External Equilibrium Research Articles

THE PHENOMENON OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN EXPORT SUCCESS AND TURKIYE CASE

Having stable sales and widespread markets in exports is as important as the success of export growth. The main problem of developing economies regarding the foreign world is not only increasing exports but also having stable sales and markets. This situation is especially important in terms of accelerating and stabilizing economic growth. For solve external equilibrium problems, developing countries need to focuse to develope to export and export diversification. Government inducements may be a supportive method for developing to export diversification. In this article, with dimension of export's effect on economic growth, phenomenon of export diversification and diversificartion's effects on export success is analysed. In the article, determined that product and market diversification are effective on success of export and on economic growth. It was concluded that there was less product diversification and more geographical market diversification in the 2000-2023 period, which was the subject of the research, in Turkey.

Domestic Growth and External Equilibrium: The Early Years of Transatlantic Economic Integration

Domestic Growth and External Equilibrium: The Early Years of Transatlantic Economic Integration

Simultaneous removal of manganese and ammonium nitrogen from mine water using sodium hexametaphosphate modified natural zeolite loaded by 3D MnOx

Manganese and ammonia nitrogen pollution are widespread in the water of northern Chinese mines, exacerbating regional water scarcity and potential ecological issues. This study aimed to remova dissolved manganese(II) and ammonia nitrogen from mine water using a natural zeolite (NZ) modified with sodium hexametaphosphate impregnation (SHMP-NZ) and loaded with 3D manganese(III)/(IV) oxide nanosheets (SHMP-NZ/MnOx). The influence of factors such as pH value, dissolved oxygen, and coexisting ions on adsorption was investigated. The capacity of NZ to removing ammonium was determined by SHMP impregnation, while the capability to remove manganese was determined by 3D manganese(III)/(IV) oxide nanosheets. Compared to NZ, SHMP-NZ/MnOx exhibited an increased efficiency of 39.93% and 41.54% in the simultaneously removing low-concentration manganese(II) and ammonia nitrogen, respectively. Adsorption processes of manganese and ammonia nitrogen onto NZ and SHMP-NZ/MnOx followed the Elovich and pseudo second order kinetic models, respectively. Both materials exhibited stages of external diffusion, internal diffusion, and reaction equilibrium during adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacities of SHMP-NZ/MnOx for manganese(II) and ammonia nitrogen were 10.12 mg/g and 26.24 mg/g, representing improvements of 72.7% and 113.2%, respectively, compared to NZ. The primary mechanism for ammonia nitrogen removal by SHMP-NZ/MnOx was based on ion exchange, while manganese(II) removal was mediated by Mn3+/Mn4+ species. A regeneration study over five cycles indicated that SHMP-NZ/MnOx possessed promising reusability potential.

New Vocational Education Law on Artificial Intelligence Helps Build a Skilled Society

Abstract Under the guidance of the new vocational education method of artificial intelligence, this paper divides the skill-based society into skill-based organizations, and constructs a knowledge dynamic equilibrium model based on superimposed knowledge fields. The knowledge-explicit module of skill-based talent flow and the external dynamic equilibrium module are integrated to achieve the evolutionary modeling of knowledge resources in skill-based organizations. Based on the discussion of the new vocational education law, the characteristic models of intellectual resource development, knowledge dynamic growth, group evolution and talent motivation in skill-based organizations are proposed respectively. The simulation analysis of the knowledge dynamic equilibrium network is combined with the analysis of influencing factors to inspire the education of higher vocational colleges and universities under the new vocational education method. As measured by the data, the average path length mean values of the intra-organizational knowledge network when N=160, 260, 330 are 2.2761, 2.4437 and 2.5394, respectively, which indicates that skilled talents have a strong willingness to interact with each other and share knowledge. The construction of skill-based organizations should fully create a strong environment for talent exchange and focus on cultivating students’ willingness and ability to communicate in vocational education.

Relative Prices and the Macroeconomy: A Literature Review

This paper provides a review of the literature on the importance of relative prices in economic dynamics, focusing on three such prices: the relative price of one good/service to another, the terms of trade, and the real exchange rate. The narrative encompassed the theoretical, methodological and empirical spheres. The influential roles of relative prices in restoring internal and external equilibria were underscored and these attributes were deemed to be unparalleled in economic analysis. The terms of trade were particularly noted to be fundamental to economic growth, balance of payments, and, the real exchange rate.

Limits to Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Small Open Economies

ABSTRACT In this paper we investigate the impact of the balance-of-payments constraint on output, income distribution and policy space in a small economy open to both commercial and financial flows. We do so by extending a Sraffian supermultiplier growth model to consider current and capital accounts and endogenous money. Expansionary fiscal policies increase output and its long run growth rate but have a negative impact on the balance-of-payments. Based on these results, we derive the value of government spending that maximises output while maintaining external equilibrium. Monetary policy also influences the balance-of-payments by attracting foreign financial flows through higher interest rates. This relationship is non-monotonic, since these flows can finance the external deficit resulting from a high output level but can also lead to a greater interest burden. This trade off allows us to find the level of the interest rate that maximises external space. It also implies that, with limits, raising interest rates might allow for higher real wages. Lastly, we examine the effects of the currency denomination of debt. We find that, in case of a depreciation, debt in domestic currency allows for a less contractionary adjustment than foreign currency-denominated debt but does not lead to higher economic growth.

New directions in Latin American Structuralism: a three-gap model of sustainable development

Sustainable development implies reducing the gap in GDP per capita between center and periphery, increasing equality and protecting the environment. In this paper, we present a simple model within the Structuralist tradition that combines these three dimensions of sustainable development. We define three rates of growth: the minimum required to reduce inequality and eradicate poverty (); the maximum compatible with external equilibrium (); and the maximum compatible with a global carbon budget (). Estimations of these rates of growth for Latin America suggest that . We argue that a combination of industrial and technological policies, along with a major effort at income redistribution, is necessary for having , which defines a sustainable development path.

К ВОПРОСУ О ЦЕНЗУРЕ: ПОНЯТИЕ, СИСТЕМНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ, ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ЦЕНЗУРЫ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ БЕЛАРУСИ В ПЕРИОД 1905 – 1917 ГГ.

The article analyzes the multidimensional nature of the concept of censorship. Among the methods of censorship research, the emphasis was placed on a systematic approach. The works of native and foreign authors on the development of the censorship system in the Russian Empire and its part – censorship on the territory of Belarus in 1905 – 1917 are considered. The aim is to reveal the concept of "censorship", the importance of a systematic approach in its study, to highlight the poorly studied areas of censorship in the historiography of the issue. As a result of the research, the author came to the conclusion that at the present stage of the development of knowledge, censorship is perceived as a multidimensional phenomenon, with the attribute of dichotomy and contradictions: on the one hand, censorship is characterized by the suppression of dissent, on the other hand, it is in many ways a measure of freedom of speech and thought. The censorship apparatus is part of censorship and functions as a state regulatory body. From the standpoint of a systematic approach, the author perceives censorship as a system with many components, interrelations between them, its own structure, internal and external environment, equilibrium and non-equilibrium states. Non-equilibrium states of censorship in the studied period are characteristic for the territory of Belarus in 1905, 1907 and in 1917. Censorship was at bifurcation points, in a state of duality, uncertainty and the possibility of several outcomes. The interdependence of public mood and actions with changes in censorship, the influence of the internal and external environment found special expression in these periods. The study revealed that there has been no comprehensive study of censorship on the territory of Belarus in 1905 – 1917 either in native or foreign historiography; therefore there is a need for a detailed development of the functioning of the censorship apparatus, the study of the practice of censoring publications in the period under study.

General Approach to the Evolving Plasma Equilibria with a Resistive Wall in Tokamaks

The dynamic problem of plasma equilibrium in a tokamak is considered taking into account the electromagnetic reaction of the vacuum vessel resistive wall. The currents induced in the wall during transient events contribute to the external magnetic field that determines the plasma shape and position. Accordingly, the plasma geometry must evolve so that the inductive excitation of the wall current would properly compensate for the resistive losses. Simultaneous consideration of these factors presents the main difficulty of the description. It is performed in a general form using the Green’s function method that guarantees the mathematical accuracy of expressions for the magnetic fields from each source. At the same time, it is desirable to minimize the related complications, which is one of the goals here. The starting point is the standard solution of the external equilibrium problem given by integral relating the poloidal magnetic flux to the magnetic field at the plasma boundary. In the evolutionary problem, the additional equations for the plasma-wall electromagnetic coupling are transformed to an equation with a similar integral over the wall, but with either the time derivative of the poloidal magnetic flux or the wall current density in the integrand. The mentioned similarity allows to use the already developed techniques, which makes this formulation compact and convenient. It provides the basis for extension of the existing analytical theory of equilibrium to the case with non-circular plasma and wall.

A “estagnação secular” brasileira: Suas causas e uma agenda para superá-la

ABSTRACT The article has two goals. First, it describes and analyses the reasons for the Brazilian ‘secular stagnation’ between 2015 and 2021. Second, it outlines an agenda to assure the Brazilian macroeconomic stability and social development, defined as sustainable economic growth, inflation under control, fiscal and external equilibria and income distribution.

Income distribution and economic cycles in an open-economy supermultiplier model

We build a structuralist supermultiplier model for a small open economy with two sources of autonomous demand, government expenditures and exports. We find that, in the long run, there is a limit for government spending: its growth rate cannot exceed that of exports without generating an external crisis. However, there is a strong role for public policy, since there is nothing that automatically leads the economy to its maximum growth rate compatible with the external constraint to growth.In the short run, we find an additional restriction, related to income distribution. Since higher wages increase consumption and economic activity, they also require more imports, potentially leading to unsustainable debt growth. Therefore, there is a maximum real wage compatible with external equilibrium. If real wages targeted by unions exceed those compatible with balance-of-payments equilibrium, the economy can display economic cycles between capacity utilisation, income distribution and indebtedness, marked by permanent inflation.

Theoretical Foundations of the Dependent Monetary Regimes

The purpose of the present article is to present a comprehensive framework to analyse main characteristics and institutional forms of the dependent monetary regimes. A country’s monetary regime is an extension of its geopolitical and geo-economic place in the international system. The dynamic monetary dependence/independence of a particular country is a direct continuation of, as well as ‘serving’, the (geo) political and economic dependence/independence of that country. That dependence does not mean that small countries do not benefit from this type of monetary and political regimes; on the contrary – in most cases it is the most appropriate, so to speak, “optimal” form which, if skilfully managed, minimises losses under a given external structural constraint. As a rule, in dependent countries, external sources of money supply dominate domestic sources. Peripheral and dependent countries cannot borrow on international markets in their own national currencies. They borrow in major world currencies and become vulnerable to currency (exchange rate) risk. The inflow of external capital, in turn, requires a corresponding stable institutional and political environment. Therefore, the external equilibrium (external stability), i.e., the state of the balance of payments and especially its financial (capital) account, as well as the dynamics of the exchange rate, become central parameters for the development of the peripheral countries. It is interesting to add that the imposition of a dependent regime in small and peripheral countries is accompanied by the imposition and dissemination of economic views, theories and ideas (“economic narrative”), which legitimise this new monetary regime and prepare the imposition of a certain economic development model.

Analysis of the equilibrium points and orbits stability for the asteroid 93 Minerva

Abstract In this article, we study the orbital dynamics with the gravitational potential of the asteroid 93 Minerva using an irregular shape model from observations. We calculate its physical size, physical mass, surface height, and zero-velocity surface. Meanwhile, we recognize that there are five equilibrium points around Minerva, four of which are external, and one is internal. Two of the external equilibrium points are stable and near the y y -axis, while two external equilibrium points are unstable and near the x x -axis. In addition, we study the changes in the number, position, and topological case of the equilibrium points when changing the spin speed and the density. We calculate the gravitational force acceleration of the polyhedron model, and we back up our calculations by simulating the orbit of one moonlet under the gravitational force acceleration of Minerva. With the simulation result, we demonstrate the existence of stable orbits around Minerva.

A Post-Keynesian Framework for Exchange Rate Equilibrium: Simulations for the Brazilian Economy

ABSTRACT The exchange rate is one of the most important macroeconomic variables. It directly influences trade and domestic price levels. The real exchange rate (RER) accounts for the price competitiveness of exports; the nominal exchange rate (NER), in its turn, pushes the domestic price level, affecting the achievement of the inflation target under an inflation target regime (ITR). The aim of this work is to present an RER model for external equilibrium and to assess the long-run effects of NER depreciation on inflation. The results are evaluated through simulations for the Brazilian economy. They suggest that the RER was overvalued from 2005 to 2018 and indicate that an overappreciated NER was an important tool to avoid inflation from 2005 to 2014. Therefore, under an ITR, there is no expectation to achieve an RER consistent with the current account equilibrium.

Exploring the adsorption behavior of benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles on polyvinyl chloride microplastics in the water environment

As a kind of emerging pollutant, microplastics (MPs) play an important role as a carrier for pollutant migration in the water environment. Carried by the MPs, benzotriazoles, and benzothiazoles (collectively referred to as BTs)11The target analysis selected in BTs and the corresponding abbreviations: BTR, 1H-Benzotriazole; 1-OH-BTR, 1-Hydroxy-benzotriazole; 5TTR, 5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole; XTR, 5,6-Dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole; 5-Cl-1H-BTR, 5-Chloro-1H-benzotriazole; 2-OH-BTH, 2-Hydroxy-benzothiazole; 2-MeS-BTH, 2-Methylthio-benzothiazole; 2-NH2-BTH, 2-Amine-benzothiazole. are ubiquitous water contaminants. In this paper, the adsorption behavior of BTs on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) MPs was first studied systematically to explain the adsorptive mechanisms and the consequential pollution caused by the absorption-desorption process. The studies on kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics revealed that the adsorption of BTs on PVC MPs was a multi-rate, heterogeneous multi-layer, and exothermic process, which was affected by external diffusion, intra-particle diffusion, and dynamic equilibrium. The factors including pH, salinity, and particle size also influenced the adsorption process. In the multi-solute system, competitive adsorption would occur between different BTs. The desorption of BTs from PVC MPs was positively associated with the increase of adsorption amount. Based on the results, the adsorption mechanisms of PVC MPs were clarified, involving hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic force, and non-covalent bonds. It was demonstrated that BTs in the water environment could most probably be accumulated and migrated through MPs, and eventually carried into organisms, posing an increased risk to the ecological environment.

Alternative Views on Portuguese Stagnation: From the Euro’s Inception to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Over the past two decades, real GDP per capita in Portugal has nearly stagnated. The conventional account attributes this to the mismanagement of public finances and the lack of structural reforms in labor and product markets prior to the “adjustment program” agreed with the troika in the early 2010s. In the same vein, the neoclassical-inspired interpretation explains the subsequent recovery based on supply-side and fiscal reforms implemented during the troika years, which would account for the reduced fiscal deficits, external equilibrium and employment growth registered in the pre-COVID-19 period. In this article, we challenge this optimistic view, identifying structural weaknesses of the Portuguese economy that would have soon become apparent even if the pandemic had not happened. Addressing these weaknesses requires changes that go beyond the EU and national responses to the pandemic crisis.

APOPHIS – effects of the 2029 Earth’s encounter on the surface and nearby dynamics

ABSTRACT The 99942 Apophis close encounter with Earth in 2029 may provide information about asteroid’s physical characteristics and measurements of Earth’s effects on the asteroid surface. In this work, we analysed the surface and the nearby dynamics of Apophis. The possible effects of its 2029 encounter on the surface and environment vicinity are also analysed. We consider a 340 m polyhedron with a uniform density (1.29, 2.2, and 3.5 g cm−3). The slope angles are computed, as well their variation that arises during the close approach. Such variation reaches 4° when low densities are used in our simulations and reaches 2° when the density is high. The zero-velocity curves, the equilibrium points, and their topological classification are obtained. We found four external equilibrium points and two of them are linearly stable. We also perform numerical simulations of bodies orbiting the asteroid, taking into account the irregular gravitational field of Apophis and two extra scenarios of perturbations: the solar radiation pressure and the Earth’s perturbation during the close approach. The radiation pressure plays an important role in the vicinity of the asteroid, only cm-sized particles survived for the time of integration. For densities of 2.2 and 3.5 g cm−3, a region of 5 cm radius particles survived for 30 yr of the simulation, and for 1.29 g cm−3, only particles with 15 cm of radius survived. The ejections and collisions are about 30–50 times larger when the close encounter effect is added but around 56–59 per cent of particles still survive the encounter.

Analytical Solution to External Equilibrium Problem for Plasma with Elliptic Cross Section in a Tokamak

Analytical Solution to External Equilibrium Problem for Plasma with Elliptic Cross Section in a Tokamak

Meshless numerical simulation of steel connections: application to the T‐stub component

AbstractFinite element analysis is a widely used simulation technique in steel design to analyze the structural behavior of structural components, such as beams, columns or connections. The major steps involved in finite element simulations are the definition of the basic parameters and the discretization in elements of the component, also known as preprocessing; the analysis of the model and the post‐processing by the representation and the interpretation of the obtained results. On the particular case of bolted connections, the most time‐consuming of these three phases is that of preprocessing, because on traditional finite element technology is required that the real geometry of the CAD model is simplified to be meshed and analyzed; this task is specifically severe and requires paying close attention on the case of components affected to concentration stresses. Nowadays, different techniques have been proposed and developed with this objective: reduce costs in terms of time and specialized human resources because the workflow is easier and simpler. One of these methods are the known as the meshfree methods, that do not require connection between nodes and are based on the interaction of the points of the geometry with the neighbors, so the processor analyzes taken as base the real CAD geometry and no simplifications are needed.On this paper is exposed the meshless method based on the theory of external approximations as an alternative to the classic finite element method. This method is based on the theory where all parts of the assembly are considered as different elements, and the approximation of displacements inside is arbitrary and not only by polynomials. The convergence of the simulation model is based on the external equilibrium of the assembly. The method is applied to a practical case: the simulation of the T‐stub connection. The T‐stub component corresponds to one T‐shaped steel profile bolted through their flanges and loaded through their web until collapse, and its behavior is similar to the tension zone of beam to column bolted end plate connections. The analysis of strength, stiffness and ductility have been widely investigated experimentally, by simulation and theoretically, and they are obtained from the force‐displacement characteristic curve. Information presented by Bursi and Jaspart on the paper “Benchmarks for finite element modelling of bolted steel connections” are considered to elaborate the models and to compare the results.

Density-functional-theory approach to the Hamiltonian adaptive resolution simulation method

In the Hamiltonian adaptive resolution simulation method (H–AdResS) it is possible to simulate coexisting atomistic (AT) and ideal gas representations of a physical system that belong to different subdomains within the simulation box. The Hamiltonian includes a field that bridges both models by smoothly switching on (off) the intermolecular potential as particles enter (leave) the AT region. In practice, external one-body forces are calculated and applied to enforce a reference density throughout the simulation box, and the resulting external potential adds up to the Hamiltonian. This procedure suggests an apparent dependence of the final Hamiltonian on the system’s thermodynamic state that challenges the method’s statistical mechanics consistency. In this paper, we explicitly include an external potential that depends on the switching function. Hence, we build a grand canonical potential for this inhomogeneous system to find the equivalence between H–AdResS and density functional theory (DFT). We thus verify that the external potential inducing a constant density profile is equal to the system’s excess chemical potential. Given DFT’s one-to-one correspondence between external potential and equilibrium density, we find that a Hamiltonian description of the system is compatible with the numerical implementation based on enforcing the reference density across the simulation box. In the second part of the manuscript, we focus on assessing our approach’s convergence and computing efficiency concerning various model parameters, including sample size and solute concentrations. To this aim, we compute the excess chemical potential of water, aqueous urea solutions and Lennard–Jones (LJ) mixtures. The results’ convergence and accuracy are convincing in all cases, thus emphasising the method’s robustness and capabilities.