External Affairs Research Articles

Colonel William Roy Hodgson: A Soldier of Principle, Peace, and Pugnacity for Human Rights

Colonel William Roy Hodgson was Australia’s representative on the Human Rights Commission and member of the drafting committee for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, 75 years on, his contribution has largely been forgotten. This paper seeks to rediscover his legacy. He was a survivor of the World War One battle at Gallipoli, a dedicated and hard-working member of Australia’s fledgling External Affairs Department during World War Two and a passional advocate for enforceable human rights as a necessary part of ongoing peace.

Revisiting Coercion as an Element of Prohibited Intervention in International Law

AbstractInternational law prohibits states from intervening in the internal and external affairs of other states, but only if the method of intervention is coercive. This Article argues that coercion can be understood in two different ways or models. First, as coercion-as-extortion, a demand coupled with a threat of harm or the infliction of harm, done to extract some kind of concession from the victim state—in other words, an act targeting the victim state's will or decision-making calculus. Second, as coercion-as-control, an action materially depriving the victim state of its ability to control its sovereign choices. This may be done even through acts like cyber operations that the victim state is entirely unaware of. The Article argues that many of the difficulties surrounding the notion of coercion arise as a consequence of failing to distinguish between these two different models.

Rusty Weapons in a Digital Battlespace

This article explores the evolving landscape of foreign interference in domestic affairs, particularly in the context of ‘information operations’ facilitated by the internet. The primary focus of the article is on the lawful authority to respond to external information operations, and how this authority may be shaped by international law. Specifically, the article explores the royal prerogative in two manifestations — the war prerogative, and external affairs prerogative — as a potential source of authority. In doing so, the article employs an analytical framework by Winterton, distinguishing between the ‘breadth’ and ‘depth’ of constitutional executive power. The article acknowledges the limited case law and debates surrounding these prerogatives’ scope and triggers, and slight nuances between British and Australian jurisprudence. It discusses the relationship between the war prerogative and the existence of armed conflict and touches on how international law can support the exercise of the war prerogative through the ‘public policy test’. Drawing from international legal perspectives, the article references United Nations resolutions from 1976 and 1981 that emphasise the importance of domestic legal remedies against information operations. It stresses the duty of states to combat the dissemination of false or distorted news that interferes with other states’ internal affairs. In sum, the article concludes that, while countering IOs is a matter requiring domestic legal authority, international law can likely extend the ambit of the royal prerogative and should also, as a matter of public policy, apply to such campaigns.

Science Diplomacy's Contribution to and Exploitation of International Relations

Science diplomacy is a novel academic concept. This project will analyse the positive function of science diplomacy in contemporary international relations and the use of science to achieve specific foreign policy objectives. This study aims to provide insight into the role of this science in external affairs work which analyses the impact of science diplomacy through a collection of journals, papers, news articles, and literature with the use of Document analysis. Even countries with mutually antagonistic political cultures may be able to approach international issues through concentrated scientific study due to the function of science diplomacy. Using the significance of science, the foreign service can influence or even meddle in the affairs of other nations. Therefore, scientific study diplomacy permits beneficial interactions between nations and the involvement of technologically and technologically powerful countries. The selection of science diplomacy is determined by the objectives of governments and diplomatic agencies.

Институты публичной власти в политиях маньчжуро-монгольского мира в 1900–1920 гг. (на примере Хулун-Буира)

Introduction. The paper attempts an insight into how institutions of public government developed in Manchu-Mongolian polities throughout the 1900s–1920s — and focuses on the geopolitically and strategically important Chinese region of Hulunbuir. Goals. The article aims to explore the transformation of power structures in Hulunbuir, reveal some internal contradictions and the split in bureaucratic circles that occurred under the influence of various political forces between 1908 and 1920.To facilitate this, the work shall examine the structure of the Manchu Eight Banner system in the region, analyze the new policies of Qing authorities in Hulunbuir, trace changes in the public government structure across the region in 1912–1915, follow how (and why) Hulunbuir lost its autonomy in 1920. Conclusion. As is shown, the hierarchical structure of Hulunbuir’s administrative powers — despite the attempts to change it undertaken by various political forces — did still retain the traditional features of the Manchu Eight Banner system by 1920. At the level of regional authorities, the shaping of policies was largely influenced by internal contradictions between various ethnic groups of Hulunbuir. However, even when it came to join Outer Mongolia in 1912–1915, authorities of Hulunbuir used each and every possibility to maintain independence in external and internal affairs, finances. The dramatic changes of 1917–1919 in the situation — in and around Hulunbuir — triggered that the decision-making apparatus preferred to abolish Hulunbuir’s autonomy and turn it into a mere periphery of the Republic of China.

Bama’s Vanmam: The Mob Mentality of the Dalits

The Dalits in India are still considered as ‘Other’ and treated unjustly by the upper caste. This dominant behaviour ideology of the upper caste makes them execute their power over the powerless. The purpose of this study is to identify the psychological conflicts faced by the Dalits through Bama’s Vanmam. This novel had recognized the internal politics and the dominant behaviour of the upper caste which resulted in executing communal violence among the Dalits themselves. The study uses a method of textual analysis to understand the internal conflicts of the Dalits and also to identify the external political affairs of the upper castes. The study also focuses on the mob psychology of the Dalits as mentioned by the author in the novel. The study aims to bring out the structural hierarchy and social inequality among the Dalits themselves in the novel Vanmam. The study also urges the Dalit community to forget the difference between them and unite as one strong community. It also strongly asserts Ambedkar’s ideology ‘Educate! Organize! and Agitate!’ Bama in this novel echoed the inter-caste rivalry among the Dalit communities in India in general and specifically in Kandampatti village. Further, this article also aims to project the attitude of young, educated Dalits who significantly restore harmony and bring decorum and dignity to the lives of other Dalits in the village. The main objective of the study is to identify the internal psychological differences among the Dalits. It further explores the animosity between two Dalit communities provoked by the upper-caste landlords. It also discusses the pangs of oppression, untouchability, communal violence, negation and marginalization the Dalits experienced under the caste system.

Thinking Past Naivete: Investment Screening by the EU as a Problem of (Mis)trust in International Relations

The EU’s investment screening mechanism (ISM) has been a prime example of the unilateral turn in EU trade and investment policy and of a broader global trend of a rise in ISMs. Being a champion of market liberalization and open investment regimes, however, for the EU to introduce a regulatory barrier to cross-border capital flows is particularly remarkable. This contribution argues that conceptually, ISMs may be understood as exposing a problem of trust in international relations (IR) and that a greatly consequential, if not decisive, underlying factor affecting both the introduction and usage of the EU ISM has been the level of trust between the EU and the People’s Republic of China. The introduction of the EU ISM is a symptom of mistrust in EU-China relations in its legislative form, and a test of trust in its individual decisions at Member State (MS) level. Discussing the above, the article aims to fulfil two objectives. First, it demonstrates how the concept of trust can illustrate the genesis and later the functioning of the EU ISM. Secondly, it explores what legal tools may be adopted to either rebuild trust or to render trust inessential by curtailing the security vulnerabilities which require it. EU External Affairs, China, Foreign Investment, FDI, Investment Screening, National Security, Trust

Е. А. Стулов в Монголии и для Монголии

Introduction. Evgeny A. Stulov (1902–1940) is a remarkable yet still little-known figure who invested extensive and fruitful efforts in Mongolia and for Mongolia. He came from a large peasant family but grew to receive sound training for that time which included real school courses followed by studies at Moscow University (External Affairs Department, Faculty of Social Science). On graduation, he was added to the reserve list of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade (Administrative and Economic Department) to be further employed as economist (since August 1925) at the Chief Department of Tariffs (same Commissariat) — and soon promoted to Secretary of the Committee for Customs and Tariffs (CDT). Stulov’s expertise and competence were manifested in most diverse ways: he was writing scholarly articles, delivering lectures; as Advisor to the MPR Economic Council had to deal with the troubled situation in Arkhangai Aimag; and was in charge of Mongolia’s zoning. Goals. The study describes E. Stulov’s efforts dealing with Mongolia’s zoning, provides data on his articles and lectures. Materials. The paper investigates documents housed at Russian State Archive of the Economy, examines some published sources and scholarly writings. Results. Despite E. Stulov lived a short life (38 years only), his knowledge, competences, and accomplishments made it possible for him to gain a deep and practical understanding of the country and its citizens. As Advisor to the MPR Economic Council, he promptly delved into the circumstances behind the uprising in Arkhangai Aimag — and along with other researchers was further involved in zoning endeavors. Key outcomes of his work were approved and accepted by the Mongolian government. The scope of his activity also included writing of articles and lecturing. Our analysis attests to that he was well familiar with works authored both by predecessors and contemporaries , i.e. then and there we would face a man of individuality and talent who had accumulated good knowledge of Mongolia and actually done a lot for its future.

Е. А. Стулов в Монголии и для Монголии

Introduction. Evgeny A. Stulov (1902–1940) is a remarkable yet still little-known figure who invested extensive and fruitful efforts in Mongolia and for Mongolia. He came from a large peasant family but grew to receive sound training for that time which included real school courses followed by studies at Moscow University (External Affairs Department, Faculty of Social Science). On graduation, he was added to the reserve list of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade (Administrative and Economic Department) to be further employed as economist (since August 1925) at the Chief Department of Tariffs (same Commissariat) — and soon promoted to Secretary of the Committee for Customs and Tariffs (CDT). Stulov’s expertise and competence were manifested in most diverse ways: he was writing scholarly articles, delivering lectures; as Advisor to the MPR Economic Council had to deal with the troubled situation in Arkhangai Aimag; and was in charge of Mongolia’s zoning. Goals. The study describes E. Stulov’s efforts dealing with Mongolia’s zoning, provides data on his articles and lectures. Materials. The paper investigates documents housed at Russian State Archive of the Economy, examines some published sources and scholarly writings. Results. Despite E. Stulov lived a short life (38 years only), his knowledge, competences, and accomplishments made it possible for him to gain a deep and practical understanding of the country and its citizens. As Advisor to the MPR Economic Council, he promptly delved into the circumstances behind the uprising in Arkhangai Aimag — and along with other researchers was further involved in zoning endeavors. Key outcomes of his work were approved and accepted by the Mongolian government. The scope of his activity also included writing of articles and lecturing. Our analysis attests to that he was well familiar with works authored both by predecessors and contemporaries , i.e. then and there we would face a man of individuality and talent who had accumulated good knowledge of Mongolia and actually done a lot for its future.

A “Savior of Isolation”: The Interrelationship between American Isolationism and the Idea of “Manifest Destiny” and Its Embodiment in Pre-World War I Diplomacy

Isolationist ideology made the United States at the beginning of its development more of an island encircled by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans than a New World. However, after the formation of the American nation, “Manifest Destiny” became deeply embedded in the national beliefs based on Protestant culture over time. The former laid the foundation for the American position on internal and external affairs, while the latter determined the way Americans interacted with the outside world. At least until they took center stage on the world stage after World War I, isolation seemed to be the golden rule for Americans. Did “manifest destiny” put an end to isolationism, or did isolationism give rise to “divine destiny”? Or did the two complement each other and finally play a role in specific foreign policy decisions? These are the questions that accompany the history of the establishment and development of the United States and are worth exploring.

Effective Role of Human Resource Management Policies Within Marketing Organization: The Impact on Business and Marketing Strategy Implementation

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effective role of human resource management (HRM) policies within marketing organizations and their impact on business and marketing strategy implementation. Theoretical framework: The study will be based on the resource-based view of the firm, which posits that a firms resources and capabilities can be a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Design/methodology/approach: The study will use a quantitative research design, collecting data through surveys administered to employees and managers within marketing organizations. Data will be analyzed using statistical techniques to identify relationships between HRM policies and business and marketing strategy implementation. Findings: The findings of the study will provide insights into the impact of HRM policies on business and marketing strategy implementation and identify specific HRM practices that are associated with better performance outcomes. The major findings of this study are that the HRM policies improve the growth of a business and deliver quality work to the customers by understanding the external and internal affairs. The HRM policies improve the growth of a business and deliver quality work to the customers by understanding the external and internal affairs. Research, practical and social implications: The results of the study will have implications for practitioners, as they will provide guidance on how to design and implement effective HRM policies within marketing organizations. Additionally, the study will contribute to the broader understanding of the role of HRM in organizational performance. Originality/value: This study will be among those to examine the role of HRM policies in marketing organizations, providing new insights into how these policies can be leveraged to improve organizational performance.

Maritime dimension of Modi’s foreign policy: Indo-Gulf maritime cooperation and its implications for Pakistan

Owing to its geostrategic significance, the Indian Ocean is central to global maritime competition. Aimed at establishing its dominance over the Indian Ocean, India is an important player in this global power struggle. The current paper focuses on a crucial sub-region of the Indian Ocean, i.e., the Persian Gulf. Indian maritime security strategy (2015) mentioned the region as central to its interests. The study aims to uncover the maritime dimension of PM Modi’s foreign policy, the strategic significance of the Persian Gulf region for India, and the enhanced maritime Indo-Gulf interaction since Modi took office in 2014. A significant focus of the research is to analyse the possible implications of enriched Indo-Gulf maritime cooperation for Pakistan's foreign and defence policies. For probing the issue, a qualitative research method has been utilised. Primary sources included official documents and reports by the Ministry of External Affairs and the Ministry of Defence of the Indian government. Books, newspapers, and research articles were consulted as secondary data. The Paper concludes that the gradual increase in the maritime interaction between India and Gulf states is seriously challenging Pakistan’s historical standing in the area. Pakistan needs to pursue a proactive strategy for securing its interests.

The University of Chicago Clinical Excellence Scholars Track: Aligning Dynamic Students With Innovative Programming in Early Medical Education at the Undergraduate Level.

The Clinical Excellence Scholars Track was developed in 2012 as a shared initiative between the Bucksbaum Institute for Clinical Excellence, the University of Chicago (UChicago) Careers in Healthcare office, and the UChicago Medicine Office of Community and External Affairs. The goal of the Clinical Excellence Scholars Track is to foster an understanding of the physician career and the doctor-patient relationship for a select group of undergraduate students. The Clinical Excellence Scholars Track achieves this goal through carefully tailored curricular requirements and direct mentoring experiences between Bucksbaum Institute Faculty Scholars and the student scholars. After participating in the Clinical Excellence Scholars Track program, student scholars report that their career understanding and preparation have benefitted as a result and that they meet with success in the medical school application process as well.

Location, Location—Tanzania, Mozambique Soon To Join Club of Global LNG Suppliers to India, China, Southeast Asia

_ East Africa is positioning itself as a global player in liquefied natural gas (LNG) with the world’s supermajors staking out projects that will ramp up this decade to supply India, Southeast Asia, and China through 2050. With three LNG megaprojects—two in Mozambique and one in neighboring Tanzania—soon to take off after years of false starts and delays, it is no wonder that India’s External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar visited the region in April with energy security top of mind. Jaishankar’s East Africa trip was the first official visit to the region by an Indian foreign minister in over a decade. He stopped first in Uganda where oil is in play after Uganda inked a deal in February to complete the long-delayed East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) and deliver first oil in 2025 from Uganda’s Lake Albert oil fields to Tanzania’s port of Tanga on the Indian Ocean. After spending 3 days in Uganda, Jaishankar traveled to Mozambique where state-owned ONGC Videsh leads an Indian consortium holding a 30% stake in the country’s $20-billion Offshore Area 1 project, Mozambique LNG, which stalled in April 2021 after the operator, TotalEnergies, declared force majeure over terrorist attacks in Cabo Delgado Province near the Afungi peninsula plant site. Mozambique LNG’s 13.1-mtpa capacity, two-train facility is one of two megaprojects that will help transform East Africa into a global LNG supplier. The other is ExxonMobil’s Rovuma LNG project, another two-train facility for which a final investment decision (FID) was delayed as the Islamic insurgency that had been building since 2020 intensified along the Cabo Delgado coast. India imports 85% of its oil and 55% of its natural gas. In 2022, it consumed about 22 mpta of LNG, according to Shell’s LNG Outlook 2023. India’s business daily Mint reported that during Q1 2023, India’s LNG imports were worth $14.88 billion, an amount that was 36.46% higher than the $10.90 billion value of LNG India imported in Q1 2022. So far in 2023, Qatar has been India’s No. 1 LNG supplier followed by the UAE and the US. By 2030, Mozambique, Tanzania, and possibly the Republic of Djibouti (with access to the Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden) will be joining the list. Considering that tankers can deliver LNG and oil from the East African coast to the subcontinent in 3 days, it’s no wonder that Mint described the foreign minister’s visit as “signifying New Delhi’s push to develop Africa as a key (energy) supplier.” India and China Claim Big Stakes in Future East African Energy Flows Indian partners ONGC Videsh Rovuma, Beas Rovuma Energy Mozambique, and BPRL Ventures Mozambique control 30% of the Mozambique LNG project (10% each). Total E&P Mozambique Area 1 holds a 26.5% operator interest with remaining shares distributed among Mozambique state-owned ENH Rovuma Área Um (15%); Japan’s Mitsui E&P Mozambique Area 1 (20%), and Thailand’s PTTEP Mozambique Area 1 (8.5%).

International Relations in the Middle East: Hegemonic Strategies and Regional Order by Ewan Stein

In this ambitious work, international relations scholar and Middle East politics specialist Ewan Stein takes on nothing less than the causes of order and disorder in the international politics of the Middle East. In doing so, he succeeds by producing a theoretically informed, analytical, and rich historical overview of Middle East regional politics from the end of the First World War to the early 2020s. Unlike works that deal with the region only as a kind of strategic arena, this book takes domestic politics very seriously and shows how internal politics affect external affairs and vice versa. Stein focuses on two key themes in state behavior in the Middle East: competitive support-seeking and ideological externalization. Given the broad historical scope of the book, the author starts with state formation and the creation of the modern Middle East as a regional system. Regime consolidation, he notes, is a continuous process, and hence, one continuing even today, as regimes attempt to shore themselves up and generate domestic support for their own longevity and survival. These domestic drivers lead regimes to compete with one another for external support, from economic aid to military support and alliances. But Stein is also deeply mindful of nonmaterial factors in the domestic and international politics of the region, emphasizing ideological and ideational factors as well, as regimes seek external ideological validation and support to enhance their domestic credentials and legitimacy.

Management and Leadership Development in Healthcare Professionals

leadership; Nepal; public health; training activities.

External affairs and trusted family businesses: A research agenda

In the past two decades, the Journal of Public Affairs has solidified corporate public affairs as a legitimate leadership skillset vital to driving future business growth. Yet, more work at a persistently overlooked gap in the Journal, the intersection of public affairs and family businesses, might shed new light on thriving, trusted, and sustainable business practices. This paper examines the unique contributions of family businesses as trusted influencers. As one of the most prominent forms of business, worldwide, family businesses persistently enjoy unusually high levels of public trust while collectively employing millions of wage earners yet their contributions to corporate external affairs research ostensibly have been largely overlooked. These “silent” community and social influencers offer a potentially new perspective on effective public outreach given their persistent and unique trust advantage. Family business' trust‐based capabilities can potentially bring new insights to understanding effective stakeholder engagement, credible communications, and issues management—the sweet spot of corporate public affairs functions. Future research opportunities based on relational‐ and locational‐ advantages of trusted family businesses are identified.

Role of Working and Non-working Women in Household Decision Making

The objective of the study is to discover the socioeconomic position of women in Kohalpur Municipality Ward No. 10 in order to determine the variations between the roles played by working and non-working women in household decision-making, as well as the factors that influence women's decision-making ability. This study uses both primary and secondary data in accordance with its needs. During the field survey, the sampled unit's primary data is chosen using a structured questionnaire and an interview. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative data have been gathered and employed. Secondary information is gathered from the Kohalpur Municipality ward number 10 survey 2078. Judgment/deliberate non-random sampling have been used to choose the research households. There are 950 houses and 5148 people in total among these wards. Only 50 of the total number of households were chosen by me among them. They range in age from 16 to 59, with 25 of them employed and 25 not. The study's conclusion is that the majority of Nepalese women reside in rural areas where their options for employment are confined to agricultural work on farms, many of which are held by their father, spouse, landowners, or siblings. Women in Nepal aren't allowed to own property, so they must work on men's land from dawn till sunset to support themselves and their families. Therefore, males are responsible for ensuring that women have the means to survive not only in external affairs but also in their own domestic issues, which are an essential component of their life.

Abrogation of Article 370 and Its Constitutionality

Article 370 was created with a view that its existence would be temporary. The Ruler of J&K signed the instrument of Accession whereby only three subjects were surrendered i.e. External affairs, Defense and Communications, by the state to the Dominion of India. The relationship between the state of J&K and the Union of India is exceptional. The state enjoys a greater measure of autonomy and the power of the Union of India is restricted, as regards other states. The Union of India is incompetent to declare financial emergency and emergency in case of failing of constitutional machinery with respect to the state of J&K. Only emergency due to war or external aggression can be declared as within the scope of defense as surrendered to Union of India.

From a Sovereign State to a Union Territory: A History of the Constitutional Erosion in Kashmir

The unilateral abrogation of Article 370 on August 5, 2019, by the Government of India signalled the culmination of the constitutional erosion in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K). This move, now endorsed by the Indian Supreme Court, prompts a retrospective glance at the State’s gradual loss of sovereignty since its signing of the Instrument of Accession with the Dominion of India in 1947. Unlike other States, J&K retained sovereignty, delegating legislative power exclusively for defence, external affairs, and communication to the Indian Dominion legislature. This article endeavours to delineate J&K’s distinct status, meticulously tracing the erosion of its semi-autonomous position post the dissolution of its Constituent Assembly in 1957. Through a critical analysis of the Instrument of Accession, Article 370’s role in codifying the terms of accession, pivotal judgments from the Supreme Court and the J&K High Court, and other pertinent documents, it sheds light on the gradual dismantling of J&K’s unique constitutional position within India’s framework.