External View Research Articles

Development of TEM techniques dedicated for characterization of energy related composites and its application

In this paper, recent progress in the improvement of TEM techniques based on a 40-120 kV high resolution analytical TEM and some application to the catalysts are discussed. The spherical aberration coefficient and TEM image resolution of high resolution objective lens at the accelerating voltage of 120 kV are 1.1 mm and 0.2 nm respectively. The high resolution objective lens pole-piece has been newly designed to accommodate a high solid angle silicon drift detector of an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. A FIB fabricated apertures with the smallest diameter of 1m are equipped as the field limiting aperture for structural analysis of individual nanometer sized crystalline. The external view of the microscope

Philosophy and Wisdom in Islamic-Iranian Architecture, with Respect to External Veil in Architecture

The result of centuries of experience of this country’s ancestors and great artists, are Memorabilia that nowadays referred to as Islamic architecture. Increasing crisis of identity and irregularities in the feature of contemporary cities and buildings, reveal the latent values of past experiences more than ever. Various definitions have been proposed to explain Islamic architecture, which mostly address its material and superficial aspects. This paper attempts to address the wisdom in Islamic architecture. Based on this view work of art that lies between the audience and the author, as the medium, contains spiritual teachings, and architect as a wayfarer seeking for spiritual growth and moral virtues, and by acquiring real knowledge of the world and reaching the perdition rank for the sake of god, revives the flow of god’s wisdom in his being and makes the grace of god appears in this worldly bodies (of architecture). In principle, this attitude toward Islamic architecture is endogenous in that it can redefine a leading Islamic architecture. This paper also purports to, extra to describing wisdom in Islamic architecture, investigate the internal and external views of Islamic wisdom toward architecture. Hence, this paper first describes the characteristics of Islamic art and then conducts an investigation on the internal and external aspects of Iranian architectural wisdoms, by defining the philosophy of Islamic architecture. Then the architecture of mosques, as the feature of Islamic buildings, is presented, along with the philosophy of each of its individual components. Finally, the philosophy of the veil in Islamic architecture is, briefly, explained. It should be noted that the future of Islamic architecture is only definable in the light of a philosophical and endogenous approach, the view that is imbedded, in best, in the Iranian style of architecture.

The Status of the Social in Creativity Studies and the Pitfalls of Dichotomic Thinking*

Abstract Creativity studies seem to be a stronghold for individual-based psychological theories. The reasons for this are numerous and complex and, among them, we can identify certain limited or counter-productive ways of conceptualising the social. In this reply to comments I address both the status of the social in creativity studies and the dichotomies that follow from adopting an external view of society and culture. Among them, the separation between creative potential and achievement is particularly problematic, as it constructs a reified, static, and individual notion of potential, reflected in the measurement of divergent thinking. I propose, towards the end, a perspectival model of creativity that radically socialises divergent thinking by placing the social at the core rather than the periphery of creative production. Finally, I suggest that including time into our theory and research holds the key to overcoming many of the false dichotomies that underline creativity studies, at least in psychology. A thoroughly social perspective on creativity might seem like a daring or foolish endeavour but it is, in my view, also the most promising.

Seriated CT‐Scan of a Naturalized Crocodile in the Frontal Plane

A 98 cm long, naturalized crocodile had been CT‐scanned all along his length when laid on the radiological table. The apparatus was a 128 detector rows 's, Siemens somatom edge CT‐scan. Near one thousand (1000) frontal cross‐sections were obtained. They revealed the removal of all the skeleton inside the skin except the head where the osseous data could be detailed. The remnant body was filled with a common material thus the shape of the neck, trunk, tail and of the four limbs could be appreciated. Thirteen (13) external views had been reconstructed from the cross‐sections and were of good morphological value. The CT‐scan has proved to be an unvaluable method in every gross‐morphological anatomical study.

Functional representation of vision within the mind: A visual consciousness model based in 3D default space

Abstract The human eyes and brain, which have finite boundaries, create a “virtual” space within our central nervous system that interprets and perceives a space that appears boundless and infinite. Using insights from studies on the visual system, we propose a novel fast processing mechanism involving the eyes, visual pathways, and cortex where external vision is imperceptibly processed in our brain in real time creating an internal representation of external space that appears as an external view. We introduce the existence of a three-dimension default space consisting of intrapersonal body space that serves as the framework where visual and non-visual sensory information is sensed and experienced. We propose that the thalamus integrates processed information from corticothalamic feedback loops and fills-in the neural component of 3D default space with an internal visual representation of external space, leading to the experience of visual consciousness. This visual space inherently evades perception so we have introduced three easy clinical tests that can assist in experiencing this visual space. We also review visual neuroanatomical pathways, binocular vision, neurological disorders, and visual phenomenon to elucidate how the representation of external visible space is recreated within the mind.

Redescription of Andriashev’s spiny pimpled lumpsucker Eumicrotremus andriashevi and designation of a new subspecies E. andriashevi aculeatus ssp. n. (Cyclopteridae)

The redescription of Eumicrotremus andriashevi Perminov, 1936, and designation of the new subspecies Eumicrotremus andriashevi aculeatus Voskoboinikova et Nazarkin ssp. n. (Litke Strait, Bering Sea) have been performed. E. andriashevi aculeatus differs from the nominative subspecies by the presence of larger and higher bone plaques that form the “cheeks” and make the external view of the fish “disheveled” and by the larger body height and smaller snout length, as well as by the shape of the infraorbitals and mesethmoideum.

Sustainable lighting performance of refurbished glazed walls for old residential buildings

The application of large area of glass is still the main utilized strategy to count for the deep-rooted preference for the full external view as well as daylight penetration in residential buildings. However, for the successful renovation of old residential buildings, the application of full-height glass window should be made a major priority. This paper presents a sustainable approach on the current set-up of the multi-apartment renovation process in terms of sustainable lighting. Among the conducted investigations, the paper includes the case study analysis for the experimental applications of a double skin facade aimed at finding out the optimal configurations that could utilize daylighting demands. Also, currently applied mechanisms in the identification and evaluation of daylighting efficiency, data analysis for the measuring of light energy efficiency as well as the processes involved in the determination of daylighting feasibility control for the renovation process utilizing the developed glazed wall are presented in this paper. This paper gives an insight into recommendations and research findings that could be used to further improve this process.

A Stanislavskian Reading of Yoruba Trance on the Stage

ABSTRACTThe article offers a contemporary study of the relationship between Stanislavski and Caribbean culture derived from a desire to incorporate traditions of African descent into world theater. It references studies on stanislavski and ritual culture, as well as processes of play rehearsals and ritual ceremonies. These are essential research sources for trance-possession and its place in the actor's art and the psychophysical processes of the actor or dancer based on ancient Yoruba possession traditions. studying performances during ritual experiences raises disturbing questions. How far can the interpreter get in touch with that reality? Much has been made of the external view of the importance of consciousness, but how about the impulses that lead the actor to deprogrammed areas of consciousness that access other communication levels? TO propose a way forward, María Antonia(1964), by Cuban theater dramatist Eugenio Hernández Espinosa, is explored. this production was created by mixing Yoruba tradition with the training of artists for whom stanislavskian theatrical culture supplies a constant reference point.

International law and the participation of members of the Serbian Armed Forces in multinational operations of the European Union

The participation of members of the Serbian Armed Forces in multinational operations of the European Union takes place within the framework set by the rules of the national, European, and international law. This paper addresses special attention to the rules of international law, which are important or may become important for the regulation of the activities of the Serbian Armed Forces' members in the crisis management operations. The aim of this paper is to present a range of branches of international law governing the status and conduct of the armed forces contributing to the operations. Given that this is a current topic, the results of the paper will show the importance that the international law may have for an external view of the role of the Republic of Serbia in keeping the international peace and security.

Improving Construction Equipment Operation Safety from a Human-centered Perspective

Construction equipment-related accidents are a major cause of workplace fatalities and injuries in the construction industry. Particularly, visibility issue (i.e. blind spots) has been recognized as one of the primary reasons for construction equipment related accidents and injuries. Although attempts have been made to alleviate the problem by providing external assistance to operators and laborers, being struck by objects and equipment remains the third leading cause of construction fatalities (behind falls and transportation incidents) for the past decade. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of how operators respond to the external assistance has great potential to improve operation safety from a human-centered perspective. This paper highlights a promising method of employing external views that provides additional spatial information to overcome the visibility problem. Challenges are discussed in human spatial ability-related aspects such as the additional spatial information may increase mental workload and introduce difficulties in processing the information. At last, potential research directions and experiments are discussed.

The posterior medial blind spot of the distal tibia: implications for surgical fixation.

The distal tibial blind spot represents an area where improperly measured long screws may pose a risk to surrounding anatomic structures and is not well visualized on AP, mortise, and lateral radiographs. Awareness of this area as well as the use of a 45° external rotation oblique view when placing fixation in this area may prevent iatrogenic injury. Level V, Expert Opinion.

Comparative Method for Indirect Sensitivity Measurement of UHF RFID Reader with Respect to Interoperability and Conformance Requirements

There is never-ending race for the competitive advantage that forces RFID technology service integrators to focus more on used technology qualitative aspects and theirs impacts inside RFID ecosystem. This paper contributes to UHF RFID reader qualitative parameters evaluation and assessment problematic. It presents and describes in details indirect method and procedure of sensitivity measurement created for UHF RFID readers. We applied this method on RFID readers within prepared test environment and confirmed long term intention and recognized trend. Due to regulations limitations, there is not possible to increase output power over defined limits, but there are possibilities to influence reader sensitivity. Our proposal is to use customized comparative measurement method with insertion loss compensation for return link. Beside the main goal achievement, results show as well the qualitative status of development snapshot of reader. Method and following experiment helped us to gain an external view, current values of important parameters and motivation we want to follow up on as well as compared developed reader with its commercial competitors.

Historic amenities, income and sorting of households

We aim to estimate the impact of historic amenities on house prices and sorting of households. Historic district boundaries enable us to measure the external view effect of historic amenities, defined as the effect of a historic amenity on the price of other buildings through an improved view from the other buildings. We use a semiparametric regression-discontinuity approach to control for unobserved location characteristics and focus on houses constructed after 1970. It is shown that the (external) view effect of historic amenities is 3.5% of the house price. Rich households have a higher willingness to pay for a view on historic amenities and therefore sort themselves in historic districts, which contributes to an explanation for the substantial spatial income differences within cities.

Scenario-Based Programming, Usability-Oriented Perception

In this article, we discuss the possible connection between the programming language and the paradigm behind it, and programmers’ tendency to adopt an external or internal perspective of the system they develop. Based on a qualitative analysis, we found that when working with the visual, interobject language of live sequence charts (LSC), programmers tend to adopt an external and usability-oriented view of the system, whereas when working with an intraobject language, they tend to adopt an internal and implementation-oriented viewpoint. This is explained by first discussing the possible effect of the programming paradigm on programmers’ perception and then offering a more comprehensive explanation. The latter is based on a cognitive model of programming with LSC, which is an interpretation and a projection of the model suggested by Adelson and Soloway [1985] onto LSC and scenario-based programming, the new paradigm on which LSC is based. Our model suggests that LSC fosters a kind of programming that enables iterative refinement of the artifact with fewer entries into the solution domain. Thus, the programmer can make less context switching between the solution domain and the problem domain, and consequently spend more time in the latter. We believe that these findings are interesting mainly in two ways. First, they characterize an aspect of problem-solving behavior that to the best of our knowledge has not been studied before—the programmer’s perspective. The perspective can potentially affect the outcome of the problem-solving process, such as by leading the programmer to focus on different parts of the problem. Second, relating the structure of the language to the change in perspective sheds light on one of the ways in which the programming language can affect the programmer’s behavior.

Does the experience level of the radiologist, assessment in consensus, or the addition of the abduction and external rotation view improve the diagnostic reproducibility and accuracy of MRA of the shoulder?

To prospectively evaluate the influence of observer experience, consensus assessment, and abduction and external rotation (ABER) view on the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) in patients with traumatic anterior-shoulder instability (TASI). Fifty-eight MRA examinations (of which 51 had additional ABER views) were assessed by six radiologists (R1-R6) and three teams (T1-T3) with different experience levels, using a seven-lesion standardized scoring form. Forty-five out of 58 MRA examination findings were surgically confirmed. Kappa coefficients, sensitivity, specificity, and differences in percent agreement or correct diagnosis (p-value, McNemar's test) were calculated per lesion and overall per seven lesion types to assess diagnostic reproducibility and accuracy. Overall kappa ranged from poor (k = 0.17) to moderate (k = 0.53), sensitivity from 30.6-63.5%, and specificity from 73.6-89.9%. Overall, the most experienced radiologists (R1-R2) and teams (T2-T3) agreed significantly more than the lesser experienced radiologists (R3-R4: p = 0.014, R5-R6; p = 0.018) and teams (T2-T3: p = 0.007). The most experienced radiologist (R1, R2, R3) and teams (T1, T2) were also consistently more accurate than the lesser experienced radiologists (R4, R5, R6) and team (T3). Significant differences were found between R1-R4 (p = 0.012), R3-R4 (p = 0.03), and T2-T3 (p = 0.014). The overall performance of consensus assessment was systematically higher than individual assessment. Significant differences were established between T1-T2 and radiologists R3-R4 (p<0.001, p = 0.001) and between T2 and R3 (p<0.001/p = 0.001) or R4 (p = 0.050). No overall significant differences were found between the radiologists' assessments with and without ABER. The addition of ABER does not significantly improve overall diagnostic performance. The radiologist's experience level and consensus assessment do contribute to higher reproducibility and accuracy.

A real-time photogrammetric algorithm for sensor and synthetic image fusion with application to aviation combined vision

Abstract. The paper addresses a promising visualization concept related to combination of sensor and synthetic images in order to enhance situation awareness of a pilot during an aircraft landing. A real-time algorithm for a fusion of a sensor image, acquired by an onboard camera, and a synthetic 3D image of the external view, generated in an onboard computer, is proposed. The pixel correspondence between the sensor and the synthetic images is obtained by an exterior orientation of a "virtual" camera using runway points as a geospatial reference. The runway points are detected by the Projective Hough Transform, which idea is to project the edge map onto a horizontal plane in the object space (the runway plane) and then to calculate intensity projections of edge pixels on different directions of intensity gradient. The performed experiments on simulated images show that on a base glide path the algorithm provides image fusion with pixel accuracy, even in the case of significant navigation errors.

„Balkan-Wien“ – Versuch einer Verflechtungsgeschichte der politischen Emigration aus den Balkanländern im Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit (1918–1934) / “Balkan Vienna” – Reflections on an Histoire croisée of Political Emigration from the Balkans to Vienna during the Interwar Period (1918–1934)

Abstract This paper follows “Balkan Vienna”, a media phenomenon as well as a media construct created both by the Viennese press and from the perspective of the Balkans themselves. The decline of the once brilliant capital of the great empire into a hotbed of revolutionaries and terrorists was recorded in Belgrade with scorn and fear. In Vienna, the press addressed these events in terms that sought to distance the capital from the southeast. However, at the same time the Viennese press admired the political activists from the Balkans, exoticising them as heroes. Thus, the press externalised Austrian domestic contradictions through their discussions of Balkan politics. By reporting scandal and sleaze, the press perpetuated the image of Vienna as a refuge for revolutionary activities and “typical Balkan” violence. “Balkan Vienna” is thus a social and political place, one of local, national, transnational, Balkanic and European linkages. As such, it is part of a new discourse, which relocates the internal and external view of Vienna and Austria on the mental map of Europe.

LRT Digest 2 Tubular daylight guidance systems

Executive summaryThis Digest concerns passive tubular daylight guidance systems (TDGS), the most commercially successful method of daylight guidance. TDGS were introduced some 20 years ago and thus...

The Instructional Challenge in Improving Teaching Quality: Lessons from a Classroom Observation Protocol

Background/Context Teacher evaluation is a major policy initiative intended to improve the quality of classroom instruction. This study documents a fundamental challenge to using teacher evaluation to improve teaching and learning. Purpose Using an observation instrument (CLASS-S), we evaluate evidence on different aspects of instructional practice in algebra classrooms to consider how much scores vary, how well observers are able to judge practice, and how well teachers are able to evaluate their own practice. Participants The study includes 82 Algebra I teachers in middle and high schools. Five observers completed almost all observations. Research Design Each classroom was observed 4–5 times over the school year. Each observation was coded and scored live and by video. All videos were coded by two independent observers, as were 36% of the live observations. Observers assigned scores to each of 10 dimensions. Observer scores were also compared with master coders for a subset of videos. Participating teachers also completed a self-report instrument (CLASS-T) to assess their own skills on dimensions of CLASS-S. Data Collection and Analysis For each lesson, data were aggregated into three domain scores, Emotional Support, Classroom Organization, and Instructional Support, and then averaged across lessons to create scores for each classroom. Findings/Results Classroom Observation scores fell in the high range of the protocol. Scores for Emotional Support were in the midlevel range, and the lowest scores were for Instructional Support. Scores for each domain were clustered in narrow ranges. Observers were more consistent over time and agreed more when judging Classroom Organization than the other two domains. Teacher ratings of their own strengths and weaknesses were positively related to observation scores for Classroom Organization and unrelated to observation scores for Instructional Support. Conclusions/Recommendations This study identifies a critical challenge for teacher evaluation policy if it is to improve teaching and learning. Aspects of teaching and learning in the observation protocol that appear most in need of improvement are those that are the hardest for observers to agree on, and teachers and external observers view most differently. Reliability is a marker of common understanding about important constructs and observation protocols are intended to provide a common language and structure to inform teaching practice. This study suggests the need to focus our efforts on the instructional and interactional aspects of classrooms through shared conversations and clear images of what teaching quality looks like.

Vibration-based delamination detection in composite beams through frequency changes

Delamination is a common damage in fibre reinforced composite laminates, usually hidden from external view, that can substantially reduce the structural stiffness which changes the dynamic response of the structures such as natural frequencies. Natural frequencies are the most reliable parameters for detecting damage while they do not directly provide information regarding its location and severity. To determine the location and severity of damage, it is necessary to solve the inverse problem using frequency shifts in multiple modes. In this paper, the graphical approach, which was previously employed for estimating two variables of crack (location and size) in isotropic beams, is extended in the current work to estimate the three variables of delamination (interface, span-wise location and size) in anisotropic composite beams from measured frequency shifts. Compared to the use of optimisation or neural network for detection, graphical technique is computationally inexpensive and quick since it solves the inverse problem without iterations or network training. The present approach has been validated using numerical simulation as well as experimental data from modal testing conducted on quasi-isotropic simply supported and cantilever beams. Results show that the proposed graphical technique can be used to assess the location and severity of delamination in composite beams with a high degree of accuracy.