External Force Field Research Articles

Integrable Third and Fifth Order Dynamical Systems with Dissipation

We establish the integrability of some homogeneous (with respect to a part of variables) dynamical systems of odd (third and fifth) order. In the class of such systems, we extract a system on the tangent bundle of smooth manifolds. The force field is separated into the internal (conservative) force field and the external force field with alternating dissipation. The external force field is introduced by using a certain unimodular transformation and generalizes the cases studied by the author earlier.

Subdiffusion in an external force field.

The phenomena of subdiffusion are widely observed in physical and biological systems. To investigate the effects of external potentials, say, harmonic potential, linear potential, and time-dependent force, we study the subdiffusion described by the subordinated Langevin equation with white Gaussian noise or, equivalently, by the single Langevin equation with compound noise. If the force acts on the subordinated process, it keeps working all the time; otherwise, the force just exerts an influence on the system at the moments of jump. Some common statistical quantities, such as the ensemble- and time-averaged mean squared displacements, position autocorrelation function, correlation coefficient, and generalized Einstein relation, are discussed to distinguish the effects of various forces and different patterns of acting. The corresponding Fokker-Planck equations are also presented. All the stochastic processes discussed here are nonstationary, nonergodic, and aging.

Extraction of road using soft computing techniques

One of the most challenging research topics is extraction of road network automatically from remotely sensed imagery. The roads are considered as backbone and important modes of transportation. For efficient automatic road network extraction, ground points and building points extracted were integrated and it was used with multistage road network extraction model. For road network extraction, a lane detection system is considered as a more important element. From the lane marking in the roads, the roads are easily detected from the remotely sensed images. In order to detect the lanes more effectively, B-snake with fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering is proposed in this paper. The input image is divided into equal halves by using FCM clustering algorithm. Then, the lower part is binarized by analyzing RGB channel and it is analyzed by using B-snake model because it contains more information about road lane than upper part of the image. Then, the lane detection problem is formulated by finding the set of lane model control points. A good initial position to the B-snake lane model is provided by introducing Canny/Hough estimation of vanishing points. Moreover, the external force field for lane detection is constructed by using gradient vector flow. The correspondence between B-snake and the real edge image is determined by using minimum mean square error which is presented to find out the parameters of road model iteratively. The detected lane points are fused with the road and ground points by using constraint satisfaction neural network-complementary information integration. Moreover, the road and non-road regions are separated by using region part segmentation. Finally, the medial-axis-transform-based hypothesis verification is used to automatically complete the road network extraction framework. The performance of the existing road network extraction, ground point-based road extraction model, building and ground point-based road extraction model and proposed building, ground and lane point-based road extraction model is analyzed in terms of correctness and completeness.

Thermomechanics of Deformations in an Anharmonic Solid Body

The macroscopic laws determining the temperature and deformations of an anharmonic solid body in a given external temperature force field have been stated in the form of the first thermodynamics law supplemented by equations of state of the body. The internal and free energies necessary for it are found from the statistical sum in which some of degrees of freedom determining the body shape are discharged from statistical averaging. These functions of state have been calculated up to the first order of the perturbation theory in the anharmonicity for the microscopic dynamic model of the body with the interatomic interaction potential energy given as a series in powers of atom coordinates. The classical region of high temperatures is considered.

Dependence of nano-confined surface condensation on tangentially external force field

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to investigate the dependence of nano-confined surface condensation on tangentially external force filed. The dynamic behaviors of surface condensation were simulated on a smooth solid surface with fixed wettability (denoted by β) and different external force fields (denoted by fe), and on surfaces with different β and fixed fe. The heat transfer analysis shows that fe, as a bulk factor, indirectly influences the interfacial thermal resistance (R) by direct influence on surface condensation resulting from the viscous and frictional dissipated heats. This is because the dissipated heats result in superheat of the vapor, leading to the delay or elimination of onset of surface condensation. This finding extends the general understanding that R is only dependent on the interfacial factors, such as β and surface topology. The energy balance analysis shows that, for condensation cases, the largest proportion of the heat transferred through the fluid-solid interface is attributed to the change in the internal energy, while for non-condensation cases, it is attributed to the dissipated heats due to fe. As fe increases or β decreases, the dissipated heats increase and gradually take over the total heat transferred from fluid to solid, which finally reduces or suppresses the occurrence of surface condensation.

Spherically symmetric flow for a viscous radiative and reactive gas in a field of potential forces with large initial data

In this article, we are concerned with the asymptotic behavior of spherically symmetric solution of a viscous radiative and reactive gas in a field of external force in an unbounded domain exterior to the unit sphere in for n ≥ 3. The global solution is proved to exist uniquely and converges to the stationary solution as time tends to infinity for large initial data. It is crucial to deduce uniform positive lower and upper bounds on the specific volume and the temperature.

Regulation of Two-Dimensional Lattice Deformation Recovery

SummaryThe lattice directly determines the electronic structure, and it enables controllably tailoring the properties by deforming the lattices of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Owing to the unbalanced electrostatic equilibrium among the dislocated atoms, the deformed lattice is thermodynamically unstable and would recover to the initial state. Here, we demonstrate that the recovery of deformed 2D lattices could be directly regulated via doping metal donors to reconstruct electrostatic equilibrium. Compared with the methods that employed external force fields with intrinsic instability and nonuniformity, the stretched 2D molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) could be uniformly retained and permanently preserved via doping metal atoms with more outermost electrons and smaller electronegativity than Mo. We believe that the proposed strategy could open up a new avenue in directly regulating the atomic-thickness lattice and promote its practical applications based on 2D crystals.

Custom flow in overdamped Brownian dynamics.

When an external field drives a colloidal system out of equilibrium, the ensuing colloidal response can be very complex, and obtaining a detailed physical understanding often requires case-by-case considerations. To facilitate systematic analysis, here we present a general iterative scheme for the determination of the unique external force field that yields prescribed inhomogeneous stationary or time-dependent flow in an overdamped Brownian many-body system. The computer simulation method is based on the exact one-body force balance equation and allows to specifically tailor both gradient and rotational velocity contributions, as well as to freely control the one-body density distribution. Hence, compressibility of the flow field can be fully adjusted. The practical convergence to a unique external force field demonstrates the existence of a functional map from both velocity and density to external force field, as predicted by the power functional variational framework. In equilibrium, the method allows to find the conservative force field that generates a prescribed target density profile, and hence implements the Mermin-Evans classical density functional map from density distribution to external potential. The conceptual tools developed here enable one to gain detailed physical insight into complex flow behaviour, as we demonstrate in prototypical situations.

Direction Selective Contour Detection for Salient Objects

The active contour model is a widely used technique for automatic object contour extraction. Existing methods based on this model can perform with high accuracy, even in the case of complex contours, but challenging issues remain, like the need for precise contour initialization for high curvature boundary segments or the handling of cluttered backgrounds. To deal with such issues, this paper presents a salient object extraction method, the first step of which is the introduction of an improved edge map that incorporates edge direction as a feature. The direction information in the small neighborhoods of image feature points is extracted, and the images’ prominent orientations are defined for direction-selective edge extraction. Using such improved edge information, we provide a highly accurate shape contour representation, which we also combine with texture features. The principle of the paper is to interpret an object as the fusion of its components: its extracted contour and its inner texture. Our goal in fusing textural and structural information is twofold: it is applied for automatic contour initialization, and it is also used to establish an improved external force field. This fusion then produces highly accurate salient object extractions. We performed extensive evaluations, which confirm that the presented object extraction method outperforms parametric active contour models and achieves higher efficiency than the majority of the evaluated automatic saliency methods.

Existence and uniqueness of nonequilibrium stationary solutions in discrete thermostatted models

This paper deals with the mathematical proof of the existence of the nonequilibrium stationary states in complex systems subjected to external force fields. Specifically the complex system is modeled within the recently proposed framework of the thermostatted kinetic theory. As the main result shows, the thermostat term allows the existence of the nonequilibrium stationary solutions, however a lower bound on the magnitude of the force field is required in order to ensure its uniqueness. The main result is gained by fixed point arguments.

Circular-channel particle focuser utilizing viscoelastic focusing

The miniaturization of flow focuser is a challenge in developing microflow cytometers. Most previously reported microfluidic cell focusers require complex structures or external force fields to achieve the 3D cell focusing. Herein, we propose a novel circular-channel particle focuser utilizing viscoelastic focusing. The circular-channel particle focuser is fabricated using a simple and low-cost microwire molding technique. Whole PDMS channels with perfect circular cross-sections can be fabricated using this protocol. We then characterize the particle focusing performances in our circular-channel particle focuser and discuss the effects of particle size, operating flow rate, cross-sectional dimension and fluid rheological property on particle focusing. The experimental results show that a perfect single-line focusing can be achieved exactly at the channel centerline. Finally, our circular-channel particle focuser is employed for the focusing of blood cells. As it offers special advantages of simple structure, easy fabrication, and sheathless operation, our circular-channel particle focuser may serve as a potential flow focuser for microflow cytometers.

Closed vortex lines in fluid and gas

Исследуется непрерывное течение жидкости и газа с замкнутыми вихревыми трубками. Рассмотрена циркуляция вдоль вихревой линии отношения плотности равнодействующей всех сил (приложенных к жидкости или газу) к плотности жидкости или газа. Она совпадает с циркуляцией по той же вихревой линии частной производной вектора скорости по времени и поэтому для стационарных течений равна нулю на любой замкнутой вихревой линии. Для нестационарных течений рассмотрены вихревые трубки, которые остаются замкнутыми по крайней мере в течение некоторого интервала времени. Обнаружена неизвестная ранее закономерность, состоящая в том, что в каждый фиксированный момент времени такая циркуляция одинакова для всех замкнутых вихревых линий, составляющих вихревую трубку. Указанная закономерность верна для течений сжимаемых и несжимаемых, вязких (различных реологий) и невязких жидкостей в поле потенциальных и непотенциальных внешних массовых сил. Поскольку эта закономерность не заложена в современные численные алгоритмы, она может использоваться для верификации численных расчетов нестационарных течений с замкнутыми вихревыми трубками путем проверки равенства циркуляций на разных замкнутых вихревых линиях (в одной трубке). Выражение для плотности распределения равнодействующей всех сил, приложенных к жидкости или газу, может содержать производные высших порядков. В то же время выражение для частной производной вектора скорости по времени и выражение для вектора завихренности, который необходим для построения вихревой линии, содержат только первые производные, что позволяет использовать обнаруженную закономерность для верификации расчетов, проведенных методами не только высокого, но и низкого порядков.

Термомеханика деформаций в ангармоническом твердом теле

AbstractThe macroscopic laws determining the temperature and deformations of an anharmonic solid body in a given external temperature force field have been stated in the form of the first thermodynamics law supplemented by equations of state of the body. The internal and free energies necessary for it are found from the statistical sum in which some of degrees of freedom determining the body shape are discharged from statistical averaging. These functions of state have been calculated up to the first order of the perturbation theory in the anharmonicity for the microscopic dynamic model of the body with the interatomic interaction potential energy given as a series in powers of atom coordinates. The classical region of high temperatures is considered.

The shape of pinned forced polymer loops.

Loop geometry is a frequent encounter in synthetic and biological polymers. Here we provide an analytical theory to characterize the shapes of polymer loops subjected to an external force field. We show how to calculate the polymer density, gyration radius and its distribution. Interestingly, the distribution of the gyration radius shows a non-monotonic behavior as a function of the external force. Furthermore, we analyzed the gyration tensor of the polymer loop characterizing its overall shape. Two parameters called asphericity and the nature of asphericity derived from the gyration tensor, along with the gyration radius, can be used to quantify the shape of polymer loops in theory and experiments.

Molecular scale height in spiral galaxies

Having to have low thermal energy, the molecular gas in galaxies is expected to settle in a thin disc near the midplane. However, contradicting this understanding, recent studies have revealed considerably thick molecular discs in nearby spiral galaxies. To understand this apparent discrepancy, we theoretically model the molecular discs in a sample of eight nearby spiral galaxies and estimate their molecular scale heights (Half Width at Half Maxima (HWHM)). We assume that the baryonic discs are in vertical hydrostatic equilibrium under their mutual gravity in the external force field of the dark matter halo. We set up the joint Poisson's-Boltzman equation of hydrostatic equilibrium and numerically solve it to obtain the three-dimensional molecular gas distribution and determine the scale heights in our sample galaxies. We find that the scale heights follow a universal exponential law with a scale length of $0.46 \pm 0.01 \ r_{25}$. The molecular scale heights in our sample galaxies are found to vary between 50-200 pc depending on the galaxy and radius. Using the density solutions, we build dynamical models of the molecular discs and produce molecular column density maps. These model maps found to match to the observed ones reasonably well. We further incline the dynamical models to an inclination of 90$^o$ to estimate the expected observed thickness of the molecular discs. Interestingly it is found that at edge-on orientation, our sample galaxies under hydrostatic assumption can easily produce a few kpc thick observable molecular disc.

Dynamic Control of Light Direction Enabled by Stimuli-Responsive Liquid Crystal Gratings.

The ability to control light direction with tailored precision via facile means is long-desired in science and industry. With the advances in optics, a periodic structure called diffraction grating gains prominence and renders a more flexible control over light propagation when compared to prisms. Today, diffraction gratings are common components in wavelength division multiplexing devices, monochromators, lasers, spectrometers, media storage, beam steering, and many other applications. Next-generation optical devices, however, demand nonmechanical, full and remote control, besides generating higher than 1D diffraction patterns with as few optical elements as possible. Liquid crystals (LCs) are great candidates for light control since they can form various patterns under different stimuli, including periodic structures capable of behaving as diffraction gratings. The characteristics of such gratings depend on several physical properties of the LCs such as film thickness, periodicity, and molecular orientation, all resulting from the internal constraints of the sample, and all of these are easily controllable. In this review, the authors summarize the research and development on stimuli-controllable diffraction gratings and beam steering using LCs as the active optical materials. Dynamic gratings fabricated by applying external field forces or surface treatments and made of chiral and nonchiral LCs with and without polymer networks are described. LC gratings capable of switching under external stimuli such as light, electric and magnetic fields, heat, and chemical composition are discussed. The focus is on the materials, designs, applications, and future prospects of diffraction gratings using LC materials as active layers.

Detecting the Media-adventitia Border in Intravascular Ultrasound Images through a Classification-based Approach.

The detection of the media-adventitia (MA) border in intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images is essential for vessel assessment and disease diagnosis. However, it remains a challenging task, considering the existence of plaque, calcification, and various artifacts. In this article, an effective method based on classification is proposed to extract the MA border in IVUS images. First, a novel morphologic feature describing the relative position of each structure relative to the MA border, called RPES for short, is proposed. Then, the RPES feature and other features are employed in a multiclass extreme learning machine (ELM) to classify IVUS images into nine classes including the MA border and other structures. At last, a modified snake model is employed to effectively detect the MA border in the rectangular domain, in which a modified external force field is constructed on the basis of local border appearances and classification results. The proposed method is evaluated on a public dataset with 77 IVUS images by three indicators in eight situations, such as calcification and a guide wire artifact. With the proposed RPES feature, detection performances are improved by more than 39 percent, which shows an apparent advantage in comparative experiments. Furthermore, compared with two other existing methods used on the same dataset, the proposed method achieves 18 of the best indicators among 24, demonstrating its higher capability in detecting the MA border.

The aqueous environment as an active participant in the protein folding process

Existing computational models applied in the protein structure prediction process do not sufficiently account for the presence of the aqueous solvent. The solvent is usually represented by a predetermined number of H2O molecules in the bounding box which contains the target chain. The fuzzy oil drop (FOD) model, presented in this paper, follows an alternative approach, with the solvent assuming the form of a continuous external hydrophobic force field, with a Gaussian distribution. The effect of this force field is to guide hydrophobic residues towards the center of the protein body, while promoting exposure of hydrophilic residues on its surface. This work focuses on the following sample proteins: Engrailed homeodomain (RCSB: 1enh), Chicken villin subdomain hp-35, n68h (RCSB: 1yrf), Chicken villin subdomain hp-35, k65(nle), n68h, k70(nle) (RCSB: 2f4k), Thermostable subdomain from chicken villin headpiece (RCSB: 1vii), de novo designed single chain three-helix bundle (a3d) (RCSB: 2a3d), albumin-binding domain (RCSB: 1prb) and lambda repressor-operator complex (RCSB: 1lmb).

Conservative random walks in confining potentials

Lévy walks are continuous time random walks with spatio-temporal coupling of jump lengths and waiting times, often used to model superdiffusive spreading processes such as animals searching for food, tracer motion in weakly chaotic systems, or even the dynamics in quantum systems such as cold atoms. In the simplest version Lévy walks move with a finite speed. Here, we present an extension of the Lévy walk scenario for the case when external force fields influence the motion. The resulting motion is a combination of the response to the deterministic force acting on the particle, changing its velocity according to the principle of total energy conservation, and random velocity reversals governed by the distribution of waiting times. For the fact that the motion stays conservative, that is, on a constant energy surface, our scenario is fundamentally different from thermal motion in the same external potentials. In particular, we present results for the velocity and position distributions for single well potentials of different steepness. The observed dynamics with its continuous velocity changes enriches the theory of Lévy walk processes and will be of use in a variety of systems, for which the particles are externally confined.

Feynman-Kac equation revisited

Functionals of particles' paths have diverse applications in physics, mathematics, hydrology, economics, and other fields. Under the framework of continuous time random walk (CTRW), the governing equations for the probability density functions (PDFs) of the functionals, including the ones of the paths of stochastic processes of normal diffusion, anomalous diffusion, and even the diffusion with reaction, have been derived. Sometimes, the stochastic processes in physics and chemistry are naturally described by Langevin equations. The Langevin picture has the advantages in studying the dynamics with an external force field and analyzing the effect of noise resulting from a fluctuating environment. We derive the governing equations of the PDFs of the functionals of paths of Langevin system with both space and time dependent force field and arbitrary multiplicative noise; and the backward version is proposed for the system with arbitrary additive noise or multiplicative Gaussian white noise together with a force field. For the newly built equations, their applications of solving the PDFs of the occupation time and area under the trajectory curve are provided, and the results are confirmed by simulations.