External Effects Research Articles

Cylindrical Vector Beams with an MOPA Amplifier Based on Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Mode-Locking

CVBs (cylindrical vector beams) are widely used in optical imaging, optical trapping, material processing, etc. In this study, based on mode-selective couplers and passive mode-locking fiber technology, a cylindrical vector fiber amplifier with an MOPA (master oscillator power amplifier) structure was developed. In the experiment, the pre-amp stage reached 19.87 mW output power and a CVB output with a mode purity greater than 97%. The measured beam quality factor was M2 = 2.1. The CVB output power obtained by the first-amp stage was 152.4 mW, and the mode purity was greater than 92%. The measured beam quality factor was M2 = 1.99. The internal inhomogeneity and external effects of the isotropic LMA (large-mode-area) fiber led to a decrease in beam quality and mode purity. After amplification, the gain of the fundamental mode was higher and the power was greater, resulting in a greatly reduced mode purity. This CVB fiber amplifier yielded important research value in expanding the applications of high-power fiber lasers.

Harnessing Available Evidence in Single-Case Experimental Studies: The Use of Multilevel Meta-Analysis.

The use of multilevel models to combine and compare the results of multiple single-case experimental design (SCED) studies has been proposed about two decades ago. Since then, the number of multilevel meta-analyses of SCED studies steadily increased, together with the complexity of multilevel models used. At the same time, many studies were done to empirically evaluate the approach in a variety of situations, and to study how the flexibility of multilevel models can be employed to account for many complexities that often are encountered in SCED research, such as autocorrelation, linear and nonlinear time trends, specific designs, external event effects, multiple outcomes, and heterogeneity. In this paper, we give a state-of-the-art of the multilevel approach, by making an overview of basic and more extended models, summarizing simulation results, and discussing some remaining issues.

Взаимосвязь уровня неконьюгированного билирубина и спирометрических показателей у подростков с бронхиальной астмой

Either a high-to-normal or slightly elevated total bilirubin level may have external respiration protective effect in patients with bronchial asthma (BA). However, Authors have searched but not found any studies related to the connection between the unconjugated bilirubin level and spirometric parameters in adolescents. The purpose of this research was to study the connection between unconjugated bilirubin level and spirometric parameters in adolescents with BA. Materials and methods used: a single-center observational cross-sectional pilot study of 74 adolescents aged 10 to 17 y/o with BA was conducted. All participants had undergone measurements of anthropometric and spirometric parameters, hematological parameters, both total and unconjugated bilirubin level. Results: elevated total bilirubin (17.1 mmol/l and higher) occurred in 40.5% (30) being the highest in homozygous carriers of UGT1A1 gene polymorphisms with an increased number of TA repeats, the differences were statistically insignificant. The unconjugated bilirubin level and such spirometric indicators as z-ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity of the lungs (FVC) and z-criterion of the mean forced expiratory flow during the 25-75% of FVC (MEF25-75) had statistically significant direct correlation (R=0,42, p<0,001, R=0,37, p=0,001, respectively). Patients with obstructive lung ventilation disorders at the time of examination (zFEV1/FVC less than -1.645) had lower levels of both total and unconjugated bilirubin, the differences were statistically significant (p=0.002 and p=0.004, respectively). Conclusion: statistically significant correlations between unconjugated bilirubin level and such spirometric parameters as zFEV1/FVC and zMEF25-75 as well as unconjugated bilirubin low level identification in patients with spirometric indicators of bronchial obstruction suggest a protective effect of unconjugated bilirubin on the development of bronchial obstruction in adolescents with BA.

Integrating Activity-based Costing with Continuous Enhancement: A Strategic Approach to Operational Efficiency and Cost Management

The main objective of this research is to show how integrating activity-based costing (ABC) with continuous improvement processes can enhance cost management and operational efficiency. The development of automated firms and global firms has necessitated a shift in principles and measurement accuracy. The principles and concepts have been modified based on economic theory, moving from stable continuous improvement to continuous enhancement, or Kaizen enhancement. The accuracy of the proposed costing system has improved by using modified activity-based costing. The current research has focused on multi-variation in explanatory variables, including the costing system and the degree of enhancement. The suggested costing system should include the modified version of activity-based costing and the new form of continuous enhancement system. The concept of an intelligent supply chain has led to the idea of a cooperative game between all parties in the firm/chain. Intelligent automated systems are closed-loop systems where all members are partners, aiming to maximize global benefits. Resilient considerations indicate different attempts to measure and estimate the multi-effects of externalities and other external effects. This work has closed-to-open excess quantitative models, achieving the cooperative state between different partners. Findings show that ABC helps manufacturing and service sectors identify non-value-adding activities, optimize resource allocation, and reduce costs by providing detailed insights into the true cost of operations. Its integration with continuous improvement strategies amplifies these benefits, enabling businesses to streamline processes, improve efficiency, and enhance profitability. ABC is a valuable tool for identifying non-value-adding activities and optimizing resource allocation. By providing a more accurate understanding of how resources are consumed, ABC can help organizations improve their efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer satisfaction.

Taxing versus subsidizing debt under financial frictions

AbstractWe examine optimal credit market policies in two models with durables/capital as collateral. Pecuniary externalities rationalize ex-ante debt taxes as macroprudential regulation, achieving constrained efficiency. Ex-post debt subsidies can implement first-best by stimulating collateral demand. Due to the same effect, debt subsidies that are constant over time can be superior to debt taxes. Saving subsidies can further enhance efficiency by addressing distributive effects of pecuniary externalities via interest rate reductions. The analysis shows that debt-increasing subsidies can outperform macroprudential regulation, and that constrained inefficiency caused by collateral externalities is insufficient to establish debt taxes as optimal credit market policies.

Highly Efficient Red/Near‐Infrared Phosphorescence from Doped Crystals

AbstractOrganic red/near‐infrared (NIR) room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials with low toxicity and facile synthesis are highly sought after, particularly for applications in biotechnology and encryption. However, achieving efficient red/NIR RTP emitters has been challenging due to the weak spin‐orbit coupling of organics and the rapid nonradiative decay imposed by the energy gap law. Here we demonstrate highly efficient red/NIR RTP with boosted quantum yields (Φps) of up to 32.96 % through doping the thionated derivatives of phthalimide (PAI) (MTPAI and DTPAI) into PAI crystals. The red‐shifted photoluminescence (PL) stems from a combination of the external heavy atom effect and the formation of emissive clusters centered around electron‐rich sulfur atoms. Furthermore, the dopants enhance exciton generation efficiency and facilitate energy transfer from smaller PAI units to larger aggregates, leading to dramatically increased Φp. This strategy proves universal, opening possibilities for acquiring long‐wavelength RTP with tunable photophysical properties. The doped crystals exhibit promising applications in optical waveguides and encryption paper/ink. This research provides a practical approach to obtaining long‐wavelength RTP materials and offers valuable insights into the mechanisms governing host‐guest systems.

Highly Efficient Red/Near-Infrared Phosphorescence from Doped Crystals.

Organic red/near-infrared (NIR) room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials with low toxicity and facile synthesis are highly sought after, particularly for applications in biotechnology and encryption. However, achieving efficient red/NIR RTP emitters has been challenging due to the weak spin-orbit coupling of organics and the rapid nonradiative decay imposed by the energy gap law. Here we demonstrate highly efficient red/NIR RTP with boosted quantum yields (Φps) of up to 32.96 % through doping the thionated derivatives of phthalimide (PAI) (MTPAI and DTPAI) into PAI crystals. The red-shifted photoluminescence (PL) stems from a combination of the external heavy atom effect and the formation of emissive clusters centered around electron-rich sulfur atoms. Furthermore, the dopants enhance exciton generation efficiency and facilitate energy transfer from smaller PAI units to larger aggregates, leading to dramatically increased Φp. This strategy proves universal, opening possibilities for acquiring long-wavelength RTP with tunable photophysical properties. The doped crystals exhibit promising applications in optical waveguides and encryption paper/ink. This research provides a practical approach to obtaining long-wavelength RTP materials and offers valuable insights into the mechanisms governing host-guest systems.

Spatial Price Transmission and Dynamic Volatility Spillovers in the Global Grain Markets: A TVP-VAR-Connectedness Approach.

The global food market's escalating volatility has led to a complex network of uncertainty and risk transmission across different grain markets. This study utilizes the Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression (TVP-VAR)-Connectedness approach to analyze the price transmission and volatility dynamics of key grains, including wheat, maize, rice, barley, peanut, soybean, and soybean meal, and their dynamic spillover directions, intensity, and network. By integrating the TVP-VAR-Connectedness model, this research captures the time-varying variability and interconnected nature of global grain price movements. The main findings reveal significant spillover effects, particularly in corn prices, with prices of soybean dominating other grains while prices of peanut and corn experience higher external spillover effects from other grains. The conclusions drawn underscore the imperative for policymakers to consider a holistic perspective of all types of grains when addressing global food security, with this study providing valuable insights for risk management in the grain sector at both global level and country level.

Deep Neutral Network Enhanced Mesoscopic Thermodynamic Model for Unlocking the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface

Structure and properties of the electrode/electrolyte interface significantly influence the electrochemical processes of energy storage and conversion, yet the challenge lies in accurate description of both molecular characteristics and external field effects. Here, we develop a mesoscopic thermodynamic model that calculates the thermodynamic properties of electrolytes based on chemical potential, and its efficiency is enhanced by a deep neutral network. The deep neutral network enhanced mesoscopic thermodynamic (DeepMT) model effectively bridges the gap between micro‐level characteristics of ions and macro‐level effects of external field, enabling precise presentation of ion density distributions over complex conditions. Our result indicates that the DeepMT model not only demonstrates a computational efficiency improvement of approximately four orders of magnitude over direct theoretical calculations, but also accurately predicts interface properties including ion adsorption, surface charge, and differential capacitance through the statistical analysis of density distributions.

Deep Neutral Network Enhanced Mesoscopic Thermodynamic Model for Unlocking the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface.

Structure and properties of the electrode/electrolyte interface significantly influence the electrochemical processes of energy storage and conversion, yet the challenge lies in accurate description of both molecular characteristics and external field effects. Here, we develop a mesoscopic thermodynamic model that calculates the thermodynamic properties of electrolytes based on chemical potential, and its efficiency is enhanced by a deep neutral network. The deep neutral network enhanced mesoscopic thermodynamic (DeepMT) model effectively bridges the gap between micro-level characteristics of ions and macro-level effects of external field, enabling precise presentation of ion density distributions over complex conditions. Our result indicates that the DeepMT model not only demonstrates a computational efficiency improvement of approximately four orders of magnitude over direct theoretical calculations, but also accurately predicts interface properties including ion adsorption, surface charge, and differential capacitance through the statistical analysis of density distributions.

The Struggle Over Mobility Narratives: How Senegalese Activists use Alternative Information Campaigns to Contest EU Externalization

For nearly two decades the European Union and its member states have invested in migration awareness and information campaigns (MICs) in West Africa to prevent unwanted migration. While a growing body of migration scholarship has critically engaged with the larger-scale, European-funded MICs in Africa, local activist-led campaigns have received less attention. The article addresses this gap by focusing on campaigns organized by a local, activist-led organization in Dakar, Senegal. Building on ethnographic fieldwork, the article shows how activist-led MICs use counternarratives and action repertories entangled in and motivated by recent externalization interventions in Senegal and the EU–Africa borderlands. By situating these “ripple effects” of externalization locally and exploring their repercussions, the article illustrates how migrant experiences, border control, and violence become catalysts for collective action. The activist-led MICs in Senegal can be understood as activities that fundamentally challenge the political premises and outcomes of EU–Africa migration governance, including European-driven MICs. This perspective enriches our understanding of MICs in West Africa and the local ripple effects of externalization, underscoring local actors’ proactive role in trying to contest and reshape Eurocentric migration narratives and policies.

Microenvironment Engineering of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Liquid-Phase Environmental Catalysis.

Environmental catalysis has emerged as a scientific frontier in mitigating water pollution and advancing circular chemistry and reaction microenvironment significantly influences the catalytic performance and efficiency. This review delves into microenvironment engineering within liquid-phase environmental catalysis, categorizing microenvironments into four scales: atom/molecule-level modulation, nano/microscale-confined structures, interface and surface regulation, and external field effects. Each category is analyzed for its unique characteristics and merits, emphasizing its potential to significantly enhance catalytic efficiency and selectivity. Following this overview, we introduced recent advancements in advanced material and system design to promote liquid-phase environmental catalysis (e.g., water purification, transformation to value-added products, and green synthesis), leveraging state-of-the-art microenvironment engineering technologies. These discussions showcase microenvironment engineering was applied in different reactions to fine-tune catalytic regimes and improve the efficiency from both thermodynamics and kinetics perspectives. Lastly, we discussed the challenges and future directions in microenvironment engineering. This review underscores the potential of microenvironment engineering in intelligent materials and system design to drive the development of more effective and sustainable catalytic solutions to environmental decontamination.

Motor Fault Detection and Isolation for Multi-Rotor UAVs Based on External Wrench Estimation and Recurrent Deep Neural Network

AbstractFast detection of motor failures is crucial for multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) safety. It is well established in the literature that UAVs can adopt fault-tolerant control strategies to fly even when losing one or more rotors. We present a motor fault detection and isolation (FDI) method for multi-rotor UAVs based on an external wrench estimator and a recurrent neural network composed of long short-term memory nodes. The proposed approach considers the partial or total motor fault as an external disturbance acting on the UAV. Hence, the devised external wrench estimator trains the network to promptly understand whether the estimated wrench comes from a motor fault (also identifying the motor) or from unmodelled dynamics or external effects (i.e., wind, contacts, etc.). Training and testing have been performed in a simulation environment endowed with a physic engine, considering different UAV models operating under unknown external disturbances and unexpected motor faults. To further assess this approach’s effectiveness, we compare our method’s performance with a classical model-based technique. The collected results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FDI approach.

External and internal driving forces of community and functional group stability in the forest mammal community

Conserving mammal community stability in forest ecosystems is an urgent challenge in the face of global biodiversity threats and complex trophic interaction. However, understanding of the stability of mammal communities and targeted functional groups is still limited, hindering adaptive strategy development. We collected 210 120 camera trap photos across 5897 km 2 within the Amur tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica ) range in China’s natural forests. We decomposed stability into compensatory effects, statistical-averaging effects and population stability. Using structural equation modelling, we explored the impact of external factors, species diversity and vertical effects on the stability of the community and of four functional groups. As external factors, primary productivity increased the stability of top predators, while precipitation had inconsistent effects. Horizontal diversity (richness and evenness) positively impacted community stability. However, the vertical structure of the community, including trophic-level richness and functional groups’ compensatory dynamics, were the largest drivers for maintaining community stability. Horizontal diversity within functional groups and the diversity or biomass of their food resources/consumers both influenced the stability of functional groups. Our results recognize the importance of conserving and even re-establishing vertical trophic structures in forest communities. Acknowledging multiple levels of stability, from functional groups to communities, is an indispensable step for effective conservation strategies.

Flow and sensitivity analysis of MHD radiative hybrid nanofluid flow across a permeable wedge with slip condition: Response surface methodology

AbstractThis current paper has been written to investigate the effect of a hybrid Tiwari and Das nanofluid model along with optimizing the flow using sensitivity analysis. Heat transfer rates and skin friction assessments were examined with the supplementation of external effects like heat source, thermal radiation, buoyancy forces, velocity slip as well as magnetic effect with spherical‐shaped nanoparticles. The mathematical modeling was formulated using a system of nonlinear PDE. Similarity transformations were implemented in the governing equations for obtaining the final set of nondimensional equations which were then solved using bvp4c code in MATLAB. The results obtained were in close agreement with published results. Some of the significant results obtained included an increase in Nusselt number by 2.26% for an increase in velocity ratio parameter () from to 0.3 along with an increase in skin friction coefficient by 0.77% with magnetic () parameter to . The heat transfer profile was augmented by 0.79% with increasing radiation parameter to while an increase of 18.84% was observed for skin friction profile values recorded for the hybrid model as compared to the base fluid model. Nusselt number reduced by 0.51% for a transition to nanofluid model from regular fluid and by 1.76% for the hybrid model compared to the nanofluid model The unblocked face‐centered central composite design (CCD) was used for analyzing the sensitivity analysis of independent, continuous input parameters on the response parameters, skin friction coefficient, and Nusselt number. The high values for , and , for Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient values, respectively, validate the ANOVA results obtained using response surface methodology (RSM). Only shows positive sensitivity for both the Nusselt number and skin friction responses. The present hybrid nanofluid model finds extensive applications in bio‐toxicity studies, manufacturing of water heaters, and forging of hot exhaust valve heads.

Methodology for determining the hardness and depth of the hardened layer (in Kazakh language)

The article discusses methods for determining the hardness and depth of the hardened layer. Stiffness is defined as the ratio of the amount of load to the surface area, projection area, or print volume. The following types of surface, projection and volumetric stiffness are distinguished:surface hardness-the ratio of the load to the surface area of the print; projection stiffness-the ratio of the load to the area of the print projection; volumetric stiffness-the ratio of the load to the print volume. Hardness is measured in three ranges: macro, micro, nano. Hardness is the degree to which mineralogy often encounters this when scratching one mineral with another. In addition, the hardness of a mineral is also known as the degree of resistance to the influence of external mechanical force. But the external mechanical effect itself will be slightly different, depending on how strongly the mineral resists.The article conducted research with examples of several methods for determining the hardness of the layer.

SCIENTIFICLY BASED CALCULATION METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA BASES FOR THE PREVENTION OF PREMIUM FIRE EXPLOSIONS AND UNSAFE EXPLOSIONS OF PYROTECHNIC MULTICOMPONENT NITRATE-METALLIZED MIXTURES UNDER EXTERNAL THERMAL

Problem statement. Methods of preventing the occurrence of forced fire-hazardous destruction of products in the event of exposure to external thermal actions are of great practical importance. At the same time, they should be based on scientifically based methods for determining the critical values of parameters of thermal effects on products and technological parameters of mixture charges, the excess of which leads to premature fire-hazardous destruction of products. To develop such methods, it is necessary to have the results of theoretical and experimental studies of the processes of heating the shells of mixture charges for various external heat flows and their thermoreaction times, as well as the processes of ignition and development of their combustion under different external conditions. Purpose of the article. To form the results of theoretical studies in the form of scientifically based methods that allow preventing and controlling the premature ignition of mixture charges, the explosive development of their combustion process and the fire-hazardous destruction of products under conditions of external thermal effects, as well as the compilation of the results of experimental studies into a single database with determination of the influence of the technological parameters of the mixtures on the characteristics of their ignition processes and the development of combustion, the use of which allows reducing the number of fire-explosive destruction of products in conditions of elevated heating temperatures and external pressures. Conclusion. Scientifically based methods of determining the critical values of the parameters of external thermal actions for the quantitative assessment of the level of fire safety of pyrotechnic products based on multi-component nitrate-metallized mixtures have been developed. A scientific and technical base of experimental data was created to determine the regularities of the influence of a wide class of technological parameters of mixtures on the main characteristics of the processes of ignition and development of combustion of mixtures (ignition temperature, induction time, speed of combustion development) under conditions of external thermal actions (elevated heating temperatures, external pressures, etc.), which makes it possible to determine the probability of fires occurring at facilities where products are stored.

К вопросу реализации алгоритмов проектирования защищенных сетей передачи данных

Existing approaches to the design of secure data transmission networks (DRN) are often based on guidelines for the design of communication networks in a broad sense, at the moment there are no clear regulations for the design of communication networks in a secure version from the point of view of information security. In the process of advanced design of the SPDS, problems arise in finding effective solutions for the construction of such communication networks and ensuring the information security of the SPDS in terms of information security tools (SIS) in given areas determined by information security measurements, such as the availability, accessibility, secrecy of information circulating in the SPDS. The article proposes algorithms based on the parameters of non-stationary hyper-network models, which make it possible to implement the analysis and synthesis of ZSPD, as well as take into account the initial data on the intended users, services/applications implemented on ZSPD under conditions of external destructive effects (VDV).

Infection externalities and social welfare

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the effects of infection externalities on social welfare through constructing several general equilibrium models. The main findings are as follows. When the government increases the degree of controlling infection externalities of the urban skilled sector and the rural sector, social welfare will rise. However, for the urban unskilled sector, the change of social welfare is determined by the elasticity of substitution between unskilled labor and infection rights in this sector.

Regulation of TADF and RTP Dual Emission via Internal and External Heavy-Atom Effects.

Organic materials with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) dual emission have attracted great attention in recent years, but the regulation mechanism via internal and external heavy atoms is not clear enough. Here, we carry out a systematic theoretical investigation on the photophysical properties of the materials by introducing aliphatic or aromatic bromine atoms. The molecule with aromatic bromine atoms exhibits obvious TADF owing to the effective reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) with matchable energy levels and enhanced spin orbit couplings, the molecule with aliphatic bromine atoms shows a long RTP lifetime because of the reduced nonradiative transition of triplet excitons, and the molecule with both aliphatic and aromatic bromine atoms presents balanced TADF and RTP emissions thanks to the synergy internal and external heavy-atom effects. Besides, the internal and external heavy atoms induce multisite intermolecular interactions, effectively suppressing the nonradiative process in the solid phase. The efficient RISC process and the suppressed nonradiative process of triplet excitons should be key to regulating the dual emission property. These findings and insights are of great importance for revealing the structure-performance relationship, providing theoretical guidance for the design of TADF and RTP dual emission molecules via internal and external heavy-atom effects.