Exterior Form Research Articles

MERCADO E DEMOCRACIA: A RELAÇÃO PERVERSA

Um reexame crítico das supostas relações causais entre mercado e democracia deveria ter em conta a teoria do fetiche da mercadoria. A forma de que a mercadoria se reveste para circular acoberta conteúdos, consubstanciados no valor, que resultam de relações sociais historicamente diversas de sua manifestação formal no mercado. Acoberta, portanto, tempos históricos distintos do tempo do mercado. É nesse movimento que, nas sociedades pobres, o capital extrai excedentes que são, na verdade, tributos, estabelecendo aí uma violência que é oposta ao igualitarismo proclamado pelo fetiche da mercadoria. Produzida desse modo, a mercadoria e o mercado não cumprem sua suposta missão civilizadora, pois de fato empobrecem a possibilidade da cidadania. Basicamente, na relação entre mercado e democracia é necessário considerar as relações sociais reais que definem o conteúdo do processo político, pois há situações (e sociedades) em que as possibilidades proclamadas pela forma exterior igualitária da mercadoria estão em contradição com a realidade opressiva das desigualdades sociais e políticas.

住空間デザイン志向の型分けに関する方法論的考察 : 住文化の類型化に関する研究 その1

The purpose of this study is to find out the typical pattern of dwelling-culture. The items of this survey are as follows ; (1)the preference of the exterior form, (2)the preference of the interior elements, (3)the preference of the name of housing-space, (4)the preference of the events of the year. Concerning the result of the analysis, 3 typical patterns are extracted as follows ; 1) The type of the intention of Japanese traditional style・・・・・・this group likes the exterior form in Japanese traditional style, Japanese traditional and symbolic interior elements (the shelf for Shinto tablets, the family Buddhist altar, Tokonoma), Japanese traditional space (the continued Japanese Tatami-room, Chanoma), and Japanese traditional events of the year. This type is distributed among above 40 years old. 2) The type of the intention of anti-Japanese traditional and present foreign style・・・・・・this group likes the exterior form in pention style and large living room, and doesn't like the elements of the type of the preference of Japanese traditional style. This type is distributed among under 40 years old. 3) The type of the intention of modern and foreign style・・・・・・this group likes the exterior form in flat-roof style, the interior elements of modern style (the skylight, the terrace, the large table, the set of reseption furnitures), the modern style space (the reseption room, the study room), the hoby space (the play room, the atelier, the hoby room). This group neither likes nor dislies the elements of the type of the preference of Japanese traditional style. This type is distributed among fifties, thirties and twenties.

The multidimensional fundamental theorem of calculus

AbstractOn compact oriented differentiable manifolds, we define a well behaved Riemann type integral which coincides with the Lebesgue integral on nonnegative functions, and such that the exterior derivative of a differentiable (not necessarily continuously) exterior form is always integrable and the Stokes formula holds.

The Dirac equation in exterior form

Using the correspondence between the Clifford and exterior algebras we write the Dirac equation in terms of differential forms. The covariances of the theory are then examined. We show in detail the correspondence with usual matrix methods.

建築の形象での図像性に関する研究 : 第2報 住宅外形における<家><建築><住みたい><住みたくない>かたち

建築の形象での図像性に関する研究 : 第2報 住宅外形における<家><建築><住みたい><住みたくない>かたち

建築の形象での図像性に関する研究 : 第1報住宅外形における感覚的イメージ

建築の形象での図像性に関する研究 : 第1報住宅外形における感覚的イメージ

Exterior reconstruction of a three dimensional scatterer

An explicit algorithm is constructed for the exterior Radon transform in three dimensions. An immediate consequence is the development of an exterior form for the inverse Born approximation. From this we discuss reconstruction from the time domain elastic wave scattering of a defect which is partly strongly scattering and partly weakly scattering.

Every covering of a compact Riemann surface of genus greater than one carries a nontrivial L2 harmonic differential

This paper contains the proof of the assertion in its title. My motivation for considering this problem was the following. Let M be a compact differentiable manifold and let D be an elliptic differential operator between the spaces of C ~ sections of two bundles on M. In [4] M. F. Atiyah proves that if index D>0, then, for every Galois covering AT/---~M, the operator / ) induced by D on ~ /has nontrivial L 2 solutions/)u=0. Atiyah goes on to ask whether the same is true for coverings which are not Galois. His guess is that the answer is negative in general but that the counter-example will be difficult to construct. The simplest situation to consider in this connection is that of a surface and the operator whose index is the Euler characteristic. For infinite coverings, since every L 2 harmonic function would be constant and nonzero constants are not in L 2, Atiyah's question reduces to the question of existence of L 2 harmonic forms of degree one. It is shown here that a counter-example will not be found in this simple setting. From now on S will denote an oriented, compact surface of genus g=g(S)>l equipped with a smooth Riemannian metric. S--%S will be an arbitrary (usually infinite) covering of S, and A = A will be the Laplace operator on S with respect to the pull back metric. A differential (exterior form of degree one) on S is harmonic, i.e. Ao)=0, and in L 2 if and only if (cf. [15], Theorem 26)

Principles of trench tunnel construction : Murphy, G J Paper to 3rd Australian Tunnelling Conference, Sydney, 12–15 Sept 1978, 9P

The construction of underwater tunnels (immersed-tube construction) by the lowering into a previously prepared underwater trench of a series of bulkheaded elements and the joining underwater of element to element to form an integrated whole represents a technique perfected during this century. Although early sewer and railway tunnels adopted this methodology, it was the rapid development of vehicular transportation after World War I that gave impetus to this type of construction. A description of the design and construction of several types of immersed-tube tunnels is set forth. An early basic element was the adaptation of an all-welded circular steel shell, with or without exterior form plates. The shell some 100 meters in length was lined with a circular ring of reinforced concrete forming the structural element. This circular steel section was particularly adapted for two-lane highway tunnels, but was later modified and improved to furnish four-lane tunnels. The practice abroad, particularly in Europe, is the construction of large rectangular box sections of reinforced or prestressed concrete to provide for up to eight lanes of traffic. A brief description of the 6000-meter long Trans-Bay Tube in San Francisco, California, is given.

Spatial Strategies in the Counting of Young Children

3--6-year-old children counted 7, 10, and 14 items arranged in columns or in rows. Developmental changes in spatial strategy and the relation of strategy to accuracy were examined. Increases with age in the organization of children's counting sequences were observed as they progressed from (a) a counting sequence based on the proximity of an item to the one previously counted, to (b) a sequence based on the exterior form of the array, to (c) a sequence based on the linear arrangement of items. The column or row arrangement of items did not affect strategy choice, but increasing the number of items caused some children to revert to a less organized count. Fewer errors were associated with more mature strategies at all ages.

Spatial Strategies in the Counting of Young Children

3--6-year-old children counted 7, 10, and 14 items arranged in columns or in rows. Developmental changes in spatial strategy and the relation of strategy to accuracy were examined. Increases with age in the organization of children's counting sequences were observed as they progressed from (a) a counting sequence based on the proximity of an item to the one previously counted, to (b) a sequence based on the exterior form of the array, to (c) a sequence based on the linear arrangement of items. The column or row arrangement of items did not affect strategy choice, but increasing the number of items caused some children to revert to a less organized count. Fewer errors were associated with more mature strategies at all ages.

The Problem of Realism in Modern Drama

W E COULD BEGIN with a number of possible definitions of and then observe ways in which they can be applied to modem But it seems to me that there is an approach which is far more relevant to problem of realism in modem We should not forget that literary movements do not take form of more or less abstract theoretical definitions: they are closely connected to certain literary genres, and we can scarcely think about them without considering these genres at same time. Romanticism represents absolute domination of lyric poetry, and when we say there immediately comes to mind novel, the major vehicle of literary realism, as Harry Levin has called it. The novel is certainly genre in which ideals of realism are best and most adequately realized-to be more precise, in order that they be realized at all, novel was needed, only literary genre equipped to recreate observed and everyday life in a way which would satisfy our instinct for imitation and desire for recognition. That is why problem of realism in modern drama should first of all be treated as a problem of relationship between drama and novel. It is not at all accidental that beginnings of naturalistic theater are connected with dramatization of one novel in particular, Zola's Thir'ese Raquin. In this manner realist theater (the expressions realism and naturalism can for now be considered synonymous) already at very outset emphasized close tie with art of novel, which had become a certain type of model for observing and representing life. Nor can we forget that Ibsen's realist playsthe first realist plays in history of modem theater-are often considered final chapters of unwritten novels. It is for this reason that Lukics says that Rosmersholm is in fact a novel, whose last chapter Ibsen dressed in exterior form of and Raymond Williams says that The Wild Duck involves a degree of detail which cannot fully be realized in explicit, spoken framework of play. The refinement of characters, one might say, is a fictional refinement; degree of attention to motive and behavior is that of psychological drama. In jargon of theatrical world, realist drama is often called the art of novel on stage. What does all this mean? Ibsen is a writer who initiated modem period in history of drama, and when at very beginning of this period we find that drama is in such close proximity to novel, something is revealed about nature not only of realist drama, but also of modem drama in general. Ibsen wanted to return to drama its lost literary and intellectual dignity and-consciously or unconsciously-he found himself close to art of novel, central literary genre of second half of nineteenth century.

On Conformal Equivalence of Riemannian Manifolds which Admit an Exterior form

On Conformal Equivalence of Riemannian Manifolds which Admit an Exterior form

Main results of the "Telome Theory"

The telome theory as a representalive of the "New Morphology", i.e. as a phylogenetic theory, describes the historical phylogendic process. This process forms in the first period of development the "Urtelome" (Thalassiophyta, Rhyniaceae). In the second period these "Urtelome" change to the recent Kormophyta. Only a few elementary processes participate in this immense change. In the first period, beginning with the unicellular stage, five cytological elementary processes formed the "Urtelome" (TEXT-FIG. 3): (1) connection of cells, (2) differentiation of meristem = origin of polarity, (3) rotation of cell axis, (4) shifting of chief phases in alternation of generations and (5) differentiation of different permanent tissues. The exterior form changes accordingly from the state of "Urtelome" to the recent shoot through five elementary processes (TEXT-FIG. 8): (1) planation, (2) overtopping, (3) syngenesis, (4) reduction and (5) incurvation.
 During these and other phylogenetic processes the exterior form does not change immediately, as does the genotype. Visible forms arise ontogenetically out of this changed genotype. According to the "Law of Recapitulation" the ontogenetically youngest stages relatively often recapitulate the phylogeny. In particular, the Palaeontology, if statistically applied, offers sure proofs for the change of single features in phylogeny ("Merkmalsphylogenie").

New Equipment for the Royal Air Force

THE publicity recently given in Parliament to the delay in the aircraft building programme scarcely gave due importance to one of its fundamental causes. This expansion in quantity required comes at & time when a radical change is taking place in air-efaft constructional methods, made necessary by fecent research having caused aerodynamic design to demand a somewhat different exterior form. A continued increase in engine-power available, added to improvements in design reducing resistance and giving greater speed ranges, have enabled the speed of flight to increase so that up to 300 miles per hour can be contemplated for certain types of aircraft which constitute the quite normal equipment of the R.A.F. At such speeds as this, the air friction at the surfaces of the various component parts of the machine becomes a much greater proportion of the total resistance than at the lower speeds used hitherto. It now becomes vital to have both correct aerodynamic shape and smooth surfaces if reasonable efficiency is to be attained. In the past, most aircraft has consisted of girder frameworks taking the loads, covered by linen fabric the function of which was to give an airtight surface to react to the air pressure. It is not possible to avoid this cover sagging between its points of support to a certain extent, thus spoiling the correct aerodynamic form. Also the method of attachment, usually sewing, set up excrescences on the surface the roughness of which was appreciable. Thin metal sheeting, with flush riveting, is the obvious improvement upon this, but its weight is intolerable unless it can be made to take some of the induced loads, and allow the interior structure to be correspondingly lighter.

On an hitherto unnoticed Circumstances affecting the Piling-up of Volcanic Cones

B esides the two great groups of conditions which mainly determine the general form and shaping-out of volcanic cones, many secondary forces concur in greater or less degree in the production of the varied and often complicated phenomena which constantly or occasionally are observable in or around these cones. Some of these forces are mechanical, others physical or molecular, acting separately or, more often, in combination. It is not my intention here to enter upon any systematic discussion of the play of these varied forces, which, it may be remarked, have never yet been submitted to a careful and systematic analysis by the mechanical and physical philosopher, and which remain amply to reward competent labour, when bestowed upon them, but which can only be adequately treated at a length and in such detail, descriptive and analytic, as must extend to a volume, or at least to a succession of memoirs. My present purpose is merely to notice prominently one circumstance, very commonly belonging to the piling-up of volcanic cones, which, so far as my knowledge extends, has entirely escaped hitherto the observation of vulcanists, but which, nevertheless, must often exercise important influences upon the exterior form and internal structure of volcanic cones, especially at and about their lower portions, and may even occasionally affect surrounding strata, entirely outside the circuit of the base of the cone. Volcanic cones as found upon our globe, when largely viewed are little else than “cinder-tips,” aggregated of the loose material blown out in a heated

IX. On molecular influences.—Part I. Transmission of heat through organic structures

The various solid substances which are met with in nature allow themselves to be classed under three general heads:-Amorphous, Crystalline and Organized. In amorphous bodies the component particles are confusedly mingled, without any regard to symmetry of arrangement. In crystalline bodies, on the contrary, the particles are symmetrically arranged; the mass appears as if built up according to certain architectural rules, and the result is an exterior form whose angular dimensions are perfectly constant for all crystals of the same class. Organized bodies, as the name implies, are bodies endowed with, or composed of, organs formed with reference to the special functions they are intended to discharge, and in the construction of which a molecular architecture of a very composite order comes into play. The granules, cells, glands, tubes, &c. of animal and vegetable tissues are all, of course, the visible products of this architecture. Crystalline bodies appear to bridge the chasm which separates the amorphous from the organized. Like the former, they are devoid of the powers of assimilation and reproduction—like the latter, their particles are arranged according to rule; as if nature, in the case of crystals, had made her first structural effort. The student of nature has ever looked upon these molecular combinations with an inquiring eye, and, perhaps, at no age of the world more than at present. The molecular peculiarities of any substance declare themselves by the manner in which a force is modified in its passage through the substance. The polarization and bifurcation of a luminous ray in doubly refracting media is an old example of molecular action; and the rotation of the plane of polarization, observed by Professor Faraday, may be the result of a mechanical change of the medium, effected by the current or the magnet. Senarmont’s and Knoblauch’s experiments demonstrate the influence of crystalline structure upon the transmission of heat; and the magnecrystallic discoveries of Plücker and Faraday receive, I believe, their true explanation by reference, simply, to the modification of the mag­netic and diamagnetic forces which peculiarity of aggregation induces. Matter, in this aspect, may be regarded as a kind of organ through which force addresses our senses; if the organ be changed, it is reasonable to infer that the utterance will be correspondingly modified,—an inference which is abundantly corroborated by ex­periment. Thus, mechanical pressure will polarize a ray, and the same may be applied with success to produce all the phenomena of magnecrystallic action. The anomalies which owe their origin to peculiarities of aggregation are indeed manifold, and constitute one of the most important subjects of study which can engage the attention of the natural philosopher. Organic structures furnish an ample field for inquiries into molecular action. For here, as before remarked, nature, to attain her special ends, has arranged her mate­rials in a particular manner. To ascertain what effect the molecular structure of wood has upon the transmission of heat through it, constitutes the object of the first part of this investigation.