Abstract
ABSTRACT Thomas Hobbes started an enduring debate over sovereignty’s right to shape citizens’ minds between his principal heirs, Locke and Rousseau. Locke insisted that sovereigns can grant liberty of conscience yet still enjoy internal and external peace through wisely drawn laws. Rousseau endorsed such toleration in theory but insisted on shaping virtuous citizens who love republican forms and duties. Rousseau’s teaching on the need for “guides’ to recognize and impose the general will inspired ideological regimes ruled by parties claiming republican legitimacy. For the last century, that metaphorical debate between followers of Locke and Rousseau has helped shape intelligence.
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