External Factors Research Articles

Improvement of Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater Through Fermentation of Low-Concentrated Wastewater Sludge and Increased Production of Volatile Fatty Acids

This article presents the results of a two-stage study: the first stage involved assessing the dependence of the increase or decrease in the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) on external factors and then assessing the relationship between the VFA concentration in the supernatant after fermentation and the processing characteristics (temperature, mixing mode, alkalinity, pH, nitrogen and phosphorus content). The greatest increase in VFAs (content up to 285 mg/L in the supernatant) was achieved at a temperature in the range of 28 to 38 °C with constant mixing of the sludge. Based on the results of the second stage, a conclusion was made on the efficiency of using a particular substrate depending on the concentration of phosphorus phosphates in the incoming wastewater. The study results showed that 7.54 mg/L of phosphorus can be removed with a given probability (for activated sludge, raw sludge and wastewater). It is recommended to compensate for the excess of this concentration by dosing the acetic acid solution at a rate of 3800 meq/L of VFA per 1 mg/L of phosphorus phosphates. The literature does not contain any results of parallel studies of the operation of a controlled bioreactor with artificial external feeding and acidified VFA. The results of the study can be applied in planning sludge acidification systems in the technological scheme of wastewater treatment and sludge processing.

Research on the Impact of Social Media on Consumer Shopping Behavior:Based on Case Analysis of the Adolescent Population

Starting from the underlying logic of the impact of social media on consumers, this article focuses on analyzing the shopping habits of young consumers and the influence and shaping of social media on their consumption behavior. It analyzes the positive and negative effects of social media and puts forward relevant opinions and suggestions. Compared to the adult consumer group, the adolescent consumer group has not yet formed a relatively fixed consumption value system, and their consumption behavior is more susceptible to various external factors. Adolescents are in a critical period of character development and self-value establishment, so they will pay attention to social trends and seek the unique value of their own existence during this stage. Social media, as a fast channel for transmitting information, is also the main communication platform for adolescents. It provides a huge amount of information, including product purchasing channels, consumer evaluations, etc. These pieces of information constantly influence adolescents’ thoughts and subtly shape their shopping behavior. This article advocates for the correct guidance and shaping of the values of young people, exercising and cultivating their independent thinking ability, to enable them to have healthy and good consumption behavior.

ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS CAUSING DIFFICULTIES IN SPEAKING ENGLISH FOR GRADE 10 STUDENTS OF SMA ISLAM PAGERUNGAN BESAR

This study aims to analyze the factors causing difficulties in speaking English grade 10 students at SMA Islam Pagerungan Besar. The ability to speak English is very important where in this era, English is the language used in international communication. However, there are still many 10 grade students at SMA Islam Pagerungan Besar who have difficulties in speaking English. This study uses a qualitatve method with case study approach, data were collected through interviews, classroom observations, and analysis of related documents. The results of the study indicate that there are 2 main factors causing difficulties experienced by students, namely internal and external factors. Internal factors include lack of confidence, limited vocabulary mastery, difficulty in pronunciation, afraid of making mistakes, and lack of motivation. Meanwhile, external factors include less supportive environment, learning facilities are inadequate, less effecttive teaching methods, lack of support from teacher and friends, and lack of opportunity to practice speaking. Based on these findings, it is suggestions that teachers and school create more supportive learning environment to increase students’ self-confidence, provide more opportunities for students to practice speaking through activities outside the classroom, and use more interactive and innovative teaching methods. In addition, improving learning facilities such as providing language laboratories and digital learning resources, as well as providing books on speaking skills are needed to help students improve their English speaking skills.

Acupuncture Point Selection Strategies for Treating Hyperhidrosis.

Hyperhidrosis is a condition defined by excessive sweating caused by various underlying factors, and it is commonly encountered in clinical practice. It may occur alone or as a symptom associated with other diseases, and is closely linked to the functions of the five organs as well as the metabolism of Qi, blood, and bodily fluids. This article summarizes relevant literature regarding acupuncture treatment for hyperhidrosis, focusing on aspects such as external and internal factors, deficiency and excess conditions, the interplay between nutritive and defensive Qi, Qi and blood dynamics, organ systems, and experiential point selection. Additionally, it discusses initial strategies for point selection, highlighting the importance of syndrome differentiation in clinical practice. The initial step should be to identify the Yin and Yang to understand the fundamental principles, followed by a comprehensive evaluation of symptoms in relation to organ systems, superficial and deep layers, cold and heat conditions, and deficiency and excess. This approach allows for flexible prescribing aimed at harmonizing Yin and Yang.

The Role of Entrepreneurial Attitude as a Moderating Variable in the Influence of Government Support on Business Success in Surabaya

Business success is often influenced by various external and internal factors, including Government Support and Entrepreneurial Attitude from business actors. This study aims to analyze the influence of Government Support on Business Success on business actors in Surabaya, focusing on Entrepreneurial Attitude as a moderation variable. A quantitative approach was used in this study, involving a survey of 250 MSMEs in Surabaya as a research sample. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the SEM model with the Smart PLS data processing tool to determine the extent to which Entrepreneurial Attitude mediates the relationship between Government Support and Business Success. The results of the study show that Government Support has a significant positive influence on Business Success. In addition, Entrepreneurial Attitude strengthens this positive influence, where business actors with a high Entrepreneurial Attitude tend to be more able to take advantage of Government Support to achieve business success. These findings emphasize the importance of developing an Entrepreneurial Attitude in strengthening the effectiveness of Government Support for business actors. The practical implications of this study indicate that government policies should consider aspects of developing Entrepreneurial Attitude to encourage sustainable Business Success.

Governance quality and sustainability: Uncovering the moderating role of commitment and assessment

Corporate governance reform in Indonesia after the Asian financial crisis and global scandals shows a lag in effectiveness, with the lowest governance rating of 33.6 in 2020. Despite regulatory improvements, weak leadership commitment and failure of governance implementation hinder improvements. In-depth evaluation and reform are needed for significant improvement. Governance quality and commitment are important for sustainability, but the study has limitations. This, raises violations in governance and sustainability, which requires further exploration of external variables and factors. This study integrates RBV to understand the effect of governance assessment and quality on corporate sustainability on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study assesses the effect of Commitment (M1) and Governance Quality (X) on Sustainability (Y) to show significant results. This study explanatory uses a survey with a Likert Scale to evaluate commitment, governance, and sustainability involving management with a higher education background, using a questionnaire distributed via email and WhatsApp. This study uses the SEM-PLS procedure with SmartPLS 3.2.9 to test the relationship between variables and construct validity, as well as model evaluation. This study shows that Commitment (M1) and Governance Quality (X) have a significant influence on Sustainability (Y), with T Statistics of 6.494 and 3.431, and p-values of 0.000 and 0.001. In contrast, Assessment (M2) has no significant influence, with T Statistics below 1.96 and p-value greater than 0.05. The blindfolding analysis model shows a Q² for Sustainability (Y) of 0.539, with R² of 0.756 and R² Adjusted of 0.744. Future research should explore additional factors or different methodologies to deepen understanding.

An Analysis of Students’ Lack of Interest in Learning English at VII Grade Students in SMPS IT Darul Ihsan

This study analyzes the factors contributing to seventh-grade students' lack of interest in learning English at SMPS IT Balik Batang. The objective is to identify and evaluate internal and external factors affecting students' motivation and engagement. This is the kind of mixed method research. The data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with 37 students, examining aspects such as physical conditions, psychological readiness, family support, and classroom environment. The results of the internal factor indicate that 89.19% of students found English difficult to understand due to issues such as pronunciation challenges and unclear explanations from teachers. Furthermore, in the external factors, 86.48% of students reported that distractions from peers significantly impacted their ability to focus during lessons. The study concludes that addressing these factors through improved teaching methodologies and effective classroom management can enhance students' interest and performance in learning English. It emphasizes the importance of tailored educational strategies to meet the specific needs of students.

Integrating Fintech-Driven Technical Analysis into Value Investing: A Study of Moving Averages in Cryptocurrency Market Dynamics

This research explores the application of fintech-driven technical analysis, specifically focusing on moving averages within value investing. Using Coinbase as a case study, the study examines the effectiveness of moving averages in volatile market conditions where traditional metrics are less applicable. Historical stock data was exported from Yahoo Finance and analyzed using Excel, emphasizing the 30 vs. 10 moving average combination. This combination was chosen to balance short-term and long-term market perspectives. The analysis revealed that while moving averages effectively highlight trends and momentum shifts, they are lagging indicators and require supplementary analysis to account for external factors such as news and regulatory changes. Despite not being a precise predictive tool, moving averages provided valuable insights into market behavior, supporting the argument that fintech tools can complement traditional value investing strategies by offering real-time analysis and dynamic approaches to market assessment.

Mapping the sources and strands of marine debris via particle modelling and In-situ sampling approaches in archipelagic countries

Marine debris (MD) is a global issue that remains unresolved in Indonesia where the accumulation of this kind of pollution poses a significant threat to the marine ecosystem and health of the ocean. Understanding the sources and locations of stranded debris is crucial in identifying the required regulations and mitigation strategies. This study used the hypothetical sources to identify the stranded debris along the coastline of Selayar Island and its surrounding seas. Using a combination of simulation and in-situ sampling methods, the simulation considered 13 hypothetical sources based on external factors such as river locations and surface ocean currents. This simulation result was then validated the simulation against beach litter observations and interview results with people. The results successfully mapped the sources and stranded MD in Selayar Island, indicating that the majority of MD originates from the island itself and the surrounding areas, influenced by oceanographic factors. The most frequently encountered locations of stranded MD are in the western coastal region including tourism areas and coastal ecosystem. Due to the oceanographic conditions, the stranded debris has varied quantities over the months, and higher in December represent the northwest monsoon (NWM) season, exceeding levels observed during the southeast monsoon (SEM). The study also identified that the main sources of debris are from Selayar Island and rivers from surrounding islands. This study also confirmed that oceanographic conditions such as surface ocean currents and wind pattern influenced the spreading of MD in Selayar Island. Due to the different ocean characteristics in different regions, a more detailed understanding and stranded of marine debris source which might provide more information for the explanation of the mechanism of marine debris pathways in Archipelagic Countries.

Comparative evolution of vernacular settlements among the Cantonese, Teochew, and Hakka ethnic groups in Lingnan

ABSTRACT Cantonese, Teochew, and Hakka are three major ethnic groups in southern China that exhibit distinct characteristics despite their close geographical and cultural ties. This study employs an analysis of historical documents, architectural documentation, interviews, and observations to examine common settlement patterns and unique evolutionary mechanisms. The findings indicate that all three groups commonly feature a “tanghengshi” architectural prototype, rooted in Central Plains cultural heritage. Both Teochew and Hakka communities have consistently preserved this traditional structure. In contrast, Cantonese settlements have transitioned toward a “binglieshi” layout, characterized by the decline of horizontal houses and a reorientation of architectural elements. This study also investigates how large “tanghengshi” residences and smaller “binglieshi” dwellings may mutually transform. These adaptations in settlement form respond to Lingnan’s geographical and climatic conditions, influenced by social organization, Central Plains culture, and external factors. This research significantly advances our understanding of the relationships among the Cantonese, Teochew, and Hakka settlements and provides valuable insights for future restoration efforts.

First Insights into the Fecal Metabolome of Healthy, Free-Roaming Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis): An Untargeted GCxGC/TOF-MS Metabolomics Study

Background/Objectives: This study provides the first insights to the fecal metabolome of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). By using untargeted metabolomics via gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS), this study primarily aims to provide results of the impact that external stimuli, such as supplemental feeding (SF) practices, seasonal variation and sex, might have on the fecal metabolome composition of healthy, free-roaming giraffes. Methods: Untargeted GCxGC/TOF-MS analysis was applied to the feces collected from thirteen giraffes (six males and seven females) from six different locations within the central Free State Province of South Africa over a period of two years. Statistical analysis of the generated data was used to identify the metabolites that were significantly different between the giraffes located in environments that provided SF and others where the giraffes only fed on the natural available vegetation. The same metabolomics analysis was used to investigate metabolite concentrations that were significantly different between the wet and dry seasons for a single giraffe male provided with SF over the two-year period, as well as for age and sex differences. Results: A total of 2042 features were detected from 26 giraffe fecal samples. Clear variations between fecal metabolome profiles were confirmed, with higher levels of amino acid-related and carbohydrate-related metabolites for giraffes receiving SF. In addition, a separation between the obtained profiles of samples collected from a single adult male giraffe during the wet and dry seasons was identified. Differences, such as higher levels of carbohydrate-related metabolites and organic compounds during the wet season were noted. Distinct variations in profiles were also identified for the metabolites from fecal samples collected from the six males and seven females, with higher concentrations in carbohydrate-related metabolites and alkanes for female giraffes comparatively. Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate the composition of the fecal metabolome of free-roaming giraffes, as well as the effects that external factors, such as environmental exposures, feeding practices, seasonal variations, age and sex, have on it. This novel use of fecal metabolomics assists in developing non-invasive techniques to determine giraffe populations’ health that do not require additional stressors such as capture, restraint and blood collection. Ultimately, such non-invasive advances are beneficial towards the conservation of wildlife species on a larger scale.

Pengaruh Motivasi Belajar Dan Self Efficiacy Terhadap Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa Pada Mata Kuliah Metodologi Penelitian

This research is motivated by the importance of educational quality which is influenced by internal and external factors in learning achievement. Motivation drives students to achieve academic goals, while self-efficacy strengthens self-confidence and perseverance in facing challenges. With the global challenges facing education in Indonesia, analysis of these factors is crucial. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of learning motivation and self-efficacy on student learning outcomes. This study uses associative research with a quantitative approach, through a survey research method by distributing questionnaires to students of the Office Administration Education Study Program class of 2022 at the State University of Jakarta as the population in this study. With a sample of 41 students from classes A and B who meet the criteria for filling out the questionnaire, then the data was analyzed using SPSS version 30.0.0.0. The results of this study indicate that learning motivation and self-efficacy have a positive and significant effect on student learning outcomes. Partially, students who have high motivation and self-confidence tend to get better learning outcomes. The implication of the results of this study is that lecturers and educational institutions need to pay attention to increasing students' motivation and self-efficacy through teaching methods and programs that support and can increase their academic self-confidence, thereby optimizing learning outcomes and the quality of graduates.

Beginning Teachers Navigating Identity Development Transitions: Identity Motives and Commitment to Teaching

Beginning teachers (preservice and novice) must develop a resilient professional identity, yet high early attrition rates indicate the need for additional support in this process. Many attrition studies focus on external factors; few address teacher identity. According to developmental psychologists, identity commitments are concretized in a stepwise process, first by tentatively making them, and then by evaluating them. Most preservice and novice teachers are in a transitional stage, as they explore whether tentative commitments fit their sense of self. Our research tests the proposition that such exploration is often focused on determining whether a teaching career will satisfy their identity motives. We interviewed and collected self-reported written stories from 154 interns and novice teachers. Participants discussed their career choice in an initial interview and in a questionnaire focusing on recent, identity-relevant significant events administered at three points in time over a year. These career choice and written, field-based significant event stories underwent content analysis for the presence of identity motives, guided by a codebook developed for this research. This paper describes two central and innovative findings. First, identity motives are, indeed, present and highly salient in teachers’ career deliberations. Secondly, we found that beginning teachers express motives differentially, vary in the salience they accord the motives, and explore motives differently according to situational context. This differentiation in focus may indicate important shifting priorities and challenges as participants navigate the transition to the field. Taken together, these findings suggest that understanding and addressing identity motives in teacher development may enable more personalized and responsive tools that support teacher retention.

Health literacy from the perspectives of children and adolescents - a meta-ethnography

Abstract Background The current literature on health literacy rarely considers the views of children and adolescents. The aim of our qualitative evidence synthesis was therefore to develop a child- and adolescent-centered conceptualization of health literacy. Methods We conducted a meta-ethnography of qualitative studies. Our iterative literature search considered the literature up to November 2023. We dually screened 1596 abstracts and 97 full texts, assessed the methodological limitations of the 32 included studies, and considered 21 data-rich studies in the analysis. We extracted first- and second-order constructs, translated the studies into each other, and developed a coherent argumentation. We dually assessed the trustworthiness of the evidence. Results The resulting model comprises micro-, meso-, macro- and chronosystems. It highlights the influence of demographic, cognitive and psychological factors on the development of health literacy in children and adolescents at the micro level, the social environment, including family, friends, peers, teachers, and health professionals at the meso level, and the media and internet, the health and education system, the living environment, and the social narrative about health at the macro level. The chronosystem shows the impact of upbringing, development, and experience. Children absorb health information actively and passively, employing various strategies to evaluate its trustworthiness. They seek advice from their social environment, which acts as a source of information and influencing factor. Different types of information are weighed up and ranked before action is not taken. Conclusions Existing models of health literacy are too one-dimensional to be applied to children and adolescents and do not consider their social and living environment. The proposed model offers a comprehensive understanding of health literacy in children and adolescents. It can be used as a basis for future interventions to improve health literacy. Key messages • Health literacy of children and adolescents is significantly influenced by a combination of internal and external factors. • By incorporating the perspectives of children and adolescents, we have developed a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of health literacy.

DYNAMIC PRICING IN FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY: EVALUATING MACHINE LEARNING SOLUTIONS FOR MARKET ADAPTABILITY

The rapid advancement of technology has transformed the financial services sector, leading to the rise of fintech companies that leverage cutting-edge tools such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to offer innovative solutions. One area where fintech is particularly impactful is dynamic pricing, which involves adjusting prices in real-time based on market conditions, user behavior, and external factors. The ability to optimize pricing in response to fluctuating conditions is critical for maximizing profitability, improving customer satisfaction, and maintaining competitiveness. In this context, machine learning algorithms provide a powerful framework for making data-driven pricing decisions by learning from historical data and predicting future trends.

Challenges And Strategies For Implementing Performance-Based Capitation In Indonesian Community Health Center : A Scoping Review

This study examines the implementation and challenges of performance-based capitation (KBK) at Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) in Indonesia, as a part of the National Health Insurance Program, aiming to improve the efficiency and quality of primary health services. Despite its potential, the implementation of KBK faces various challenges including inadequate human resources, limited infrastructure, and insufficient monitoring systems. The study uses a scoping review framework based on the Public Health Care Monitoring Conceptual Framework by WHO, analyzing 11 selected studies from 2021 to 2024. Findings indicate that internal factors such as management capacity, health worker competence, and organizational culture significantly impact the effectiveness of KBK. External factors like local government support, funding policies, and infrastructure availability also play crucial roles. Technological barriers, particularly in remote areas, hinder optimal policy implementation. The study emphasizes the need for clear regulations, consistent policy dissemination, and effective monitoring to ensure successful KBK implementation. Recommendations include strengthening leadership, training health workers, improving infrastructure, and enhancing digital health technology utilization. These strategies aim to optimize resource allocation, enhance service access, and improve patient satisfaction in Indonesia’s primary health care system.

Exposome, oxidative stress and inflammation in multiple sclerosis: the EXPOSITION study protocol

Abstract Background The functional exposome approach examines the relationship between biological effects (internal exposome) and the sum of environmental exposures (external exposome). Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by selective demyelination and acute inflammation; miRNAs and microbiota are emerging in the pathogenesis as inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers. The EXPOSITION study protocol has been designed to study such biomarkers variation in response to the external exposome (air pollution, urbanization, lifestyles) in people with MS (pwMS). Methods EXPOSITION is a cross-sectional observational study collecting a sample of 200 pwMS residing in Lombardy, Northern Italy. Sample size is based on the prediction of differential expression of candidate miRNAs through bioinformatic analyses. All participants will be investigated for social, demographic and clinical data as well as general and specific external exposome factors. The internal exposome factors will be collected for each participant from blood and stool samples, as well as from nasal swabs. Exposome clustering and correlation statistical techniques will be applied and variation of miRNA and microbiota will be tested in association with the variation of the external exposome in urban and extra-urban environments. Results and conclusions The expected results will help pwMS and researchers understanding which biomarkers and which components of the external exposome are associated to oxidative stress and inflammation, to improve precision medicine and contrast disease progression. The relationship between urban exposome and biodiversity is an important dimension in the study of environmental impact on human health. This study may provide preliminary data to assess which nature-based solutions are suitable for enhancing the biodiversity of urban areas. Key messages • The functional exposome approach could be used to link environmental risk factors and disease biomarkers using the right methology. • EXPOSITION will quantify the variation of miRNA and microbiota in association with the variation of external exposome, in urban and extra-urban environments.

Big bang in the middle of a storm: Lessons from implementing health system reform in Finland

Abstract Introduction Finland is often defined as a Nordic welfare state, characterised by universal access to healthcare and an emphasis on national and local politics in the governance of the system. In 2023, the Finnish health system was reformed by centralising organisation (purchasing and service delivery) to regional entities, as well as funding and overall governance to the state from 200 local organisations. The aims of the reform were to improve accessibility, decrease inequities, promote population health and curb growing costs. In the Finnish health system, as in other fields of society, we “find a huge number of very small changes, and a very small number of huge changes” (Cairney 2016). This makes the Finnish health system reform a rare opportunity to use a large-scale reform as a context for a study on reform implementation. Methods This research is based on document analysis and interview data collected from top regional managers. The data was analysed using a political determinants of health framework and thematic analysis. Findings The Finnish reforms were introduced by a left-centre government but implemented by a right-wing government with strong opposition to the reforms, which made full implementation challenging. The results highlight the importance of political commitment to implementation, demonstrate that reforms shape power relations at all levels of the health system and highlight how health system reforms are essentially about redistributions of power between different actors. The results also highlight the importance of contextual factors and suggest that large-scale reform should be treated as a system shock for which health systems need to prepare. Conclusions Understanding the political determinants of health and political commitment to reform is essential to implementation, as is the importance of resilience and preparedness to unexpected circumstances either due to reform-related factors or to external and contextual factors.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Adoption Intensity on Corporate Sustainability Performance: The Moderated Mediation Effect of Organizational Change

With the rapid development of the economy and society, enterprises are increasingly prioritizing environmental and social sustainability alongside economic benefits. As a critical driver of technological innovation, the effective application of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance corporate sustainability performance has garnered considerable attention from both academia and industry. This study explores the impact of AI adoption intensity on corporate sustainability performance, with a particular focus on the mediating role of organizational change and its moderated mediation effect. Employing an empirical analysis approach, this study collected 451 employee survey responses from manufacturing enterprises. The results indicate that AI adoption intensity substantially enhances corporate sustainability performance, reflected in comprehensive improvements in economic, environmental, and social benefits. Furthermore, organizational change serves as a crucial mediator between AI adoption and sustainability performance, with this mediation effect moderated by internal and external environmental factors. The study finds that enterprises with high digital capabilities and innovative cultures are more effective in leveraging AI to enhance sustainability performance. This suggests that in promoting AI applications, enterprises should not only focus on technology adoption but also emphasize internal organizational change and the development of digital capabilities to fully achieve sustainability goals. Through empirical analysis, this study provides an in-depth understanding of the application paths and mechanisms of AI in corporate sustainability, offering a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for corporate managers in strategy and policymaking.

Systematic review of burden&quality of life in caregivers of children with schizophrenia (SyREN)

Abstract Background Schizophrenia is a chronic, disabling disorder that affects 23.6 million people worldwide, with patients often needing extensive assistance and care. Main caregivers are frequently family members who may present a reduced quality of life (QoL) due to the high-level burden of care. Literature mostly focuses on the burden caused by other mental disorders or by schizophrenia in both the adult and child population. We aim to assess the burden and QoL in caregivers of children and adolescents with schizophrenia. Methods We conducted a Systematic Review of articles published between 2013 and 2023 on MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, APA PsycARTICLES, CINAHL. We included studies in which a validated instrument was used to measure the burden of caregiving and QoL for adult caregivers of children and adolescent schizophrenic patients. The results were reported following the PRISMA guidelines. Results We identified 1388 studies. We removed 610 duplicates. After screening 788 studies on title and abstract and 52 for full-text, we included one cross-sectional study in China based on the STROBE Checklist. Significant correlations between burden of care and schizophrenia severity, children’s age, period of care, education, sex, residence, and income were reported. Additionally, we screened 7 qualitative studies. Social stigma and struggle were the most frequently reported feelings, and financial burden was the most common external factor associated with a worse quality of life. Conclusions This review revealed a significant research gap in this field. This lack of focused research underscores the urgent need for targeted investigations into the experiences of caregivers of children and adolescents with schizophrenia. Addressing these knowledge gaps will improve support systems and interventions tailored to the unique needs of this population, such as disease-specific advisory, mental health services, social and financial support, and self-help groups. Key messages • We identified a research gap for burden and quality of life in informal caregivers of children with schizophrenia. Education, sex and income of caregivers relate to the burden of care. • Further research is needed to develop strategies to improve support systems and interventions tailored to the unique needs of this population.