The anti-inflammatory potential against COX and LOX enzymes of selected samples was evaluated and compared with that of Indomethacin and Zileuton, respectively. The best anti-inflammatory activity was observed when PN extract was loaded on MCM-NH2-Fuc support.

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant properties of extracts from leaves, stem-barks and roots of <i>Pterocarpus Erinaceus</i>

Oxidative stress is found to be associated with the etiology of several human diseases. Free radicals are the causative agent of oxidative stress, and can be scavenged by either natural (plants) or synthetic antioxidants. Synthetic antioxidants have some side effects which push a lot of research focuses on natural antioxidants. Pterocarpus erinaceus is a medicinal plant employed as traditional remedy for the treatment of several diseases associated with oxidative stress. This basis, the present study aimed at screening phytochemical and evaluating antioxidant properties of extracts from leaves, stem-barks and roots of Pterocarpus erinaceus. Leaves, stem-barks and roots of Pterocarpus erinaceous after collection were air-dried and pulverized. Each was extracted with methanol and the methanolic extracts were used. Phytochemicals were screened, in vitro, and in vivo antioxidant studies conducted. Rats were grouped into; Group 1: Normal control (liquid paraffin, vehicle 1 ml.kg), Group 2: Negative control (received 1 ml/kg CCl4), Group 3: Positive control (received 1ml/kg CCl4 +1 ml/kg Silymarin), Group 4-6: Extract treated rats (received 1 ml/kg CCl4 + varied doses of Extracts at 100, 200, and 400mg/kg body weight of rats). The treatment was done daily via oral means for 14 days. The results of the study showed Pterocarpus erinaceus rich in different phytochemicals which possess free radicals scavenging properties. In vivo study revealed that Pterocarpus erinaceus could ameliorate CCl4 toxicity in a way that seem to be via elevation of endogenous antioxidant activities. In conclusion, the leaves of Pterocarpus Erinaceus possessed more of the components rich with antioxidant properties hence its recommendation for further study to identify molecules enshrined therein.

In-vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of extracts from the pulp and seeds of the African baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata L.)

Adansonia digitata, commonly known as the African Baobab plant is used widely in traditional medicine for treating of many diseases. The current study investigates the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and nutritional composition of the pulp and seeds from the fruit of African Baobab plant. Matured fruits were harvested and processed by separating the fruit pulp and seeds. Water, 70 % Ethanol/water mixture, and Hexane were used as solvents for extraction. Antioxidant properties of extracts in this study were investigated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxidescavenging assays., Total Flavonoid Content, Total Phenolic Content, Total Tannin Content, and Total Antioxidant Capacity were also investigated. Agar Well Diffusion and Broth Dilution methods were used to estimate the antimicrobial properties of the extracts. The proximate composition of the seeds and fruit pulps was also determined. GC-MS was employed to determine the fatty acid composition. Results obtained showed the presence of Total phenolics (range 4.1–5.5 mg GAE/g), Total flavonoids (range 10.1–16.5 mg QE/g), Total Tannins (range 1.7–15.6 mg CE/g), and Antioxidants (range 2.0–14.5 mg AAE/g). The H2O2 and DPPH assays gave IC50s in the ranges of 300–1800 mg/L and 700–1600 mg/L respectively. Extract from the fruit pulp was found to inhibit the growth of a panel of 2 g-positive bacteria, 2 g-negative bacteria, and two fungi microorganisms. Fatty acids such as myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid were found to be present in oil from the seeds. Proximate components such as crude protein, crude fat, and crude fibre were found to be high. From the results, seeds and the fruit pulp of the African Baobab plant have significant antioxidant properties and can inhibit microbial growth.

Comparison of the Antioxidant Properties of Extracts Obtained from Walnut Husks as well as the Influence of Juglone on Their Evaluation

Concern for the future of the next generation leads to the search for alternative solutions for the proper management of materials considered as useless waste. This study fits into this research trend. Its aim is to demonstrate the potential of walnut husks as a source of compounds with antioxidant properties that can be used in non-food industries. Pressurized liquid extraction, i.e., one of the modern green extraction techniques used on an industrial scale, as well as conventional extraction in Soxhlet and maceration were applied to prepare the extracts. In order to assess in depth their antioxidant activity in relation to the content of characteristic components, various activity assessment methods were used in this research. The results proved that the husk components have such antioxidant properties that they can be of interest to the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries regarding the management of this waste. The results confirmed the usefulness of assisted extraction in increasing the ecological and economic values of the proposed waste disposal. Moreover, they showed that juglonehas very weak antioxidant properties, and the antioxidant effect of the mixture containing husk extract and juglone solution is mainly additive.

THE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF EXTRACTS OBTAINED FROM SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF EKP

In this study, the antioxidant properties of extracts, the total content of phenols and flavonoids were studied from some essential oil medicinal plants growing on the territory of East Kazakhstan region, in particular yarrow (Latin Achillea) and wormwood (Latin Artemisia). Three solvents, distilled water, acetone and ethanol were used in the research work. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by dpph, ABTS, β-carotene/linoleic acid and phenolic, flavonoid compounds. The results related to the applied methods and solvents (polar, apolar) were obtained. For example, the ABTS cationic radical removal method showed that the highest antioxidant activity in both plant types was demonstrated by the same acetone solvent (Achillea 344.11 and 0.06 mg/ml, Artemisia 198.26 and 0.07 mg/ml). DPPH showed the strongest effect of radical removal in distilled aqueous solvent (Achillea 245.82±1.59 mg/ml, Artemisia 300.53±1.18 mg/ml) in both species using the method of determining the activity of free radical removal. In addition, when studying total phenol, flavonoid compounds, the total amount of phenols in various solvent extracts obtained from Achillea ranged from 0.13 mg/ml from 59.71 to 0.13 mg/ml from 96.16 to 0.21 mg/ml, and the amount of flavonoids ranged from 0.11 mg/ml from 38.22 to 86.65 from 1.17 mg/ml. While the phenol content in Artemisia extracts ranged from 40.75 mg/ml to 113.56 mg/ml to 0.91 mg/ml, the flavanoid content ranged from 22.74 mg/ml to 74.94 mg/ml to 1.97 mg/ml.

Characterization of the Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts From Wrightia Tinctoria R.Br.

Characterization of the Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts From Wrightia Tinctoria R.Br.

Antioxidant Activity, Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors Ethanol Extract of Vernonia amygdalina Del. and Nutraceutical Potential

Vernonia amygdalina Del is a shrub that is very well known in African continent and usually grows in tropical climates, including in Indonesia. In this research, we tested the The ethanol extract's anti-oxidant properties of Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves and the inhibitory activity of alpha-glucosidase. Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves ethanol extract was obtained using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) method by variation of time and amplitude. Antioxidant activity of Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves ethanol extract was tested using DPPH and CUPRAC methods. Based on the research, IC50 of Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves ethanol extract was obtained by DPPH method respectively that is A (111.72±0.10)mg/L, B (154.08±0.02)mg/L, C (191.22±0.04) mg/L and D (190.99±0.08) mg/L. While IC50 of the Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves ethanol extract by CUPRAC method are A (26.71±4.85), B (78.57±5.04), C (43.50±4.62) and D (76.60±1.79). In this study, an alpha-glucosidase inhibition test was carried out where the greatest inhibitory activity was obtained by the Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves ethanol extract with variation A (30 minute extraction time with a 0.60 m amplitude) and IC50 is (0.69±0.13)mg/L. Based on this study, it can be concluded that Vernonia amygdalina Del has potential as an antidiabetic and nutraceutical drug.

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Components in Olive Leaves and its Kinetics, and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts

Son zamanlarda, çeşitli gıda üretim yan ürünlerinden antioksidan aktivite gibi sağlık yararları nedeniyle fenolik bileşen ekstraksiyonuna artan bir ilgi olduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Mevcut çalışmada, zeytin yapraklarından (ZY) fenoliklerin ekstraksiyonu için verimli bir alternatif ve yeşil teknik olarak nitelendirilen mikrodalga destekli ekstraksiyon (MDE) tekniği çalışılmıştır. Değişen mikrodalga gücünün toplam fenoliklerin salınım kinetiği üzerindeki etkisi K1, Bo,Ceq, k, ve SEE parametreleri belirlenerek mikrodalga gücünün etkisini ekstraksiyon süresi açısından açıklamak için kinetik modeller oluşturulmuştur. Üç farklı güçte (100, 300 ve 500W) artan süre ile birlikte ekstraksiyon verimi ve ekstraktların antioksidan özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. 100 W uygulama için artan süre ile birlikte 15. dakikaya kadar ekstraktların antioksidan özelliklerinin arttığı görülmüştür. 300 W güç uygulamasında ekstraktların fenolik bileşen içeriği ve 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) radikali süpürücü aktivite değerleri 10. dakikaya kadar artış göstermiştir. 500 W güç uygulaması için ekstraktların hem fenolik içeriğinin hem de antioksidan özelliklerinin 4. dakikaya kadar arttığı ve daha sonra ilerleyen uygulama süresiyle doğru orantılı olarak azaldığı görülmüştür. Tüm ekstraktlar arasında en yüksek toplam fenolik bileşen içeriği ve antioksidan kapasite değerleri 500 W güçte ve 4 dakika süre ile ekstrakte edilen örnekte gözlemlenmiştir. Aynı örnek için toplam fenolik bileşen içeriği, DPPH radikali süpürücü aktivite ve metal şelatlama aktivite değeri sırasıyla 9.52±0.21 mg gallik asit eşdeğeri (GAE)/mL, 15.22±0.45 mg Trolox eşdeğeri (TE)/g ZY ve 98.13±0.04 µmol etilenediaminetetraasetik asit (EDTA)/g zeytin yaprağı (ZY) olarak elde edilmiştir. Ekstraksiyon kinetiğine ait sonuçlara göre MDE için Peleg modelinin daha uygun olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuçlar göz önüne alındığında zeytin yapraklarından MDE için artan güç, ekstraksiyon süresinin kısalmasını sağlamıştır. Ayrıca yüksek güçlerde uzun uygulama sürelerinin ekstraksiyon verimini azalttığı görülmüştür.

Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of Sabah Hoya coronaria Blume

A common challenge that regularly results from oxidative stress is hepatic damage. This condition is characterised by a gradual progression from steatosis to chronic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The study proposed to assess the antioxidant activity and efficacy of Hoya coronaria aqueous extract in preventing CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats. The DPPH technique was used in the study to assess the extract's antioxidant properties. The rats received dosages of 125 and 250 mg/kg body weight of H. coronaria extract for 14 days, followed by CCl4 exposure. After two weeks, the rats were euthanised for analysis. The results indicated that the extract showed significant antioxidant potential and decreased the impact of CCl4 on hepatic damage markers such as serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase. Moreover, it increased hepatic reduced glutathione and various antioxidant enzymes while reducing malondialdehyde formation induced by CCl4. Additionally, the histopathological analysis demonstrated that H. coronaria extract protected the liver against fatty degeneration and necrosis induced by CCl4 toxicity. These outcomes suggest that H. coronaria extract could be used to prevent ROS-related hepatic damage.

Antioxidant Properties of Extracts From Cultured and Wild Macromycetes

The antioxidant properties of benzene, methanol, and ethanol extracts from Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus (cultivated species); Fomes fomentarius, Inonotus obliquus и Trametes versicolor (wild species) were studied. The total content of flavonoids and antioxidant activity were evaluated (DPPH, PFRAP, CUPRAC and β-carotene bleaching assay). The yield of benzene extracts was up to 1.9%; methanol up to 7.2%; ethanol to 9.6%. The content of total flavonoids in methanol and ethanol extracts from wild macromycetes was up to 29.5 mEq of rutin per gram of extract. Extracts from macromycetes showed low antioxidant activity in the PFRAP and CUPRAC reactions. It was found that methanol extracts from F. fomentarius and T. versicolor, as well as ethanol extracts from L. edodes, F. fomentarius and T. versicolor, have high antiradical activity against DPPH and β-carotene radical.

Analyses ofElaeocarpus sphaericusextract for antioxidant, anti-proliferative and gene repression activities against HIF-1 alpha and VEGF.

The study presents antioxidant, phytochemical, anti-proliferative, and gene repression activities against Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1) alpha and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ofElaeocarpus sphaericusextract. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were used to measure the extracts' phytochemical activity (TFC). Antioxidant potential of the extracts was measured through DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and TRP. Methanol extract of the leaves ofE. sphaericushas shown higher amount of the TPC (94.666±4.040 mg/gm GAE) and TFC value (172.33±3.21 mg/gm RE). The antioxidant properties of extracts in the yeast model (Drug Rescue assay) showed promising results. Ascorbic acid, gallic acid, hesperidin, and quercetin were found in the aqueous and methanolic extracts ofE. sphaericusat varying amounts, according to a densiometric chromatogram generated by HPTLC analysis. Methanolextract ofE. sphaericus(10 mg/ml) has shown good antimicrobial potential against all bacterial strains used in the study exceptE. coli.The anticancer activity of the extract in HeLa cell lines ranged from 77.94±1.03% to 66.85±1.95% while it ranged from 52.83±2.57% to 5.44% in Vero cell lines at varying concentration (1000µg/ml-31.2 µg/ml). A promising effect of extract was observed on the expression activity of HIF-1 and VEGF gene through RT-PCR assay.

The Effects of Different Extraction Methods and Solvents on Antioxidant Properties of Propolis

Propolis is a complex sticky substance produced by the honey bees (Apis mellifera) from the resinous materials they collect from various parts of plant and used by the bees to defend their hives from pathogenic microorganisms. This research aimed to compare the antioxidant properties of propolis extracts produced by using different solvents and extraction methods. The method used in the extraction stage is of great importance as the amount and quality of the bioactive components in the final product are directly affected by the extraction method applied. To obtain propolis extracts, both classical and ultrasonic extraction methods were used with distilled water and 20% propylene glycol-distilled water as solvents. Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to record the total phenolic content of propolis extracts. In this study, to measure the antioxidant activity of extracts, three methods were used that are FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS. Moreover, the aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for total flavonoid content analysis. According to analysis, brix values recorded between 14.90-27.50 for classic method and 14.40-16.50 for ultrasonic method. The total phenolic content calculated as 721.31-14419.46 mg GAE/L for classic method, and 1212.32-33621.70 mg GAE/L in ultrasonic method. Also, the total amount of flavonoid content was measured as 1137.52-24884.70 mg QE/L extract in ultrasonic method, and 2144.77-74021.42 mg QE/L extract in classic method. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the samples were calculated as 0.46-15.21 IC50 µl/ml in classic method, and 1.36-31.86 IC50 µl/ml in ultrasonic method, ABTS+ values changed from 0.09-2.71 IC50 µl/ml in classic method, and 0.21-4.64 IC50 µl/ml in ultrasonic method, and FRAP values measured between 29.22-639.43 µM TE/g in ultrasonic method, and 54.72-1783.02 µM TE/g in classic method. More studies and analysis are needed to investigate the effects of solvents and extraction methods on propolis extracts, as well as on the antioxidant properties of these extracts.

Chemical composition, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory properties of Rauwolfia vomitoria extract.

Rauwolfia vomitoria is one ethno-botanicals in Nigeria used by traditional health practitioners in managing several human diseases. However, necessary information regarding its effect on enzymes implicated in the development and progression of erectile dysfunction is missing in the literature. Thus, this study investigated the antioxidant property and impact of Rauwolfia vomitoria extract on erectile dysfunction-related enzymes invitro. High performance liquid chromatography was used to identify and quantify Rauwolfia vomitoria's phenolic components. Then, utilizing common antioxidant assays, the extract's antioxidant properties were evaluated and finally the effect of the extract on some enzymes (AChE, arginase and ACE) implicated in erectile dysfunction was investigated invitro. The results showed that the extract inhibited AChE(IC50=388.72 μg/mL), arginase (IC50=40.06 μg/mL) and ACE (IC50=108.64 μg/mL) activities. In addition, phenolic rich extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria scavenged radicals and chelated Fe2+ in concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, rutin, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, and kaempferol were found in large quantities by HPLC analysis. Therefore, one of the potential reasons driving Rauwolfia vomitoria's use in folk medicine for the treatment of erectile dysfunction could be its antioxidant and inhibitory activities on several enzymes linked to erectile dysfunction invitro.

Phytochemical composition and potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms of leaf extracts of Sida linifolia L. (Malvaceae)

IntroductionThe classes of phytocompounds and in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials of crude aqueous extract (CAE) and ethanol extract (CEE) of Sida linifolia L. leaves were studied. MethodsThe assayed in vitro anti-inflammatory parameters were phospholipase A2 activity, platelet aggregation, albumin denaturation, membrane stabilization, protease inhibition, and heat-induced membrane hemolysis using the human red blood cells (HRBCs) method. Also, antioxidant properties of extracts were determined using reducing power assay, nitric oxide assay, total antioxidant capacity assay, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The anti-inflammatory study used aspirin and prednisolone as reference drugs, while the antioxidant assay deployed butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), gallic acid, and ascorbic acid as standard drugs. All parameters were determined following conventional procedures. Results and discussionPhytochemical screening of both extracts showed varying amounts of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, cyanogenic compounds, glycoside, alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoids. At various concentrations (0.2–1.0 mg/ml), the CAE and CEE exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) high % anti-inflammatory activities similar to the standard drugs (aspirin/prednisolone), and these correlated positively with concentration. However, CAE exhibited better anti-inflammatory activities than CEE across all the parameters assayed. The in vitro antioxidant study revealed that both extracts demonstrated good antioxidant activities, which increased with concentrations. The ranges of IC50 values (in mg/ml) for CAE (0.64–0.92) and CEE (0.51–0.62) showed that CEE possesses more antioxidant potential compared with CAE; however, both extracts were less potent compared with gallic acid (0.47), ascorbic acid (0.32–0.50), and BHT (0.30). ConclusionsThis study suggests that Sida linifolia leaf extracts are rich in some classes of biologically active phytocompounds and exhibit good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

A Review on Antioxidant Properties of Extracts Obtained from the Leaf, Stem, Bark and Flower of Calotropis Species

The extracts obtained from different parts of Calotropis plant have been utilized for various activities. In this review we have compiled different methods used for the extraction of phytoconstituents from various parts of Calotropis. We have compiled the antioxidant studies done on these extracts. This review gives an idea about selection of solvents for extraction of different phytochemicals from Calotropis plant along with the methodologies adopted for antioxidant study of these extracts. Numerous investigations have been carried out to investigate the active chemicals and potential biological activities of Calotropis gigantea. Isolated chemicals from various parts of the plant have been evaluated for their pharmacological effects such as analgesic anthelmintic anti-asthmatic anti-arthritis anti-bacterial anti-cancer anti-convulsive anti-diabetic anti-diarrhoeal anti-histaminic anti-inflammatory anti-pyretic anti-ulcer antihypertensive and antioxidant activity. The pharmacological effects and phytochemistry of Calotropis species are summarized in this review article. This potential herb could be investigated with additional research towards the development of effective medications for a range of therapies.

A Review on Antioxidant Properties of Extracts Obtained from the Leaf, Stem, Bark and Flower of Calotropis Species

Traditional medicine can be a valuable source in primary health care due to its enriching acceptability and enhanced compatibility with the human body with minimal side effects. Karanjwa Caesalpinia bonducella Linn is an important medicinal plant used in the Unani system of medicine for a long time due to its multiple therapeutic properties. The present review aimed to explore the existing data of the drug about its conventional uses based on its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological actions. Karanjwa review was undertaken by exploring the bibliographic database viz. Science Direct Pub Med Scopus and Google Scholar. The search was carried out using the terms lsquoKaranjwarsquo lsquoCaesalpinia bonducella lsquoFever nutrsquo lsquoGajgarsquo. Moreover books published in Urdu and English were also used to gather information as representative literature. The plant is known for its use in the treatment of different systemic ailments due to the presence of steroidal saponins fatty acids hydrocarbons phytosterols isoflavones amino acids and phenolics alkaloids present bonducin a homoisoflavone. In the Unani system of medicine the pharmacological actions of Karanjwa include antipyretic anti-inflammatory antimicrobial tonic desiccatives antispasmodic immuno-modulators antioxidant anxiolytic antidepressant hypoglycaemic antiallergic and antihistaminic anti asthmatic hepatoprotective anticancer and nephroprotective activities. The present study explored the pharmacological phytochemical and therapeutic properties of Caesalpinia bonducella Linn. Many pharmacological activities mentioned in Unani medicine have been validated and several activities need further exploration owing to its immense therapeutic scope.

THE EFFECT OF SOLVENT TOWARDS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Vernonia amygdalina Delile LEAVES

Antioxidants guard against reactive oxygen free radicals. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals by adding electrons to them, preventing bodily harm. African leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Delile.) contain an antioxidant. African leaves are the leaves of a thousand diseases because they have pharmacological effects on various diseases. African leaves contain steroids/triterpenoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids. This study examined Vernonia amygdalina Delile. leaf combination ethanol extract antioxidant properties. The extracts were prepared with the reflux method using methanol, butanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane. Antioxidant activities were determined with DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, O-Phenanthroline, Hydroxyl radical scavenging, total phenolics, and total flavonoids method. The data were analyzed using the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) multivariate exploration technique, which was analyzed using the Minitab software. The highest antioxidant activity was found in African leaf reflux extract with methanol solvent by DPPH method (43.8968 ± 0.021), followed by ABTS (73.6223 ± 0.091), FRAP (89.2924 ± 0.087), CUPRAC (13.4745 ± 0.042), O-Phenantroline (99.0977 ± 0.30), and Hydroxyl radical scavenging (33.5703 ± 0.071). The findings show that Vernonia amygdalina Delile. extract exhibit antioxidant activity. According to the findings, Vernonia amygdalina Delile leaf extract with methanol solvent provided the maximum antioxidant activity.

Comparing the extraction methods, chemical composition, phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of edible oils from Cannabis sativa and Silybum marianu seeds

In the study the cold-pressed, natural (unfiltered, unrefined) vegetable oils: hemp and milk thistle seed oils were tested for their chemical composition and antioxidant properties. The physico-chemical parameters, content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were determined. Solid phase extraction and simple extraction with the use of methanol, ethanol, 80% methanol, 80% ethanol were used to obtain the extracts for the analysis of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in oils. The composition of phenolic compounds was studied by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC–DAD) and spectrophotometric test with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant property of extracts was established by means of the following methods: with the DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical, ABTS•+ (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical, FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant parameter) and CUPRAC (cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity). Moreover the influence of chlorogenic acid on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation process in the hemp and milk thistle seed oils was also investigated. The tested oils showed different antioxidant properties which was related to the their different chemical composition. The main phenolic compounds present in hemp seed oil were vanillic, ferulic and p-coumaric acids, (-)epicatechin, catechin, kaempferol and procyanidin B2, whereas in milk thistle seed oil—catechins, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, p-coumaric acid, phloridzin, quercetin, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol, and syringic acid. The methanolic extracts of hemp and milk thistle seed oils showed the highest antiradical activity, whereas the ethanolic extracts revealed the best reducing properties. The obtained antioxidant parameters for hemp seed oil were: the IC50 = 3.433 ± 0.017 v/v (DPPH test), the percent of ABTS•+ inhibition = 93.301 ± 1.099%, FRAP value = 1063.883 ± 39.225 µmol Fe2+, CUPRAC value = 420.471 ± 1.765 µmol of Trolox. Whereas the antioxidant parameters for milk thistle seed oil were: the IC50 = 5.280 ± 0.584 v/v (DPPH test), 79.59 ± 3.763% (ABTS test), 2891.08 ± 270.044 µmol Fe2+ (FRAP test), 255.48 ± 26.169 µmol of Trolox (CUPRAC assay). Chlorogenic acid effectively inhibited the lipid peroxidation process in hemp and milk thistle seed oils.

Correlation Study of Biological Activity with Quercetin and Phenolics Content in Onion Extracts

In this study it was shown that the fungistatic and antioxidant activities of onion extracts are related to the type of liquid used as the extractant and the technique of its preparation. A change in the antioxidant properties of white and red onion extracts was demonstrated with the change of the temperature of the pressurized hot water extraction process, which can be easily related to the changes accompanying the process of thermal processing of vegetables and fruits during cooking. Owing to the experimental and mathematical approaches concerning both the main and characteristic components of onions, i.e., quercetin and phenols, respectively, with the biological activity of the extracts, it was possible to demonstrate the significant share of these compounds in the antifungal and antioxidant properties of the extracts. Considering that the research was carried out, inter alia, on onion husks, demonstrating a very high potential of biological properties of this waste material from agricultural production, the research results presented in the paper should encourage the popularization of the use of this so far underestimated raw material for the production of various functional materials.