External Conflicts Research Articles

Main Themes and Bibliometric Analysis of Conflict and Climate Change Studies

Climate change, thought to cause significant problems if necessary precautions are not taken, causes droughts and natural disasters to occur frequently and severely. The primary resources required for life, such as water, soil, and food, will decrease in such a situation. It is thought that experiencing tensions dependent on resource scarcity will trigger internal and external conflicts, especially in underdeveloped countries with weak central governments and low income levels. On the other hand, because wars cause the use of large amounts of fossil fuels and firearms, they destroy forests and natural resources and increase carbon dioxide emissions, which are considered the most crucial cause of the climate crisis. In other words, while climate changes trigger wars, unfortunately, wars also increase the climate crisis. Especially when war reaches an existential dimension for countries, the risk of non-compliance with these agreements increases even in states that reshape their energy policies with significant investments to prevent climate change. In this study, we examined the Web of Science (Wos) literature on the relationship between climate change, which is seen as a significant threat to our future, and wars through its main themes and bibliometric indicators. In this study, we examined the Web of Science (Wos) literature on the relationship between climate change, which is seen as a significant threat to our future, and wars through its main themes and bibliometric indicators. Looking at the time series, interest in conflict and climate change studies has increased, and most studies have been done mainly in the field of "environmental sciences and ecology". Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) Topic Modeling was applied to the abstracts downloaded in this study to find the main topics of conflict and climate change studies. So, the main topics were food, politics, migration, carbon emissions, and animals.

Exploring the nexus between natural resources, environmental pollution, external conflicts, financial stability and human development: Evidence from OECD nations

The abundance of natural resources is commonly regarded as a dual-faceted phenomenon, possessing the capacity to either hinder or facilitate the achievement of sustainable human development goals. Moreover, climate change and external conflicts pose severe threats to human development. Hence, this empirical research probes the nexus between natural resources, environmental pollution, financial stability, and human development in the era of conflicts. To do so, this study employed second-generation estimation methods that produce reliable results in the presence of heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence by using the data from OECD countries from 1990 to 2020. The empirical results indicate that abundant natural resources impede human development, which validates the resource curse hypothesis. Environmental degradation is negatively and significantly related to human development while controlling external conflict helps foster human development. The results further indicate that financial stability promotes sustainable development by supporting human development. Drawing upon these findings, policies aimed at fostering sustainable natural resource utilization, mitigating environmental pollution, and minimizing external conflicts are undertaken to advance human development.

CONFLICT IN MICHELLE ZAUNER’S NOVEL CRYING IN H MART: A MEMO

This study analyzes a novel by Michelle Zauner entitled Crying in H Mart: A Memoir. This research focuses on the conflicts that occur to the protagonist, Michelle Zauner. The purpose of this study is to reveal the external and internal conflicts that occur in the novel. The researchers applied descriptive qualitative approach to conduct this research. The descriptive approach means that the data collected is in the form of notes or memos, personal documents, or other official documents. Also, the researchers use the conflict theory described by several experts, such as Stanton, Sayuti, and Nurgiyantoro as a reference for discussion, so that the topic under study runs systematically. For the analysis, it is found that the protagonist in the novel experienced both external and internal conflicts. The external conflicts that occur to Michelle are the difficulty of being mixed-blood and disputes with her father. The internal conflicts occur in the novel due to sadness of her mother's illness and death, and pressure of future dreams.

CONFLICTS IN JENNIFER LEE’S MOVIE SCRIPT FROZEN I

The research deals with an analysis of conflict in Jennifer Lee's movie script, Frozen I, focusing on two topics, the types of conflict and exposing the causes of the conflict. The researchers apply the theory of conflict proposed by Sayuti and Whitfield. This study uses the qualitative method, and the data are analyzed descriptively. Based on the research analysis, the researchers find three results. First, the Frozen I movie script by Jennifer Lee illustrates conflicts and their causes. Second, there are two kinds of conflict in this movie script: internal and external conflict. Internal conflict contains character vs self-conflict. It can be seen in Elsa’s inner turmoil over the power she has, in Elsa's struggle to control her power, and in Elsa's struggle to lower her ego and not hurting the people she loves and the people of Arandelle. External conflict contains character vs character and character vs society. Third, the causes of conflict can be seen when Elsa hurts Anna, when Elsa’s parents die, and when Elsa's power is exposed.

CONFLICT IN KEVIN KWAN'S NOVEL CRAZY RICH ASIANS

The study aims to describe the kinds of conflict and also the factors causing conflict in Kevin Kwan's novel Crazy Rich Asians. It only focuses on kinds of conflict and factors causing conflict in selected characters of the novel. This study used a qualitative method. The data were analyzed descriptively. The data in this study were collected from the novel Crazy Rich Asians by Kevin Kwan. The data were taken by reading and marking words and phrases from the novel, which are related to the study. The data were analyzed from the novel based on the theory and statement of the problem to be analyzed. The results of the analysis obtained from this study have two conclusions. First, the types of conflicts in the novel Crazy Rich Asians, namely internal and external conflict are found in several characters in the novel. Second, the factors that may cause conflict in the novel Crazy Rich Asians are causative factors. These factors are differences between individuals, cultural differences, and differences in interests. The results of this study are expected to provide benefits, understanding, and knowledge in analyzing conflict in a literary work in the form of a novel. The results of this study are also expected to be used as a reference for further research.

A Literature Review Study of the Creative Structure of Oedipus the King

Oedipus the King is one of the three great tragedies of ancient Greece, and Aristotle gave it a high evaluation in his work Poetics. The core of this article is to study the creation structure and plots of Oedipus the King from Aristotles theory of tragedy. This article is divided into three parts: introduction, literature review and conclusion. Through these three parts, the author will summarize the current research status, research views and shortage of Oedipus the King. Through the research, the author finds that Oedipus the King has three main characteristics in the plot: the closed dramatic structure, the application of retrospective method and the perfect use of sudden turn and discovery. In addition, the current scholars research mainly focuses on the external drama conflicts of Oedipus the King, but the internal reasons for the series of action of Oedipus are not studied enough. Therefore, the author believes that only when scholars have a deep understanding of the definition of action in the Poetics can they obtain the creative research results of Oedipus the King.

An Analysis of Conflict of The Main Character in Whiplash Movie by Damien Chazelle

Movie is included in drama as a form of literature. The story is told in the dialogue, the forms of film and drama were identical. In addition, the objective of this study was to examine the conflicts encountered by the main character and to analyze the impacts of these conflicts in the Whiplash movie by Damien Chazelle. The research was supported by Kenney and Aruna's conflict theory. The research used a qualitative approach. The data extracted from the Whiplash movie, including dialogues, sentences, words, and phrases. It was found that there were two types of conflicts experienced by the main character in the Whiplash Movie: internal and external conflicts. Moreover, the study revealed two consequences resulting from these conflicts, both positive and negative impacts were observed. For instance, averts further serious conflict, results in personal communal change, brings two or more parties, always in state of tension, feelings of resentment and hatred escalate, and other relationships also are affected. Furthermore, the study identified psychological and sociological impacts arising from the conflicts faced by the main character, including experiences of trauma, anxiety, and depression. Meanwhile, the sociological conflicts encompassed clashes between individual and authority, as well as issues of competition and collaboration.

Energy consumption and innovation-environmental degradation nexus in BRICS countries: new evidence from NARDL approach using carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions.

The BRICS nations-Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa-have grown significantly in importance over the past few decades, playing a vital role in the development and growth of the global economy. This expansion has not been without cost, either, since these countries' concern over environmental deterioration has risen sharply. Both researchers and decision-makers have focused a lot of attention on the connection between economic growth and ecological sustainability. By using nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach, the complex relationships were analyzed between important economic indicators-such as gross domestic product (GDP), ecological innovations (EI), energy consumption (ENC), institutional performance (IP), and trade openness (TOP)-and their effect on carbon emissions and nitrous oxide emissions in the BRICS countries from 1990 to 2021, this study seeks to contribute to this important dialog. Principal component analysis is formed for technological innovations and institutional performance using six (ICT service exports as a percentage of service exports, computer communications as a percentage of commercial service exports, fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 people, internet users as a percentage of the population, number of patent applications, and R&D expenditures as a percentage of GDP) and twelve (government stability, investment profile, socioeconomic conditions, internal conflict, external conflict, military in politics, control of corruption, religious tensions, ethnic tensions, law and order, bureaucracy quality, and democratic accountability) distinct indicators, respectively. The results of nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag estimation show that increase in economic growth would increase carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. The positive and negative shocks in trade openness have positive and significant impact on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions in BRICS countries. Furthermore, the positive shock energy consumptions have positive and significant effect on Brazil and India when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. However, EKC exists in BRICS countries when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. According to long-term estimation, energy consumption and technological innovations in the BRICS countries show a strong and adverse link with nitrous oxide and a favorable relationship with carbon dioxide emissions. In the long run, environmental indicators are seen to have a major and unfavorable impact in BRICS nations. Finally, it is proposed that BRICS nations can assure environmental sustainability if they support creative activities, enhance their institutions, and support free trade policies.

The Role of Christian Religious Education Teachers in Shaping Student Character Through Peace Education and Conflicts Resolution Among Students

Peace education has emerged as one of the main factors for reducing conflicts among students, although its implementation in various Indonesian schools was limited. This qualitative study incorporated a literature review and aimed to investigate the role of Christian Religious Education (CRE) teachers in addressing conflicts among students by integrating peace education into CRE learning. Data were collected through observation and interviews. The results showed that the likelihood of both internal and external conflicts decreased when the teachers played a good role in educating students. Moreover, peace education constituted a long-term, effective effort against a culture of violence, specifically when implemented at an early age. CRE teachers were crucial in mitigating conflicts, making their promotion of peace education highly valuable in reducing such incidents. Furthermore, peace education is one of the solutions for shaping the character of students who embraced a peace-loving life

Under Five Flags: Miguirditch Gumuchdjian, an Armenian shipowner of Constantinople and London 1900–1932

The shipping interests of Miguirditch Gumuchdjian stemmed from a coal enterprise established in Constantinople in the mid-1890s. A local business partnership operating as coal-mine proprietors and ship owners acquired its first vessel around 1900. From 1902 Gumuchdjian focused on coal importing and shipping, further vessels being acquired or managed under different flags between 1910 and 1914. In the early twentieth century the Turkish coal industry and the prevailing geopolitical situations presented both opportunities and risks. These factors were shaped by external conflicts, demands for independence within the widespread territories of the Ottoman empire, rising Turkish nationalism and the empire’s decline, resulting in the declaration of the Turkish Republic in 1923. The First World War proved eventful, with vessels requisitioned for war service and sunk by Allied naval actions. As an Armenian Christian, Gumuchdjian’s personal situation became difficult, necessitating a temporary relocation to London between 1915 and 1919 and a permanent move in 1923. His London-based shipping and trading business continued until 1932, when financial and management problems led to its closure. These events are examined in relation to the external contexts and the changing fortunes of a small shipping enterprise over more than three decades.

A Collaborative Autoethnography of Emotional Labour and the Role of Compassion in Community-Engaged Participatory Action Research

ABSTRACT Emotional labour (EL) is an integral and inextricable, organic aspect of human interaction and research. This paper offers the reflections of activist researchers on the nuances of EL and compassion when conducting community-engaged participatory action research in low-income settings. The authors employed critical collaborative autoethnography and reflexivity to disentangle their reflections on EL. The results comprise their testimonials (journal entries and reflections), while the discussion focuses on several themes that reflect a rich tapestry of collective experiential learnings and conversations. The EL process manifested the following themes: labour of love, looking inward: reflections of disquietude; internal and external conflict, emotional engagement and human loss; and emotional labour. The authors recognise that EL must transcend privilege, positionality and power dynamics, and that researchers must espouse compassion, empathy, mindfulness and active listening when interacting with individuals in an organisation and/or with community members. This recognition may promote solace, humaneness and efficiency when expanding EL within the context of community-engaged participatory action research.

HOW CAN PAKISTAN RECOVER FROM ITS ECONOMIC CRISIS

This research paper throws light on the economic crisis and the period of depression currently going on in Pakistan. How did Pakistan go from being one of the best performers in the Asian Economy to becoming the worst economy in the world? How did Pakistan accumulate a total debt of PKR 55 trillion from loans and where were the areas where the Pakistani Government made mistakes? The paper also focuses on some of the aspects other than the economic front like the political instability, climate issues and external conflicts which led Pakistan to this period of depression. Also, the paper tries to suggest some key solutions which can be taken to revive the economy so that it can grow once again.

On the Link Between FDI, Political Risk and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Panel VAR Approach

This study looks at how foreign direct investment from other countries helps grow economies in Sub-Saharan Africa. But it not just about Foreign direct investment; the quality of institution in those countries also play a big role. We're exploring how foreign direct investment, political risks, and economic growth all connect. Using a Panel Vector Auto-Regressive (PVAR) approach with a sample of 28 sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1996–2016, the empirical results reveal that FDI positively relates to internal conflicts and political stability in Sub-Saharan African countries. However, the effects of economic growth and external conflicts are negative and significant. In addition, FDI and internal and external conflicts affect positively and significantly economic growth. However, the effect of political stability on economic growth is negative and significant. On the other hand, the interaction between foreign direct investment and political stability is negative and insignificant. Finally, the internal and external conflicts are negatively affected by foreign direct investment, yet they are positively influenced by political stability. These findings have important policy implications. If Sub-Saharan Africa is to realize its economic growth agenda, policymakers should promote FDI inflows to sub-Saharan African countries by improving their institutional quality by boosting political stability and reducing internal and external conflicts.

Current Approaches in the Multimodal Management of Asthma in Adolescents-From Pharmacology to Personalized Therapy.

Asthma and adolescence are two sensitive points and are difficult to manage when they coexist. The first is a chronic respiratory condition, with frequent onset in early childhood (between 3 and 5 years), which can improve or worsen with age. Adolescence is the period between childhood and adulthood (12-19 years), marked by various internal and external conflicts and a limited capacity to understand and accept any aspect that is delimited by the pattern of the social circle (of the entourage) frequented by the individual. Therefore, the clinician is faced with multiple attempts regarding the management of asthma encountered during the adolescent period, starting from the individualization of the therapy to the control of compliance (which depends equally on the adverse reactions, quality of life offered and support of the close circle) and the social integration of the subject, communication probably having a more important role in the monitoring and evolution of the condition than the preference for a certain therapeutic scheme. Current statistics draw attention to the increase in morbidity and mortality among children with bronchial asthma, an aspect demonstrated by the numerous hospitalizations recorded, due either to an escalation in the severity of this pathology or to faulty management. The purpose of this article is to review the delicate aspects in terms of controlling symptoms and maintaining a high quality of life among teenagers.

ANALISIS KONFLIK BATIN TOKOH UTAMA DALAM NOVEL REMBULAN TENGGELAM DI WAJAHMU MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN PSIKOLOGI SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PEMBELAJARAN SASTRA DI SMA

The purpose of this study is to describe the intrinsic elements in the novel Rembulan Sinking di TFacemu by Tere Liye. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive with a structural approach. Data collection techniques used include recording and reading techniques, as well as documentation. The results of the study are, (1) the intrinsic elements contained in Tere Liye's novel The Moon Sinks in Your Face include theme, plot (early stage, middle stage, and final stage, setting (place, time, and atmosphere), characters and characterizations, point of view (third person), and language style (sarcasm, hyperbole, personification, metaphor, simile, parallelism, allegory, metonymy, and repetition), (2) the conflicts of characters contained in the novel Rembulan Sinking di TFacemu by Tere Liye include inner conflicts and physical conflicts, as well as internal conflicts and external conflicts.

Pakistan in 2023: On the Brink of a Full-Blown Crisis

Pakistan continues to face multiple sources of internal and external conflicts. Its all-powerful military is engaged in a subterranean battle to maintain its power. Economically, the country persisted in troubled waters as it has been for most of its recent history. In domestic politics, the failed experiment of a hybrid regime under Ex-Prime Minister Imran Khan forced the military to part ways with Mr Khan and install a coalition government of 13 political parties through a no-confidence vote in parliament in April 2022. Mr Khan’s political party is facing a severe crackdown in Pakistan after he accused the powerful military of his ouster from power. At the regional level, a favourable outcome in Afghanistan in the shape of the Taliban’s takeover has not yielded any significant positive results for Pakistan. After concluding the Afghan conflict on a favourable note, paradoxically, the military establishment hints at a desire to shift away from geo-security to geo-economics in its foreign policy goals. At the extra-regional level, the military is walking a tightrope to balance its ties between the USA and China to offset any adverse consequences arising from its strategic partnerships with China over China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). In this article, we explain a series of issues confronting Pakistan currently—including a deep economic crisis, political paralysis, and a resurgent terror threat—focusing on the military’s ambitions in the region and beyond.

The Cultural Determinants of FDI Inflows in Tourism: Global Evidence

This study analyses the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI inflows in tourism with an emphasis on the cultural determinants for a global sample of countries. More specifically, we examine the role of the presence of UNESCO heritage sites as a factor of tourism FDI. The results show that the recognition of UNESCO heritage sites, along with domestic tourism demand are leading factors of tourism FDI. In addition, we document some interesting findings regarding the traditional determinants of tourism FDI. Economic growth, trade openness, and depreciation of the domestic currency are found to have a positive impact, while labor force participation rate, and agricultural share in total output have a negative impact. The study also documents detailed effects of various aspects of institutional quality on tourism FDI. We find a rich set of results, including a positive impact by better government stability, voice, and accountability, and low risk of external conflict, and mixed effects by the other aspects of institutional quality. The results imply that FDI inflows in tourism reflect both common FDI features and tourism-specific FDI motivations.

Digital economy, resource richness, external conflicts, and ecological footprint: Evidence from emerging countries

The overexploitation and unsustainable utilization of important natural resources owing to economic progress have accelerated the negative externalities of overwhelming consumption leading to massive increases in ecological footprint. In addition, the situation of increasing conflicts poses severe challenges, such as energy insecurity, increased fossil fuel use, and environmental unsustainability. However, the transformation of energy systems and economic processes by stimulating clean energy utilization and supporting the process of digitalization may influence resource usage and environmental footprints. Accordingly, this study investigates the impact of natural resources, digital economy and clean energy on ecological footprint in emerging countries from 2003 to 2018 by including external conflicts in the model. The Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) method is employed which produces panel estimates robust to cross-sectional dependence (CSD) and slope heterogeneity. The empirical results indicate that natural resources expand footprints in emerging economies and pose serious threats to ecological quality. However, the digital economy and clean energy help to reduce ecological footprint. In addition, decreasing conflicts curtail ecological footprint while economic progress worsens environmental quality. Based on these estimates, comprehensive policies for energy transition, sustainable natural resource use, and digitalization are directed to support environmental quality.

CONFLICT AND MORALITY OF CHARACTERS IN NOVEL

This study aims to describe the conflict and morality contained in the novel Rumahtanpa Jendela by Asma Nadia. The theory used is the opinion put forward by Ahadiat(2017) on the theory of ”Language Style”, Nurgiyantoro (2013) on ”The Meaning ofNovels”, Nuriyatin (2016) on ”Conflict”, and Putra (2021) on ”Moral Values”. This type ofresearch is a qualitative research using descriptive method. Based on data analysis,the characters in the novel Rumah tanpa Jendela by Asma Nadia experienced internalconflict consisting of 25 data and experienced external conflict consisting of 25 data.Based on the amount of data on internal conflict and external conflict, it is found that theconflict is equally dominant, because the amount of data shows the balance betweeninternal conflict and external conflict contained in the novel Rumah tanpa Jendela byAsma Nadia. Moral values in the novel Rumah tanpa Jendela by Asma Nadia, thereare good values and bad values. Good value is found in the character Rara who nevergives up in realizing her dreams, so that Rara can finally realize the dream that Raracontemplates every day. While bad scores were found in the characters of Abah andUmmi Alia who forced their will without thinking about Alia’s feelings, and bad scoreswere also found in the characters of Bude Asih who initially worked as prostitutes.From these results it can be concluded that there are 21 characters in the novel Rumahtanpa Jendela by Asma Nadia, but only 8 characters have conflict and morality. Themost dominant conflict is found in the main character, namely Rara which consistsof 26 data, while the most dominant moral value is good value which consists of 31 data.
 Keywords: conflict, morality, character, novel, rumah , tanpa jendela

Analisis Tokoh dan Latar Belakang Terjadinya Konflik dalam Novel Kudasai Karya Brian Khrisna

<p><em>This study aims to: 1 Know the analysis of the characters contained in the novel Kudasai by Brian Khrisna. 2. Describe the conflicts that occur in the novel Kudasai by Brian Krishna. The method used in this research is descriptive method. This method is used to analyze the characters and conflicts in the novel Kudasai by Brian Krishna. The results of the analysis show that the main character in the story is Chaka and additional characters Twindy, Anet, Romi, Deni, Ryan, Dimas who are the supporters of the story. To describe the conflict problems contained in the novel using data based on quotations that contain internal and external conflicts. The results of the conflict research show that internal conflicts in the novel Kudasai consist of: nervous feelings, forced feelings, feelings of love or affection, feelings of suspicion, feelings of anger, feelings of fear, feelings of guilt, feelings of anxiety, feelings of disappointment, feelings of sadness, feelings of hatred, and feelings upset, and external conflicts include physical conflicts and social conflicts.</em></p><strong><em>Keywords </em></strong><em>: Novel, Character, Conflict</em>