External Conflicts Research Articles

Willing Suspension of Disbelief in August Wilson’s ‘‘The Piano Lesson’’

Using supernatural elements in literature is a common phenomenon. The most discussed Black playwright, August Wilson (1945-2005), introduces supernatural elements in his works to deepen the exploration of African-American experiences and cultural heritage. Incorporating supernatural elements adds a rich layer of meaning and symbolism to Wilson’s work. They symbolize the characters' internal and external conflicts, enhancing their emotional and psychological complexity. They often reveal the characters' desires, fears, and past traumas that drive their actions and decisions. Wilson’s play “The Piano Lesson” (1987) subtly and symbolically uses supernatural elements. The present study sheds light on: Why and how did Wilson use the technique of "Willing suspension of disbelief” in his play “The Piano Lesson”? Because of the “Willing suspension of disbelief” technique, readers and audience do not question the credibility of the incidents and events in ‘‘The Piano Lesson.’’ The use of ghosts and supernatural elements contributes significantly to this play's dramatic power and intrigue. As much as they successfully keep the audience and the readers engaged, they create such an atmosphere on stage that the audience is made to believe what they see on stage.

Dual screening in dual conflicts: Israelis’ use of second screens during the May 2021 external and internal conflicts

Dual screening in dual conflicts: Israelis’ use of second screens during the May 2021 external and internal conflicts

Driver Behavior Mechanisms and Conflict Risk Patterns in Tunnel-Interchange Connecting Sections: A Comprehensive Investigation Based on the Behavioral Adaptation Theory

Tunnel-interchange sections are characterized by complex driving tasks and frequent traffic conflicts, posing substantial challenges to overall safety and efficiency. Enhancing safety in these areas is crucial for the sustainability of traffic systems. This study applies behavior adaptation theory as an integrated framework to examine the impact of environmental stimuli on driving behavior and conflict risk in small-spaced sections. Through driving simulation, 19 observation indicators are collected, covering eye-tracking, heart rate, subjective workload, driving performance, and conflict risk. The analysis, using single-factor ranking (Shapley Additive Explanation), interaction effects (dependence plots), and multi-factor analysis (Structural Equation Modeling), demonstrates that driving workload and performance dominate the fully mediating effects between external factors and conflict risk. High-load environmental stimuli, such as narrow spacing (≤500 m) and overloaded signage information (>6 units), significantly elevate drivers’ stress responses and impair visual acuity, thereby increasing task difficulty and conflict risk. Critical factors like saccade size, heart rate variability, lane deviation, and headway distance emerge as vital indicators for monitoring and supporting driving decisions. These findings provide valuable insights for the operational management of small-spacing sections and enhance the understanding of driving safety in these areas from a human factor perspective.

Effects of Armed Conflicts on The National Security of Post Conflicts States, A Case Study of Juba County in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan

This paper assessed the nature of existing armed conflicts and their effect on security management, established the influence of the local and regional dynamics of conflicts on security management and finally examined the effect of the emerging security threats on security management strategies in Juba County, South Sudan. The study was guided by two theories; Conflict Transformation and National Security theories. The study used descriptive survey research design and Purposive sampling technique to enlist 210 respondents for this study. The main method of data collection was the interview. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data and reported in narrative form. The study established a dichotomy of existing armed conflicts; external and internal conflicts in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan that had serious implication on both Security Management and National security. The second objective established the influence of local and regional dynamics that affected security management that included; Interlocking political and tribal division aspects of conflict, the influence of insurgents and armed cross border militia groups; greed for livestock by political elites that saw them arm their tribal militia with modern guns and military hardware for ease of livestock theft, amongst others. The third objective established the effect of several emerging security threats on Security Management strategies in Juba County, which included migrant migration for domestic and international child soldiering recruitment in the context of the on-going civil war and also for soldiering elsewhere outside the country. This paper establishes a regional policy concern that South Sudan is largely unsafe, and by implication the whole region is unlikely to be safe. This calls for an immediate action by all security stakeholders, UN agencies, Non State Actors, security pundits and think tanks to brainstorm and chart a way forward for South Sudan and the entire region.

THEORY OF CONFLICTS-MICROTHEORIES

Every social system has had its conflicts. We have had conflicts over the division of empires based on religious or cultural orientation, for example the Byzantine Empire of the people have split into two denominations, the ruling system shutdown (system of Westphalia) or state of order of Westphalia. From this period, the world begins to be accompanied by state colonization. Conflicts can be regional, global, state, interstate and beyond. The crisis of Europe is more interesting than the other crisis that has entire realistic reforms after the Otto-monopoly bourgeois liberalization. East crisis was external and internal crisis, duplication of the aristocracy of the Ottoman Empire. We have a crisis or conflict of the First World War. The First World War created the system of Versailles. The Versailles system consists of the following problems: 1. The Ottoman Empire dissolved; 2. Formation of new states The cause of the First World War was Germany. - Then there is the crisis of the League of Nations (state problem solving) - Conflict of WWII; (World War II) There are three types of crises: 1. Fascism; 2. Bolshevism; and 3. Liberal Democracy. We are forming allies, and then we had the Cold War conflict. Cold War East-West conflict (ideological, military and economic change). The world is a crisis of the international order. The Russian Federation 20 years recycles apparent internal and external conflicts. Developed countries use the resources of underdeveloped countries. -World of today faces social crisis, where social crisis has no limit. Social crises coming from abuses by big capital capitalism. - The world is open in the technical aspect, technology, internet, information, where these phenomena are the social crises. Conflicts are tensions that carry certain problems of an old order to a new social order. Conflicts in the former Yugoslavia was born as neglecting the national issue (ethnic crisis.)

Studi Literatur tentang Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kemunduran Pendidikan Islam

Uu's research investigates changes and setbacks in Islamic education from its heyday to contemporary times. The research methodology used is a Literature Study/Library Study approach, by collecting data from various sources such as digital libraries and the internet. Analysis was carried out on the factors that influenced the decline of Islamic education, including the tendency of excessive philosophy, lack of appreciation for scientists, internal and external conflicts, as well as the impact of Mongol attacks and the Crusades. The results of the research showed that the decline of Islamic education had significant impacts such as stagnation in motivation, a decline in the quality of education and intellectual thinking and a narrowing of the curriculum in madrasas. However, efforts to purify Islamic teachings in the eighteenth century gave hope for a more progressive renewal of Islamic education

Geo-political risks, uncertainty, financial development, renewable energy, and carbon intensity: Empirical evidence from countries at high geo-political risks

Geopolitical risks and uncertainty negatively affect the economy and environmental quality. High geopolitical risks and high uncertainty increase carbon emission intensity by increasing dependence on fossil fuels. However, research in this area is still in its infancy and more empirical evidence is needed to justify the causal link. This research examines the causal mechanism linking geopolitical risk, uncertainty, financial development, renewable energy, and carbon intensity in a sample of eighteen countries with high geopolitical risk between 1985 and 2021. The selected countries have a high intensity of geopolitical risks due to internal and external conflicts that have worsened in recent years. We employ cointegration techniques from Hatemi-J [1] and Maki [2] in the presence of structural breaks, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), canonical cointegration regression (CCR) models, and static time-variant Granger causality (1969) test. We find robust empirical evidence that geopolitical risk, financial development, renewable energy, uncertainty, and carbon intensity have a cointegrating relationship in the presence of structural breaks. Results from FMOLS and CCR models indicate that carbon intensity responds differently to changes in geopolitical risk, renewable energy, uncertainty, and financial development. Environmental and energy policymakers should mitigate carbon intensity through long-run rather than short-run mechanisms to achieve SDG12 and SDG13.

An apolitical risk assessment of the 2024 US elections: The threat of widespread riots and significant business disruption

Civil disorder has always plagued humanity, with violence being triggered by real or perceived grievances, rumours and speculation, and internal or external agitators. The risk to people, communities, businesses and the rule of law is not isolated to a particular country or society. The propensity for violence and how it is incited is, however, an evolving threat with the advent of the ‘modern riot’. The causes of violence centre on economic and social injustice, sports- and event-related riots, a reaction to police or security forces and political unrest. As the US nears the contentious 2024 elections, the failing trust in the three branches of government combined with external global tensions and conflict, threats from domestic extremist groups, a rising acceptance of violence as a means of settling political disagreements, hostile nation actors and international terror groups that exploit societal instability create fertile conditions for widespread violence. Exacerbating these factors are the risks from artificial intelligence (AI) deepfake, rapid mass communications, the citizen journalist, prominent influencers amplifying grievances and inflammatory media reporting. This convergence of exacerbators and accelerants for political discord offers the potential for serious security risks and significant business disruption.

Analysis of Conflict Faced by the Main Character in “Spiderman No Way Home” Movie

This research is entitled “The Analysis of Conflict Faced By The Main Character In “Spiderman No Way Home” Movie”. This study aims to find out the types of conflict in Spiderman No Way Home movie and to analyze the conflict management strategies are used by the main character in Spiderman No Way Home movie. In collecting data, this study applied observation method. The method used in analysing the data is a descriptive qualitative method. The writer analysed the data based on the theory types of conflict and conflict management strategies by Kenney (1966). In presenting the findings, formal and informal methods are used. The formal method is used by presenting the data in the form of table to present research findings on the type of conflicts the main character faces, and the informal method is used by explaining the data using description or sentence as well as in the form of text to describe how the main character manages to settle the conflict in the movie through a narrative form. The results showed that the main character of “Spiderman: No Way Home” movie faced two types of conflicts, which were internal conflict and external conflict. The external conflict dominated the data result, with 87.5% over 12.5%. The external conflict happened between the main character with other characters, also with the society. Meanwhile, the internal conflict occurred inside the main character, which was Peter Parker. An analysis of the way the main character manages the conflict was found in “Spiderman: No Way Home” movie, they were compromise, pacification, and competition. Based on the analysis result using Kenney theory (1966), the most strategy found in the movie was competition. It took 90% of the strategy result.

Environmental transition dynamics under external conflict risk: New evidence from European countries

We investigate the dynamic effect of external conflict risk on environmental transition by considering the impacts of eco-innovation, economic growth, and energy consumption in a panel comprising 26 European countries from 2011 to 2020. Using a non-parametric model represented by the panel QARDL, we find that in the short run, a 1% increase in external conflict risk statistically leads to a 0.25% and 0.13% increase in the likelihood of environmental transition for the median and extreme upper quantiles (50th and 95th percentiles), respectively. However, the same increase holds little importance when considering the lower quantile (5th percentile). The indicated effect substantially decreases in the long run, reaching zero across the different quantiles. We also note discrepancies in the impact of energy across various quantile levels. For instance, the effect of population is significant from the 5th to the 90th quintiles. Overall, our findings suggest that enhancing eco-innovation helps reduce environmental transition risk. The results are relevant to the development of environmental policies and provide valuable insights for energy officials, technology stakeholders, and policymakers in their attempts to strengthen resilience during an environmental transition.

Identification of Conflict in Short Story The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell

The title taken in this study is Identification of Conflict in Short Story The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of conflict experienced by the main character in the short story The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell. In this research, the writer started by collecting data by noting things related to the title of this research. The results of the research in the short story The Most Dangerous Game show that conflict plays an important role in human life as a means of changing humans for the better. In this study, there are two conflicts experienced by the main character, namely internal conflict and external conflict, external conflict is divided into two, namely physical conflict and social conflict. The approach used in this study is an objective approach with the research method used is a descriptive qualitative research method which is carried out by describing or giving an overview of the object being studied through the data collected as it is. Keywords: External conflict, Internal conflict, The Most Dangerous Game, Richard Connell

Examining the confluence of climate change and conflicts on agricultural and livestock exports in Somalia

Climate-induced extreme weather events and conflicts are jointly contributing to disruptions in agricultural supply chains and destabilizing global food trade. Since the literature has identified that variations in climatic conditions hamper farming and animal raising, it is necessary to explore the consequences of climate change on crop and livestock exports in order to implement policies that mitigate the exposure and enhance exports. In this context, this study aims to examine the confluence of climate change and conflicts—internal and external—on agricultural and livestock exports in Somalia during 1985–2017. The evidence from the cointegration analysis verified the presence of a consistent long-run cointegration between the variables. The empirical results of the ARDL approach indicate that average rainfall enhances agricultural and livestock exports in Somalia in the short-run and long-run, while mean temperature particularly hampers agricultural exports in the long-run. Despite livestock production was found to be statistically insignificant, crop production positively contributes to agricultural exports. In addition, increases in rural population enhance both export categories in the short-run and long-run. A striking finding from the study indicates that internal and external conflicts decrease crop and animal exports in the long-run, although the coefficients of external conflicts were statistically insignificant. The long-run findings were validated using the FMOLS cointegration approach. Moreover, the causality findings demonstrate a unidirectional causality from agricultural exports to precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and internal conflicts. Furthermore, the study shows that agricultural labor Granger causes farm and livestock exports. To this end, this study recommends policymakers promote product diversification, foster sustainable land management practices, facilitate market access, and invest in resilient farming systems.

„Strategiczny Kompas” Unii Europejskiej. Większe bezpieczeństwo i skuteczniejsza obrona UE – plan działań do 2030 r.

A “STRATEGIC COMPASS” OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. STRENGTHENED SECURITY AND MORE EFFECTIVE DEFENSE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION – THE PLAN OF ACTION UNTIL 2030 The article focuses on the analysis of A Strategic Compass for Security and Defence of European Union adopted on March 2022 with the perspective of its implementation over the next 5-10 years. The return of war in Europe due to Russia’s aggression against the sovereign Ukrainian state accelerated the start of an intense debate in the EU on building common military defense capabilities of the EU member states and strengthening the issue of defending its interests. The EU must develop it to act independently and must draw conclusions from recent crises by reducing “critical dependencies.” Can the Strategic Compass become a response to threats in the new constellation of forces in the international order and thus a real project for building its own strategic power projection in international relations? The expansion of military component of the implementation of security policy should achieve an equivalent level of intervention in relation to the economic and civilian activities implemented so far as a comprehensive EU approach to responding to external conflicts and crisis challenges of the modern world. Should the EU be a global military power? The EU’s four main priority activities within its “strategic compass” were analyzed in detail: acting, securing, investing, partnership with NATO and the UN and with the countries of the global South; the EU’s security in the context of China and Russia; the “Strategic Compass”; and the EU’s taking greater responsibility for its own security and defense on a regional and global scale.

Opting Out of The Maxim in Kung fu Panda 2 Movie: Pragmatics Study

This research aims to identify the types of opting out of maxim strategies and to analyze the reason of conflict found in the Kung Fu Panda 2 movie. This research uses descriptive qualitative method as the purpose of making this research is to analyze the type of opting out strategies and the reason of conflict the use of opting out strategies. The main theory used to identify opting out strategies is taken from Grice (1975) and Perrine (1984:56) in Amanda, A (2017) dealing with reason of conflict. The results type of opting out of the research showed that there were 23 data obtained which respectively consisted of 5 data (22%) on opting out of maxim quantity, 6 data (26%) on opting out of maxim quality, 7 data (31%) on opting out of maxim manner, and 5 data (21,7%) on opting out of maxim relation. Meanwhile, the reason of conflict that influenced the use of opting out strategies consisted of 15 data (65,2%) on internal conflict, 8 data (34,7%) on external conflict. Based on the data obtained above, it could be clearly seen that the most common type of opting out strategies found in Kung Fu Panda 2 movie was opting out of quality (31%) and the most common type of conflict found in the use of opting out strategies was internal conflict (65,2%). Keywords: Conflict, Maxim, Opting Out, Pragmatics Study

Stress and Coping of Self-Quarantined People Focusing on Negative Cases of the Coronavirus Disease: A Qualitative Study

Background: In South Korea, many people have experienced self-quarantine due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This study explored stress, coping, and post-quarantine changes among people who were self-quarantined because of close contact but tested negative for COVID-19 in the early days of the pandemic.Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with four focus groups, each comprising five people. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis.Results: Three categories of stress and coping during self-quarantine and post-quarantine changes emerged. First, the category of content related to stress comprised “problems that are difficult to handle alone.” The subcategories were “painful body and mind,” “the experience of being in a jail without bars,” and “repeated internal and external conflicts.” Second, the category for various stress-coping methods was labeled “struggling my way,” and the subcategories were “coping methods that helped me overcome” and “coping methods that added difficulty.” Finally, the category for changes after self-quarantine was labeled “more mature me.” The subcategories involved “thorough observation of infection prevention measures in daily life,” “living together,” and “a new realization of life.”Conclusions: Our findings contribute toward developing online or offline health programs to help individuals who self-quarantined but tested negative for infectious diseases, allowing them to feel confident to self-quarantine in good health.

소설 「철도원」에 나타난 이항 대립적 구도와 그의미연구

I analyzed the contents of binary confrontational structure in novel 「Railroad Man」 that was written by Asada Jiro had a huge popularity in Japan and Korea, and inferred signification of binary confrontational structure. First, imbalance in development between rural Horomai and urban Beyoro represented necessity of seeking balanced development of the regions. Second, inner conflict and external conflict of Automatsu and the gap between the old and new generations implied that we should promote harmony of personal value and community value for comfortable life of an individual and development of community. Third, contrasting lives of Automatsu and Senji meant that we should recognize and respect persons who contributed to the development of society, and we should think about seriously persons who lived unhappily or were considered the scum of the community. Then the research results indicated the contents of binary confrontational structure were social problems that the Japanese should discuss and mediate to resolve bubble economy and a long term recession. To resolve social problems the Japanese needed to get out of rigid or skewed thinking, figure out confrontational contents in balanced view, and seek coexistence of them.

A Post-Darwinian Fable: Canine Narration in The Call of the Wild

The paper reads Jack London’s The Call of the Wild as a post-Darwinian fable that challenges the anthropomorphism and sentimentality in the notoriously charged genre of the animal fable. London’s post-Darwinian representation of canine narration in an evolutionary continuum seeks to deconstruct the inherent hierarchy embedded in the fable. Through a reconciliation of the animal fable’s internal and external conflict, London aims to draw an ethical critique of amoral aspects of social Darwinism that underlies the American industry culture at the turn of the century. The remapping of humanity/animality, progression/regression, and the society/the wild within a bispecies environment for coevolution embodies London’s endeavor to rescue the reputation of the genre of fable from a conventional naturalist mode. London’s proclaimed vigor and science in the critique of animal fable further aspire to redeem the feminized professionalism of writing.

International Conflict, Border Security, and State Capacity: Case of British India

Abstract The dominant approach to war and state-building attributes state development to wartime growth of extractive capacity. Yet we know little about the administrative foundation through which extractive capacity is increased spatially, beyond the central policy level. Using railways as an example of a state-building asset, I revisit the role of external threat on state-building, with evidence drawing upon detailed historical data from nineteenth-century India during a crucial period of Anglo–Russo rivalry. I find that conflict with Russia led to expansion of railways in the Northwest Frontier bordering Afghanistan, the buffer between British India and Russia, which led to improved performance of local tax administrators. The findings suggest that external conflict promotes state development through provision of logistical networks enabling greater administrative efficiency in geographically distant frontiers.

Exploring Themes, Narrative Progression And Character Development In Hoover’s It Ends With Us: A Pragmatic Analysis

This study examines the impact of speech acts on character development, plot development, and thematic exploration in Hoover's novel It Ends with Us. The research examines how these speech acts shape the narrative and deepen readers' understanding of the characters' internal and external conflicts by utilizing John Searle's taxonomy of illocutionary acts—assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. Commissives highlight promises and commitments central to character motivations, expressives reveal emotional depth, and declarations mark pivotal moments that alter the story's reality. Assertive speech acts reveal characters' beliefs; directives propel the plot through influencing actions. The study emphasizes the significance of expressive speech acts in reinforcing themes of love, resilience, and personal development and revealing the emotions of characters. This study contributes to literary linguistics by [1]demonstrating how speech acts function as essential tools for storytelling and meaning-making in contemporary literature by analyzing the nuanced interactions between language use and narrative construction. The results shed more light on how Hoover's thematic exploration, narrative progression, and character dynamics are influenced by language.

Yoga in Schools: Self-Care for Administrators and Teachers

Since early 20th century, yoga is applied as a therapeutic intervention to provide various psychophysiological benefits. It has been positioned as an effective tool to combat compassion fatigue of professionals. School based yoga is usually integrated in Physical Education curriculum or department. Yoga’s development in China has become the prevalent fitness choice founded by imported knowledge and traditional interpretation of body technique. School administrators can equally have emotional concerns, similar internal struggles and external conflicts with others but minimal literature on self-care is studied about them. The purpose of this study was to assess the yoga in schools and examine the self-care of administrators and supervisors. This study was anchored on Mindful-Based Supervision Framework by Haberlin (2020) which involves Mindful walking, Deep listening, Mindful notetaking, and Meditation. The latter was the focus of the study that uses yoga to achieve self-care among school administrators in China. The study involved mostly male respondents between 31-36 years old with permanent employment as teachers who served as administrators or supervisors for one year. Using quantitative descriptive correlational design, respondents agreed in all attributes in yoga in school such as objectives, content, and impact and occasionally practiced all attributes of self-care in terms of physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, and balanced self-care practices. To strengthen and intensify the yoga program for teachers and school administrators, self-care strategies were recommended to be integrated as the output of the study.