External Causes Research Articles

Preventing open innovation failures: A managerial framework

Open Innovation (OI) is an increasingly popular approach that companies adopt to remain competitive. However, the challenges and complexities entailed by the OI should not be underestimated. These could lead to OI failures and strong negative repercussions for the company. Despite this, literature on the causes of failure of OI is still in its infancy, and results are scattered and fragmented. In this study we perform a systematic bibliometric review of the literature on the causes of failure of OI, to analyse its evolution and to provide a framework to help managers understand and prevent OI failures. We identify ten categories of causes of OI failure to be included in a seven-components framework. This adopts the perspective of the firm and investigates both internal and external causes of failure. Internal components include strategy, business organization, knowledge and Intellectual Property (IP) management, management, and resources. External components discuss the causes of failure related to inter-firm collaboration and the influence of environmental factors. Finally, by leveraging the results of the review activity, we provide some interesting suggestions for future research.

Association of substance use and other psychiatric disorders with all-cause and external-cause mortality in individuals given community sentences in Sweden: a national cohort study

Consistently high rates of premature mortality have been reported in individuals who receive community sentences. However, few studies have explored potential modifiable risk factors for these rates, particularly mental health. We examined the association of substance use and other psychiatric disorders with all-cause and external-cause mortality in individuals convicted of a criminal offence and given a community sentence. We did a longitudinal cohort study of 109,751 individuals given community sentences in Sweden using population-based registers. We calculated mortality rates for all-cause and external-cause mortality, hazard ratios for the association between psychiatric disorders and mortality, and population attributable fractions to quantify the contribution of psychiatric disorders to mortality risk. During the follow-up, 5749 (5.2%) individuals died, including 2709 (2.5%) from external causes. Individuals with pre-existing substance use and other psychiatric disorders had an increased mortality risk from any cause (aHR=2.28 [95% CI 2.15-2.42]) and from external causes (3.11 [2.85-3.40]) compared to individuals without known psychiatric or substance use disorders. Suicide was the most common cause of death in younger persons. In individuals given community sentences, substance use and other psychiatric disorders were associated with an increased risk of premature death with suicide being the leading cause of death. Community supervision represents an opportunity to provide sentenced individuals with access to evidence-based treatment targeting substance misuse and psychiatric disorders to prevent potentially preventable deaths. Wellcome Trust.

Tinjauan Ketepatan Kode Diagnosa dan External Cause Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas di IGD RSIJ Pondok Kopi

Codification is the activity of classifying diseases based on certain criteria. Coding of disease diagnoses according to ICD-10 rules. One form of classification coding is using External Cause, which is a code used to classify the external cause of a disease caused by accidents, injuries, poisoning, burns, or side effects of drugs. This study was conducted at the Emergency Department of the Jakarta Islamic Hospital Pondok Kopi with the aim of the study to determine the percentage of accuracy of diagnosis and external cause codes and identify SPO related to classification coding. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method, with the technique of taking total sampling or saturated samples on 66 medical records for the period July 2022. The results of the research obtained with 66 samples related to traffic accident patients. Obtained the results of the accuracy of 66 appropriate injury diagnosis codes (100%) and 0 inappropriate (0%). The results of the accuracy of the external cause code obtained 66 (0%) external cause codes cannot be assessed because external cause coding activities have not been carried out. Only have SPO specifically for coding diagnoses in general, SPO specifically for external causes is not yet available. Of the 5 inhibiting factors studied, 3 inhibiting factors were obtained that caused the inaccuracy of external cause coding, namely Man, Money, and Material.

Contributions of the life expectancy gap reduction between urban and rural areas to the increase in overall life expectancy in South Korea from 2000 to 2019

BackgroundThis study aimed to quantify the contribution of narrowing the life expectancy gap between urban and rural areas to the overall life expectancy at birth in Korea and examine the age and death cause-specific contribution to changes in the life expectancy gap between urban and rural areas.MethodsWe used the registration population and death statistics from Statistics Korea from 2000 to 2019. Assuming two hypothetical scenarios, namely, the same age-specific mortality change rate in urban and rural areas and a 20% faster decline than the observed decline rate in rural areas, we compared the increase in life expectancy with the actual increase. Changes in the life expectancy gap between urban and rural areas were decomposed into age- and cause-specific contributions.ResultsRural disadvantages of life expectancy were evident. However, life expectancies in rural areas increased more rapidly than in urban areas. Life expectancy would have increased 0.3–0.5 less if the decline rate of age-specific mortality in small-to-middle urban and rural areas were the same as that of large urban areas. Life expectancy would have increased 0.7–0.9 years further if the decline rate of age-specific mortality in small-to-middle urban and rural areas had been 20% higher. The age groups 15–39 and 40–64, and chronic diseases, such as neoplasms and diseases of the digestive system, and external causes significantly contributed to narrowing the life expectancy gap between urban and rural areas.ConclusionPro-health equity interventions would be a good strategy to reduce the life expectancy gap and increase overall life expectancy, particularly in societies where life expectancies have already increased.

Sex differences in cause-specific mortality: regional trends in seven European countries, 1996-2019.

Male excess mortality is mostly related to non-biological factors, and is thus of high social- and health-policy concern. Previous research has mainly focused on national patterns, while subnational disparities have been less in the focus. This study takes a spatial perspective on subnational patterns, covering seven European countries at the crossroad between Eastern and Western Europe. We analyze a newly gathered spatially detailed data resource comprising 228 regions with well-established demographic methods to assess the contribution of specific causes of death to the evolution of sex mortality differentials (SMDs) since the mid-1990s. Our results show that declines in SMDs were mostly driven by a reduction of male excess mortality from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms (about 50-60% and 20-30%, respectively). In Western Europe, trends in deaths from neoplasms contributed more to the reduction of SMDs, while among regions located in Eastern-Central Europe narrowing SMDs were mostly driven by changes in cardiovascular disease-related deaths. Moreover, men show up to three times higher mortality levels from external causes as compared to women in several analyzed regions. But in absolute terms, external deaths play only a minor role in explaining SMDs due to their small contribution to overall mortality. We conclude that examining the regional development of SMDs is useful for introducing targeted social and health policies in order to reduce and prevent mortality inequalities between women and men.

Intentional Self-Harm Among US Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Retrospective Cohort Study From 2008 to 2017.

Veterans with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be at increased risk of suicide attempts and other forms of intentional self-harm as compared to veterans without TBI or PTSD. Using administrative data from the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA), we studied associations between TBI and PTSD diagnoses, and subsequent diagnoses of intentional self-harm among US veterans who used VHA health care between 2008 and 2017. All veterans with encounters or hospitalizations for intentional self-harm were assigned "index dates" corresponding to the date of the first related visit; among those without intentional self-harm, we randomly selected a date from among the veteran's health care encounters to match the distribution of case index dates over the 10-year period. We then examined the prevalence of TBI and PTSD diagnoses within the 5-year period prior to veterans' index dates. TBI, PTSD, and intentional self-harm were identified using International Classification of Diseases diagnosis and external cause of injury codes from inpatient and outpatient VHA encounters. We stratified analyses by veterans' average yearly VHA utilization in the 5-year period before their index date (low, medium, or high). Variations in prevalence and odds of intentional self-harm diagnoses were compared by veterans' prior TBI and PTSD diagnosis status (TBI only, PTSD only, and comorbid TBI/PTSD) for each VHA utilization stratum. Multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, marital status, Department of Veterans Affairs service-connection status, and Charlson Comorbidity Index scores. About 6.7 million veterans with at least two VHA visits in the 5-year period before their index dates were included in the analyses; 86,644 had at least one intentional self-harm diagnosis during the study period. During the periods prior to veterans' index dates, 93,866 were diagnosed with TBI only; 892,420 with PTSD only; and 102,549 with comorbid TBI/PTSD. Across all three VHA utilization strata, the prevalence of intentional self-harm diagnoses was higher among veterans diagnosed with TBI, PTSD, or TBI/PTSD than among veterans with neither diagnosis. The observed difference was most pronounced among veterans in the high VHA utilization stratum. The prevalence of intentional self-harm was six times higher among those with comorbid TBI/PTSD (6778/58,295, 11.63%) than among veterans with neither TBI nor PTSD (21,979/1,144,991, 1.92%). Adjusted odds ratios suggested that, after accounting for potential confounders, veterans with TBI, PTSD, or comorbid TBI/PTSD had higher odds of self-harm compared to veterans without these diagnoses. Among veterans with high VHA utilization, those with comorbid TBI/PTSD were 4.26 (95% CI 4.15-4.38) times more likely to receive diagnoses for intentional self-harm than veterans with neither diagnosis. This pattern was similar for veterans with low and medium VHA utilization. Veterans with TBI and/or PTSD diagnoses, compared to those with neither diagnosis, were substantially more likely to be subsequently diagnosed with intentional self-harm between 2008 and 2017. These associations were most pronounced among veterans who used VHA health care most frequently. These findings suggest a need for suicide prevention efforts targeted at veterans with these diagnoses.

HIV-mortality trends in the regions of Russian Federation

Background. In the beginning of 2000s infectious mortality in Russian regions was predominantly determined by socially significant diseases i.e. TB, hepatitis and HIV. Over 20-year period contribution of HIV to mortality within the class «Certain infectious and parasitic diseases» increased multi-fold and it moved to the top of ranking. According to experts’ opinion, accelerated increase of mortality from HIV in the second decade of XXI century was partly conditioned by peculiarities of registration of death causes as well as insufficient antiretroviral coverage in Russian regions.Objective. Identification of trends and features of the dynamics of mortality from HIV/AIDS in certain age groups in the subjects of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. Analysis of mortality indicators in Russian regions was conducted using official statistics of Rosstat and Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare for 2000–2021. Method of direct ranking was applied to analyze mortality from HIV-associated causes.Results and discussion. According to official statistics, mortality from HIV-associated causes has reached its peak values in 2018. Analysis of gender differences shows that mortality in males is twice higher than in females. There are substantial differences in regional levels of mortality from HIV-associated causes. The highest mortality levels from those causes were registered in several regions of Siberia and Urals.Conclusion. The study results show that Kemerovo region is the most unfavourable in terms of HIV-mortality. In 2021, the indicator estimated 50.4 per 100,000 that is nearly 5-fold higher than the country’s average. The number of HIV deaths in Kemerovo region was higher than cumulative number of deaths from external causes (alcohol poisonings, suicides, homicides, drownings and transport injuries). High levels of mortality from HIV were also registered in Perm territory (32.3), Irkutsk (32.2), Novosibirsk (27.5) and Sverdlovsk (26.4) regions.

The Influence of Financial Literacy and Personal Financial Attitude on Financial Behavior with Lifestyle as an Intervening Variable on Productive Generation Y in Medan City

Every person has unique financial habits shaped by internal and external causes. A person’s financial behaviour depends on their financial expertise. This study examines how financial education and attitudes towards money affect the financial decisions of productive Generation Y residents in Medan City. The lifestyle intermediate function in this link is also investigated in this research. Quantitative research approaches, such as surveys, are used in this study. Data processing was done using clever PLS software on 96 individuals. Data analysis methods including path analysis, PLS, and mediation effect analysis are popular. The research shows that financial knowledge strongly impacts lifestyle choices. Financial behaviour is heavily influenced by personal finance views. One's lifestyle is shaped by their financial views. Additionally, lifestyle might affect financial behaviour. This study also analyses how financial literacy and personal financial views affect financial behaviour and management, with lifestyle as a mediating component.

Non-lethal suicidal behavior in university students of Spain during COVID-19.

Suicide is the fourth external cause of death in the world, in persons between the ages of l5 and 29. The objectives of this study were to measure the prevalence of suicidal behavior in university students and analyze the relationship of suicide risk with psychological distress, resilience, and family and social support. An observational and transversal study wherein the students at the University of Malaga (Spain) completed an online questionnaire which included items from different scales, sociodemographic and academic questions, and the subjective impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive analyses and prevalence rates of suicidal behavior were calculated, and bivariate analyses, multiple linear regression, and a mediation and moderation analyses were conducted. A total of 2,212 students completed the questionnaire. The prevalence of the last 6 months was 30.4% wishing for death, 14.7% suicidal ideation, 5% self-harm injuries, and 0.5% suicide attempts. Psychological distress, family and social support were linked to the risk of suicide. Lastly, resilience and family support measure and moderate the relation between psychological stress and suicide risk. Psychological distress is a risk factor for suicidal behavior, while resilience and family and social support are linked to a lower risk of suicide.

Psychiatric disorders among adult deliberate self-harm patients and subsequent risk of dying by suicide, mental and behavioural disorders and other external causes

IntroductionDeliberate self-harm (DSH) treated in general hospital is a well-established risk factor for suicide and other cause mortality. However, few studies have used population data to investigate the differential impact of specific psychiatric disorders on the risk of subsequent suicide, by sex and age of the patient in the context of previous DSH episodes. MethodAll patients aged 18 and older treated for DSH in general hospitals during the period 2008–2018 were identified through national registers. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to ascertain the associated risk of death by suicide, mental and behavioural disorder and other external causes. ResultsThe cohort consisted of 39 479 patients of which 878 died by suicide, 461 by mental and behavioural disorders and 1037 by other external causes. Overall, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, affective disorders and personality disorders increased the risk of suicide. Large gender and age differences were identified in the risk of suicide associated with personality disorders and affective disorders. Alcohol use disorders and dementia increased the risk of dying by mental and behavioural disorders and alcohol use disorders and other substance use disorders increased the risk of death by external causes. ConclusionSchizophrenia spectrum disorders, affective disorders and personality disorders increased the risk of suicide among DSH patients, but the effect varied by gender, age and history of previous DSH. Psychiatric evaluation of all DSH patients and treatment tailored to the patient's specific needs is essential to reduce the risk of premature death.

Effect of renal tubular damage on non-cancer mortality in the general Japanese population living in cadmium non-polluted areas.

This study aimed to clarify the cause-effect relationship between renal tubular damage and non-cancer mortality in the general Japanese population. We conducted a 19-year cohort study including 1110 men and 1,03 women who lived in three cadmium-non-polluted areas in 1993 or 1994. Mortality risk ratios based on urinary β2-microglobulin (β2MG) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) concentrations were estimated for specific non-cancer diseases using the Fine and Gray competing risks regression model. In men, continuous urinary NAG (+1 μg/g cre) concentrations were significantly correlated with increased mortality caused by diseases of the respiratory system (hazard ratio (HR): 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.15). Urinary β2MG (+100 μg/g cre) concentrations were significantly correlated with increased mortalities caused by kidney and urinary tract diseases (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03), renal diseases (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03), renal failure (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03), and external causes of mortality (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.02). In women, urinary NAG (+1 μg/g cre) concentrations were significantly associated with increased mortality caused by ischemic heart diseases (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04) and kidney and urinary tract diseases (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04). Urinary β2MG (+100 μg/g cre) concentrations were significantly correlated with increased mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases (HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.02), ischemic heart diseases (HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.02), and kidney and urinary tract diseases (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03). The present study indicates that renal tubular damage was significantly related to several non-cancer disease causes of mortality in Japan's general population living in cadmium-non-polluted areas.

The role of medicinal plants in rheumatoid arthritis-an updated review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating, persistent autoimmune condition that affects by a variety of endogenous and external causes. It is distinguished by cartilage and bone deterioration. The present traditional allopathic treatment is costly and has negative side effects. Recently, some ethnopharmacological research on RA was published, including anti-RA properties and therapeutic targets of various dosage forms of Traditional Herbal Treatments (THMs). Given the increased herbalists' interest medicines among people suffers from rheumatoid arthritis, further research into their safety and efficacy is needed. The goal of this research was to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the evidence based on the use of herbal medications in the treatment of RA Randomised Clinical Trials (RCTs).Different chemical ingredients discovered in various herbal treatments have modest support for lowering pain, sensitive joint count, and stiffness. Herbal remedies were generally considered safe to use. More study is required to evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and potential medication interactions of the numerous herbal remedies advocated for RA.

Weekly pattern of alcohol-attributable male mortality before and after imposing limits on hours of alcohol sale in Lithuania in 2018.

From 1 January 2018, the number of retail hours for the sale of alcohol was reduced from 14 to 5 hours on Sundays and from 14 to 10 hours on the other days of the week in Lithuania. The significant reduction of hours for the sale of alcohol on Sundays may have affected the distribution of alcohol-attributable deaths during the week. This study aimed to examine the change in the weekly pattern of alcohol-attributable male mortality before and after imposing limits on the hours when alcohol can be sold. Age-standardised male death rates by days of the week were calculated for four groups according to cause of death: alcohol poisoning (X45), all external causes of death (V01-Y98), diseases of the circulatory system (I00-I99) and all other causes of death. We compared age-standardised death rates for two periods: before (2015-2017) and after (2018-2019) the intervention. Mortality and population data were obtained from the Lithuanian Institute of Hygiene and Human Mortality Database. We found that during 2018-2019, earlier observed peak in age-standardised death rates for external causes of death on Sunday diminished, and this day no longer differed from the weekly average. The same tendency was also observed for the Monday excess mortality due to circulatory diseases. The reduction of the hours when alcohol can be sold from the beginning of 2018 was associated with a change in a weekly pattern of alcohol-attributable male mortality. However, more studies are needed to examine the causes of the change in mortality pattern.

Trends in Mortality From Poisonings, Firearms, and All Other Injuries by Intent in the US, 1999-2020

Although deaths due to external causes are a leading cause of mortality in the US, trends over time by intent and demographic characteristics remain poorly understood. To examine national trends in mortality rates due to external causes from 1999 to 2020 by intent (homicide, suicide, unintentional, and undetermined) and demographic characteristics. External causes were defined as poisonings (eg, drug overdose), firearms, and all other injuries, including motor vehicle injuries and falls. Given the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic, US death rates for 2019 and 2020 were also compared. Serial cross-sectional study using national death certificate data obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics and including all external causes of 3 813 894 deaths among individuals aged 20 years or older from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2020. Data analysis was conducted from January 20, 2022, to February 5, 2023. Age, sex, and race and ethnicity. Trends in age-standardized mortality rates and average annual percentage change (AAPC) in rates calculated by intent (suicide, homicide, unintentional, and undetermined), age, sex, and race and ethnicity for each external cause. Between 1999 and 2020, there were 3 813 894 deaths due to external causes in the US. From 1999 to 2020, poisoning death rates increased annually (AAPC, 7.0%; 95% CI, 5.4%-8.7%). From 2014 to 2020, poisoning death rates increased the most among men (APC, 10.8%; 95% CI, 7.7%-14.0%). During the study period, poisoning death rates increased in all the racial and ethnic groups examined; the most rapid increase was among American Indian and Alaska Native individuals (AAPC, 9.2%; 95% CI, 7.4%-10.9%). During the study period, death rates for unintentional poisoning had the most rapid rate of increase (AAPC, 8.1%; 95% CI, 7.4%-8.9%). From 1999 to 2020, firearm death rates increased (AAPC, 1.1%; 95% CI, 0.7%-1.5%). From 2013 to 2020, firearm mortality increased by an average of 4.7% annually (95% CI, 2.9%-6.5%) among individuals aged 20 to 39 years. From 2014 to 2020, mortality from firearm homicides increased by an average of 6.9% annually (95% CI, 3.5%-10.4%). From 2019 to 2020, mortality rates from external causes accelerated further, largely from increases in unintentional poisoning, and homicide due to firearms and all other injuries. Results of this cross-sectional study suggest that from 1999 to 2020, death rates due to poisonings, firearms, and all other injuries increased substantially in the US. The rapid increase in deaths due to unintentional poisonings and firearm homicides is a national emergency that requires urgent public health interventions at the local and national levels.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ В ЧУКОТСКОМ АВТОНОМНОМ ОКРУГЕ

Current: a comparative analysis of demographic processes in the Arctic regions of Russia adjacent to the Northern Sea Route allows us to determine the main areas of improvement and development. The aim of this study was estimation of demographic prospects of the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug based on the results of the analysis of birth and death rates. Materials and methods: The main demographic indicators in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug from 2012 to 2022 were analyzed. A dynamic observation was carried out, as well as a comparison with the average statistical values for the Russian Federation. The main source of information was the database sites of the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System and the Federal State Statistics Service. The results of the study and their discussion. During the last 20 years, there has been a downward trend in the population. In the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, despite the relatively high birth rate, the population decline is at a fairly high level in comparison with the data on average for the Russian Federation. It is associated with the migration outflow of the population, high morbidity and mortality from various causes. One should pay special attention to the mortality rate in working age; in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug it is much higher than the average in Russia. The peak of mortality in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug was observed from 2017 to 2019. Significant demographic losses are also caused by high mortality from tuberculosis, sudden external causes (suicide, murder). The main factors adversely affecting demographic indicators are the peculiarities of behavior mainly associated with alcoholism, as well as a decrease in the social, physical and psychological well-being of the population of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Conclusion. The high and long-lasting infant mortality rate in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in comparison with that in the Russian Federation requires a thorough study of the causes and the development of programs to improve the situation in the region.

External causes of emergency department presentations: A missing piece to understanding unintentional childhood injury in Australia.

To identify external causes of unintentional childhood injury presenting to Australian EDs. Six major paediatric hospitals in four Australian states supplied de-identified ED data for 2011-2017 on age, sex, attendance time/date, presenting problem, injury diagnosis, triage category and mode of separation. Three hospitals supplied data on external cause and intent of injury. A machine classifier tool was used to supplement the missing external cause coding in the remaining hospitals to enable the compilation of a standardised dataset for childhood injury causes analysis. A total of 486 762 ED presentations for unintentional injury in children aged 0-14 years were analysed. The leading specified cause of ED presentations was low fall (35.0%) followed by struck/collision with an object (13.8%) with little sex difference observed. Males aged 10-14 years had higher rates of motorcycle, pedal cycle and fire/flame-related injury and lower rates of horse-related injury and drug/medicinal substance poisoning compared with females. The leading specified external cause resulting in hospitalisation was low fall (32.2%) followed by struck/collision with an object (11.1%). The injuries with the highest proportion of children being hospitalised were drownings (64.4%), pedestrian (53.4%), motorcycle (52.7%) and horse-related injuries (50.0%). This is the first large-scale study since the 1980s to explore external causes of unintentional childhood injury presenting to Australian paediatric EDs. It demonstrates a hybrid human-machine learning approach to create a standardised database to overcome data deficiencies. The results supplement existing knowledge of hospitalised paediatric injury to better understand the causes of childhood injury by age and sex, which require health service utilisation.

Complex Sex Differences in Life Expectancy in French Guiana.

In the complex context of French Guiana, different vulnerabilities and different risk factors between genders may lead to complex differences in health outcomes, mortality, and life expectancy. Our aim was, thus, to compare male and female mortality and life expectancy, to compare it between French Guiana and mainland France, and to look at temporal trends and the main specific causes of death in order to identify actionable singularities. National databases were used to obtain life expectancy at birth, at 20, 40, and 60 years, and mortality statistics. Standardized death rates and causes of death for French Guiana and mainland France were obtained through the CEPIDC, which analyzes information from death certificates. When comparing with mainland France, life expectancy at birth was significantly shorter both in males and females (mean = -2.9 years); life expectancy at 20 years, which allows to remove the effect of the greater child mortality in French Guiana, was also shorter in French Guiana for males (mean = -1.8 years) and females (mean = -2 years). The differences between mainland France and French Guiana regarding life expectancy at 40 and 60 years (mean = -1.5 and -1.3 years) was mainly found among females, males in French Guiana life expectancy at 40 and 60 years was closer to that in mainland France (mean = -0.8 and -0.6 years). Although they have a greater life expectancy at birth than men, women in French Guiana are substantially more affected by overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes. The observed patterns of life expectancy at different ages presumably reflect the burden of external causes and AIDS in males and perhaps metabolic diseases in women.

Parental burnout, depression and emotional development of the preschoolers.

Parental burnout is becoming more and more prevalent in the world, mainly incultures with high demands towards parents. Parental burnout is distinctive from depression and might have its unique influence on child development, which isunder current international research. This work contributes to the understanding of parental burnout, maternal depression and child emotional development(specifically emotion comprehension) interrelations. Additionally, we explored whether there are differences in the effects of parental burnout and depressionon boys and girls. To analyse the emotional development of the preschoolers, the Russian version of the Test of Emotional Comprehension (TEC) was used. We used the Russian version of the Parental Burnout Inventory (PBI) to analyse the level of PB and the Russian version of Beck depression Inventory (BDI) to assess participants' depression level. Parental burnout positively correlates with child emotional comprehension skills, specifically understanding of external causes (B = 0.20, CI: 0.03; 0.37) and mental causes of emotions (B = 0.22, CI: 0.05; 0.40). This effect is gender dependent and is significantlyhigher for girls (B = 0.54, CI: 0.09; 0.98). The effect of maternal depression on emotion comprehension skills is also gender dependent: total scores on emotioncomprehension tasks are significantly higher for daughters of mothers with depression (B = 0.59, CI: 0.001; 1.18). Maternal depression and parental burnout might provoke development of extra sensitivity and self-regulation strategies in girls.

Primary Diagnosis and Length of Hospital Stay of Person with Parkinson’s Disease in a Teaching Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, chronic neurodegenerative condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality, specially more prevalent at age 65 years and above. Hence, an increase in life expectancy will also result in an increased prevalence of PD. Most of the PD management was done in outpatient settings. However, complications related to the disease progression may warrant admission. The study was done to determine the primary diagnosis and length of hospital stay of person with Parkinson’s (PwP) in a teaching hospital in Malaysia from 2010 to 2020. Data from the hospital information system, including patients’ diagnoses coded according to ICD-10, were used in the study. According to a study of 1587 patients, only 10.0% of PwP were primarily diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, with a median length of stay of four days. 'Chapter X: Disease of the Respiratory System' was the most common among PwP which was not primarily diagnosed with PD. Four disease categories; 'Chapter I: Certain infectious and parasitic disease', 'Chapter V: Mental and behavioral disorders', 'Chapter XII: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue' and 'Chapter XIX: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external cause’ are the diseases' that predicted to have a length of stay of more than 18 days. In conclusion, earlier detection of the disease complications may prevent hospitalisation, which may save a lot of hospital resources.

Analysis of the Causes and Modern Methods to Combat the Negative Effect of Mechanical Impurities on the Operation of Deep Pumping Equipment

The article is devoted to one of the most urgent problems at present, the issues of complicated mining conditions. The paper focuses on the fact that in modern conditions of production intensification, mechanical impurities of various composition, origin and concentration are one of the most important factors negatively affecting the operation of deep-pumping equipment of the mechanized fund of oil wells. The article analyzes the main sources and causes of the appearance of impurities in borehole products and equipment, identifies external and internal causes. It is pointed out the importance of accurately determining the sources of the appearance of mechanical impurities for effective control of them. The paper also summarizes the main existing methods of combating their negative impact on the operation of the main equipment. General recommendations are given to combat the negative impact of mechanical impurities on the operation of equipment.