External Peace Research Articles

“I am because you are”: traditional ruler-ship institutions and alternative dispute resolution in Africa

ABSTRACT Post-colonial Africa has played host to different kinds of conflict throughout its chequered history. Unfortunately, the continent’s modern institutions of conflict resolution have failed to intercept most of the disputes, leading to renewed calls for traditional institutions to go into conflict mediation strategies. While many studies have interrogated the nexus between traditional institutions and conflict, few examined the institutional involvement of traditional rulers in external peace support as an alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Most disputes occur within local communities rather than urban spaces, enlisting traditional rulers who are closer to the people, in resolution efforts is key to settlement. It posits that traditional ruler-ship institutions should be at the core of ADR in Africa given their inherent ability to negotiate, mediate, unite, reconcile and settle community disturbances. The paper observes politicization and corruption within the institution as plausible explanation for the disconnection between past successes and the inadequacies of today. Relying on a systematic analysis of relevant literature and the analytical strengths of the Ubuntu philosophy, the article concludes that for traditional rulers to be effective in the ADR framework, they must place community peace and cohesion over personal interests in conflict mediation.

Influence of Different Texts and Religions on M.K. Gandhi’s Philosophy of Peace

Peace refers to both internal peace as well as external peace. M.K. Gandhi believed that the path of truth is the path of peace and he added a new facet of non-violence to the world of philosophy to find the path of truth. He wanted to build a world of peace based on non-violence where there would be no war, no revolution and no bloodshed. He said that peace would not come until the great powers boldly take decision to disarm them. So there needs to be a limit on the production of swords in the world just like the production of opium because swords are probably the cause of more human misery than opium. Violence can never be beneficial to mankind. So violence has to be completely given up in the world affairs and it is possible when love and non-violence are the rules of human existence. In fact he believed that peace can be established through non-violence. It has to be said that in adopting the principle of non-violence and truth. Gandhi was influenced by various religions such as Vaishnavism, Jainism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islam apart from texts.

Religious Peacebuilding and its Contemporary Requirements in the Light of Seerat un Nabi (PBUH)

Islam is the religion of peace, security, and harmony. It not only focuses to maintain and establish peace and harmony in its teachings but also uses religion for religious peacebuilding among the humanity. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) attached peace to religion and declared the peace and security of others as an integral part of faith and included peace in the foundations of religion. He (PBUH) provided noble examples and teachings for religious peacebuilding within the faith for Muslims and at the interfaith level so that both internal and external peace can be maintained and established. Within the Islamic faith, He (PBUH) preached to Muslims to live with peace and unity and to avoid quarreling, being divided into sects, and becoming enemies with one another. At the same time, for interfaith religious peacebuilding, He (PBUH) taught and provided many examples to promote religious tolerance and interreligious pleasant relations and harmony. Its contemporary requirements are to follow these teachings and examples of Seerah with true letter and spirit and apply them in the society in this era so that the world can get peace and protection and avail a pleasant and peaceful atmosphere for an excellent living. This article focuses on these aspects of Seerat ul Nabi (SAW) regarding religious peacebuilding.

The paradigm of peace enhancing peace culture

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine peace as a paradigm for promoting peace culture.Design/methodology/approachThe paper amalgamates paradigmatic concepts, insights and analytical writing while building on existing literature.FindingsThe findings of this research suggest that the paradigm of peace can be used as a model to promote peace culture and harmony in the 21st century, which is characterized by “hyper” and “super” diversity. Diversity is everywhere, including schools, workplaces and marketplaces. Diversity is very complex and encompasses nearly every element of human life. Diversity should not only be based on the race, culture, ethnicity, religion or gender of an individual. Diversity should be based on the uniqueness of an individual. The fact that we live in a diverse world does not mean that we cannot coexist harmoniously. This paper explores the paradigm of peace research by focusing on how it enhances peace culture to thrive amidst diversity. This study also illustrates that peace and conflict studies cannot be restricted to the resolution of war, violence and conflict. It can likewise aid us in addressing cultural, racial, religious and ethnic concerns. In addition, this research demonstrates that encouraging positive peace (and discouraging negative peace) can be used as a deterrent against violence, including war and conflict. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates the significance of personal peace and some other types of peace. It demonstrates that inner peace combined with external peace yields personal peace. Therefore, an individual may not be able to enjoy the holistic values of personal peace without inner and external peace. Also, this research indicates that encouraging a daily culture of peace can assist us in becoming quotidian agents of peace.Originality/valueMost publications focused on peace and conflict but made no connection between peace and culture. In addition, the majority of publications did not discuss peace as a paradigm that can aid in promoting a culture of peace and nonviolence. In addition, most papers did not link peace culture with diversity. Moreover, the majority of studies did not connect peace with the environment. This study addresses these gaps by introducing peace as a paradigm for fostering a culture of peace amidst diversity in the 21st century. This paper introduces peace as a paradigm for promoting nonviolence, peace culture and harmony. This study also emphasizes the need for environmental peace, thereby increasing awareness of the problems that affect the planet. This study also includes a discussion of positive and negative peace, as well as other definitions and viewpoints of peace. It also underlines the importance of establishing positive peace. This paper can be used as an introductory pathway to understanding the intriguing aspect of peace that fosters a peace culture if practiced adequately and why a peace culture is important in a world of diversity.

Navigating the Great-Power Competition: Pakistan and Its Relationship with the United States and China

executive summary: This essay draws on insights from hedging theory to examine how Pakistan, as a middle power, can navigate key strategic and domestic factors in its policies in response to the growing great-power competition between the U.S. and China. main argument Until recently, Pakistan had deftly taken advantage of its position in the U.S.-China-Pakistan strategic triangle to improve its security vis-à-vis India. Intensification of U.S.-China great-power competition, with the U.S. embracing India as a bulwark against China and the closer alignment of Pakistan-China strategic interests, puts Pakistan in a security dilemma. Islamabad faces challenges in navigating this great-power competition as the role of middle powers increases. Hedging theory shows how Islamabad could gain from a working relationship with Washington on strategic interests, despite Pakistan's aligned interests with China. Pakistan's new national policy, with an emphasis on geoeconomics over geopolitics, will be important for work with both powers. policy implications • Pakistan can count on China's consistent friendship, given Chinese economic and security investments, irrespective of Beijing's own strategic interests in fostering this relationship. • Even if broad-based, nontransactional relations seem unlikely in the near future, areas of mutual interest remain between the U.S. and Pakistan. Through engagement and frank conversation, the U.S. can improve nuclear facilities and safeguard nuclear assets, which would also address Islamabad's suspicion that Washington aims to defang its nuclear capabilities and sabotage Chinese investment in Pakistan. • The U.S. can aid Pakistan in its policy paradigm shift from security to geoeconomics, which would help address Washington's own long-pending demands that Islamabad ease security paranoia about India. By aiding economic reforms and reducing India-Pakistan tensions, the U.S. can foster internal stability and external peace for Pakistan, preventing Islamabad from completely embracing Beijing.

Space and Place of Jerusalem; Sociology of Religion and Inter-Cultural Sociopolitical Peace and Conflict

The study presents cultural, religious and peace and conflict discourse on Jerusalem (Israel-Palestine conflict), attempting to remain outside the realpolitik and examine sociopolitical-religious synergy and critical peace and partially integral human securitisation. Interculturalism, multiculturalism, and such notions emerged in the 1970s, emphasising different cultures' equivalence and dialogue. Besides cultural and territorial determinants of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the status quo is conditioned by a religious rather than a secular approach to political organisation. Both civilisations view their inhabit area through religious rights, turning history into theology and different theology into sociopolitics. It presents a human conflict. While religion and nationalism based on power have often contributed to antagonism, and violence, the objectives of the three monotheist religions addressing peace suggest a shift towards mutual compromise from hegemonic visions to practical expectancies. Jerusalem is the holy place where all confessions have the right of residence. Infiltration of faith into this political dispute, Islamism, and Judaism is a religious aspect disputed between Jews and Arabs. Conflicts are mainly due to territory, and religion gives it a higher purpose within narratives regarding supernatural rights. Despite the inter-religious tensions and passions involved in the contradictory faith elevation at this religious source, the internal and external peace is influenced by politics. The holy city of Jerusalem is a perpetual “poor” case-study paradigm. The future sociopolitical life must work around healthy inter-cultural, inter-religious, socioeconomic development, and critical human security. The revenge practice could negatively influence (any) peace process–causes related to social, psychological, historical, cultural, and societal stagnation. Balkans–Bosnia and Herzegovina is a comparable paradigm to the Israel–Palestinian question. Similar policies maintain, clerical, national, and ethnopolitical patterns materialise, i.e., critical peace stalemate persists.

Leviathan’s Heirs: sovereignty, intelligence, and the modern state

ABSTRACT Thomas Hobbes started an enduring debate over sovereignty’s right to shape citizens’ minds between his principal heirs, Locke and Rousseau. Locke insisted that sovereigns can grant liberty of conscience yet still enjoy internal and external peace through wisely drawn laws. Rousseau endorsed such toleration in theory but insisted on shaping virtuous citizens who love republican forms and duties. Rousseau’s teaching on the need for “guides’ to recognize and impose the general will inspired ideological regimes ruled by parties claiming republican legitimacy. For the last century, that metaphorical debate between followers of Locke and Rousseau has helped shape intelligence.

КУЛЬТУРНО-МОВНИЙ РЕЛЯТИВІЗМ ЯК ФУНДАМЕНТ ОСВІТИ ДЛЯ МИРУ

This paper presents the results of a theoretic-pedagogical research, which objective was to analyze the peace education from complex thinking and the cultural-linguistic relativism approach through a documentary-bibliographic study. Authors found, that the cultural-linguistic relativism approach must be considered as the epistemological basis of peace education. Its main postulate regarding the equitable articulation of different without a hegemonic center (or universality point); the recognition of the difference and the fairness of the differences; the admission as valid of any practice by the mere fact of being the production of a social group, modulates the pedagogical actions aimed at the development of student´s logical pluralism and interculturality, consequently, of the peace culture. Since logical pluralism is achieved from the encounter of diverse visions and social, economic, political and cultural practices, the indispensable condition for this process to occur is interculturality. The cultural-linguistic relativism intones the correct understanding of each other by interpreting cultural manifestations according to their own cultural criteria, trying to understand the symbolic complexity of cultural practices, trying to moderate an inevitable ethnocentrism that leads to interpreting the cultural practices of others from of the interpreter´s culture criteria; helps to achieve internal and external peace: participation, dialogue and cooperation, changing patterns of behavior in conflicts; supports respect for the life and dignity of each person, without discrimination or prejudice; effective equality of rights and obligations (ethnic, class, regional, gender, sexual, economic, etc.); it allows the acquisition of unusual ways of acting, making decisions (logical pluralism).

A Christmas Ceasefire: Jimmy Carter’s Peace Mission to Bosnia in 1994

In December 1994, former US president, Jimmy Carter, travelled to the Bosnian Serb stronghold of Pale outside Sarajevo where he was hosted by rebel leader Radovan Karadžić. Carter negotiated a four-month ceasefire between the Bosnian government and Bosnian Serb forces. This article reconstructs how the Carter mission unfolded, the motivations behind the initiative and how the interests of different actors converged to facilitate the ceasefire. Drawing on the literature on Carter’s post-presidential career, private peace-making and the war in Bosnia, this article uses the case study of the Carter mission to develop the concept of an external private peace entrepreneur. These are private individuals unrelated to a conflict with no official capacity who undertake peace initiatives.

Bridging Internal and External Peace through Republican Federation: Republican Peace Theory of Rousseau, Madison, and Kant

본고는 원전 텍스트에 대한 정밀한 재해석을 바탕으로 민주평화론을 공화주의 평화론으로 바로잡고자 한다. 마이클 도일을 필두로 한 민주평화론자들의 핵심 주장은 민주주의 국가 간에는 전쟁이 발생하지 않는다는 것이다. 그 이론의 핵심적인 사상적배경은 임마누엘 칸트의 ‘공화국 연방’ 구상에 대한 자유주의적 민주적 해석이라고 할수 있다. 그러나 이는 칸트가 영구평화의 전제로서 제시한 체제가 명백하게 민주제가아니라 공화제라는 점에서 칸트에 대한 오독에서 비롯된 것이다. 칸트는 여러 저작에서 민주제와 공화제를 확고하게 구분할 뿐만 아니라 전자에 대해서 크게 비판적이었다. 게다가 그는 영구평화의 주체를 민주제 정부가 아닌 공화제 정부로 제시하고 있다. 이 문제에 대한 이론적 계보를 수립하기 위해서는 칸트 이전부터 공화국 간의 평화를주장한 사상가들로 거슬러 올라가야 한다. 장 자크 루소, 데이비드 흄, 제임스 매디슨은공화국이 내부의 평화를 확립한 연후에 외부 평화로 확장 가능하다고 보았다. 그들은이를 인간 본성이라는 가장 근본적인 단위에서부터 시작하여 연방이라는 제도의 차원까지 연결하였다. 공화국은 인간의 불완전성에 대한 인식을 통해 타자와의 공존을 바탕으로 한 제도적 실천으로서의 내부 안정과 평화를 추구한다. 이렇게 확립된 내부평화는 대의제와 연방제를 통해 같은 원리로 외부의 공화국과 공존 할 수 있는 토대를제공한다. 매디슨과 칸트의 개념과 이론이 보여주듯 이 때 공화는 대의·대표와 같은의미를 갖는다. 본고는 기존의 민주평화론의 오류를 극복한 대안을 공화주의 평화론으로 제시하고자 한다. 이러한 공화주의적 평화에 대한 사유와 실천은 오늘날 민주주의가 안고 있는 내부와 외부의 갈등과 대결을 넘어 두 차원 모두에서 함께 평화를 확립해야 할 이론적이며 제도적인 동시에 실천적인 과제와 역할을 이해하는데 불가결한 토대를 제공해 줄 것이다.

Green is the New Black: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Militarisation of Policing in Canada

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) is an iconic law enforcement brand. Canada’s federal police force has roots in a colonial paramilitary tradition, taming a wild frontier and opening vast parts of the country to settlement. Its professional development since that time has broadened to include the fields of national security, public order crimes, and contract policing in certain provinces and municipalities. In response to the growing militarisation of policing in North America and police actions against indigenous peoples and protesters in Canada, it is recognised that the RCMP protects the political, economic, and bureaucratic nation state interests of government. The RCMP has a distinct identity and roles, matched by dedicated resources and expectations. Indications of militarisation may be discernible in upgraded weaponry, organisation and operational planning, specialised tactical units, and participation in external peace support operations. Performance of federal policing functions necessitates capable and suitably equipped police adapted to current and emerging security and criminal challenges. The RCMP still predominantly retains a law enforcement rather than a military character, thus occupying a space in Canada where the established military fears to tread.

Educational Peace Theory in the Holy Qurʾan

Abstract This study aimed to explore the educational theory of peace in the Holy Qurʾan by conducting a holistic, systematic analysis of the word “peace” and introducing its different meanings in the Holy Qurʾan. To achieve this aim, the researchers utilized a scientific approach that consisted of the following procedures: conducting a meta-analysis of the word “peace” in the Holy Qurʾan by using statistics from Quran Explorer, resulting in 136 words for peace mentioned in 48 chapters; classifying the meanings of “peace”, resulting in 13 different meanings; and creating a meta-synthesis of the word “peace” according to three different subgroups that share common concepts. Finally, the theory of Islamic interactive peace was formulated. The paper concludes that of all mentions of peace in the Qurʾan, external peace constitutes 68%, internal peace 21% and meta peace 11%. This result emphasizes the importance of peace between nations and states to gain stability in the world.

Contemporary Trends of Religious Hatred and Solution in the light of Seerat Al-Nabi

Contemporary Trends of Religious Hatred and its Solution in the Light of Seerat Tayyibah. It is necessary to establish internal and external peace and to abolish disintegration for a healthy society. Without peace any society can become the center of sedition, disintegration, hatred and deterioration. Its inhabitants will lose their peace. The Holy Prophet (SAW) preaching was common to each age, area, color and creed and is paragon for each of them. The nation constantly takes benefits from this very Holy teaching. Religious and sectarian hatred occurs when the opposite opinion is not entertained, to ignore the others’ emotions, to enforce ones opinion over others and to be harsh in sub issues. The present research paper will highlight the solutions of these issues and sub issues. The nation constantly takes benefits from this very Holy teaching. Religious and sectarian hatred occurs when the opposite opinion is not entertained, to ignore the others’ emotions, to enforce ones opinion over others and to be harsh in sub issues. The present research paper will highlight the solutions of these issues.

RİZE’DE ZİRAAT, BALIKÇILIK VE HAYVANCILIK (1923-1950)

1923-1950 yılları arası Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde yapılan çalışmalar; iç ve dış barışa katkı sağlamanın yanında toplumsal dönüşümün ve ekonomik kalkınma planlarının ana merkeze oturtulduğu “Yeniden Yapılanma” dönemi olarak ifade edilebilir. İmkanların oldukça kısıtlı olduğu bu süreçte bir yandan sosyal ve ekonomik gerçekliğin tespiti yapılırken öte yandan Anadolu’nun en ücra köşelerine varıncaya kadar bir toplumsal dönüşüm hedeflenmiştir. Bu bağlamda iç göçleri önleyerek yerleşik nüfus üretim seferberliğine katılması için bir dizi çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, coğrafi şartların etkisi, ekonomik katkı sağlayacak alanların tespiti, imarı ve geliştirilmesi adımları atılmıştır.1923-1950 faaliyetlerinde, Rize’nin potansiyeli, katma değer oluşturabilecek var-lıkları bu mülki adımlarla kayıt altına alınmaya başlanmıştır. Ekonomik kalkınma hamlelerinde, ziraat, balıkçılık ve hayvancılık belli bir kaide esasına göre ele alın-maya çalışılmış ve gerekli hukuki düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Bu düzenlemelerin halka anlatılması ve icrası hususunda resmi kurumlar ve kişilerin yanı sıra, başta gazeteler olmak üzere yerel unsurlar da önemli rol oynamıştır. Bu makalede, ziraat, balıkçılık, hayvancılık ekseninde Rize tarihini etkileyen eğitim faaliyetleri, mülki çalışmaları, yatırımlar ve ekonomik durumu değerlendirilmiştir.

Intermediaries of Intervention: How Local Power Brokers Shape External Peace- and State-Building in Afghanistan and Congo

ABSTRACTWhy do international peace- and state-building interventions regularly fail to transform conflict-ridden countries into liberal states? This paper argues that interventionists’ practices and dependency on local intermediaries help explain the disappointing outcomes of intervention. Based on a relational theoretical approach and original empirical material, the paper compares two of the largest peace- and state-building interventions in recent years. For practical and normative reasons, peacebuilders need to find local partners who help them instil change. However, as partners of peace- and state-building interventions, local elites may appropriate international resources and use them to strengthen their own positions. Interventionists abstain from sanctioning such appropriation as long as their own short-term and purpose-oriented goals are not undermined. Contrary to assumptions in much of the literature, interventionists do not eagerly defend their alleged liberal agendas. Instead, their pragmatism strengthens existing neo-patrimonial figurations rather than fostering fundamental transformation. The paper argues that research should focus on peacebuilders’ actual practices rather than normative statements. Such an approach allows for a better understanding of evolving political orders in conflict societies.

Determining Factors Contributory to Global Peace

This paper aimed at determining which of the Global Peace Index (GPI) indicators would significantly affect the internal and external peace of 162 countries. This was done by investigating the change of state from natural to normal. The data were obtained from the annual report of the GPI done by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) from 2008 to 2015. The result showed that the peacefulness of the countries can be attributed to the internal factors followed by the external factors. The deterioration of peacefulness can be first brought about by political instability. Various armed factions begin competing for influence in the power that lead to civil war. Violent crime, homicide rate, terrorist activities and the Political Terror Scale, followed substantially. To repress the population and fight the rebels, the government would increase the number of internal security officers, police, and army. Most of the external factors would also worsen because of these conflicts. Relations with neighboring countries would remain extremely tense. They would struggle to accommodate the flood of refugees. Interventions of United States (US) and other allied countries would have to take place.

Why this Charity Begins Abroad: Comparing Nigeria’s Foreign Peacekeeping Undertakings and Domestic Counter-insurgency Operations

The Nigerian state has had a turbulent history and even more worrisome present. Its sovereignty has been flagrantly challenged and its territorial integrity undermined by domestic non-state actors. The contemporary security challenges and indeed the incapacity of the security apparatuses to contain them contrast sharply with their past records, especially in peace enforcement abroad. Thus, this paper seeks to account for the apparent gulf between past strengths and current weaknesses of the Nigerian security machinery. It explores the country’s involvement in external peace support operations and domestic counter-insurgency efforts. The author identifies the politicisation of and corruption within the military establishment as plausible explanations for the disconnect between the recorded past (victories) and the inadequacies of today. From the standpoint of this author, to address these issues there is the need for a holistic security sector reform in Nigeria.

Violence and Warfare in Precontact Melanesia

Levels of interpersonal violence and warfare for 30 Melanesian societies at the time of contact with Europeans are estimated based on ethnographic and historical records. While violence was common in indigenous Melanesia, it was not ubiquitous and some societies experienced extended periods of internal and external peace. Interpersonal violence and warfare were correlated-when one occurred there was a high probability of finding the other. Violence was not dependent on total population. It was, however, higher for population density greater than 50 persons per square kilometer. Violence in Melanesia may have been stimulated by the large number of relatively small polities, many of which competed with one another for prestige and, in some cases, land.

The Arabic Origins of Common Religious Terms in English: A Lexical Root Theory Approach

The aim of this paper is to extend the application of the lexical root theory to the investigation of select religious terms in English and Arabic to prove their genetic relationship. It criticizes and rejects the claims of the Comparative Historical Method that Indo-European languages have no genetic relationship to Arabic whatsoever. It provides further definitive counter evidence that such languages are not only related to Arabic but are also descended from it directly. The evidence concerns Arabic and English words in the area of faith and religion, which have been deliberately excluded from Swadesh’s 100- and 200-word lists used in language family classifications. The paper argues that religious terms are as central as core vocabulary because man’s life is meaningless without faith that opens up windows of future hope and achieves internal and external peace and security. More precisely, it shows how certain extremely common Arabic religious words and expressions exist in today’s English, noting minor phonetic and semantic changes.

Creating a solid foundation for peace: Writing of the lost life in Michael Ondaatje’s Handwriting

While it invites deep and sustained attention, Michael Ondaatje’s Handwriting has seldom been studied, since its publication in 1998, for the author’s concern with peace, even though this collection of poems highlights peace and war. I will argue that in Handwriting, Ondaatje proposes ways to achieve internal and external peace that are not only relevant to the Sri Lankan civil war but also to the wider contemporary world. In Handwriting, Ondaatje presents a narrator who returns to Sri Lanka because of a sense of dislocation, and who writes to understand the cause of ethnic violence and reconstruct the Sri Lankan past that was lost during the civil war. In doing this, Ondaatje shows a possibility of peace for Sri Lanka and his readers. People in conflict can be united when they are less obsessed with their different identities, recognize their shared desire for peace, respect one another’s differences, and work together to create a shared memory that does not homogenize and is open to new elements from other cultures. As the narrator investigates this situation by writing creatively about Sri Lankan people, his example also demonstrates a way to achieve mutual understanding by artistically constructing a shared memory. Alain Badiou’s views about events constitute the major theoretical framework of the present study.