Extent Of Collaboration Research Articles

The impact of outside‐in open innovation on innovation performance

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of an open outside‐in innovation management strategy on companies' innovativeness and innovation performance. Specifically, it focuses on the adoption of the open innovation paradigm in practice and the extent of collaboration with different stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed hypotheses are tested empirically using survey data collected from stock‐listed companies in Germany, Switzerland and Austria. The data include the complete responses from 141 R&D managers for the period from 2004 to 2008.FindingsThe openness of the outside‐in process in R&D management is of crucial importance for achieving high direct and indirect innovation output effects. In particular, openness towards customers, suppliers and universities has a significant positive impact on the different innovation performance measures. Regarding openness towards cross‐sector companies, the analysis reveals a significant negative effect on innovation performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe utilization of cross‐sectional data and its dependency on the perceptions and experiences of the respondents has its limitations. Thus, future research should be based on a more longitudinal design that emphasizes quantitative measurement techniques.Originality/valueTo date, the adoption of open innovation in practice has not been examined in depth. This study provides empirical insights into the open innovation approaches in German‐speaking countries and, by drawing important conclusions for managers involved in the R&D processes, fills a gap in the innovation management literature.

While Collaboration Is Increasing in the Profession the LIS Dissertation Remains a Solo-Authored Monograph

Objective – To investigate collaboration in LIS doctoral education, in particular the extent and perception of collaboration between advisors and advisees, and the dissertation as a collaborative product.
 
 Design – Quantitative and qualitative analysis of questionnaire data. Qualitative analysis of interviews. Bibliometric analysis of curricula vitae (CVs) and dissertation citations. 
 
 Setting – American Library Association (ALA)-accredited, doctorate-granting schools in the United States and Canada.
 
 Subjects – A total of 374 full-time, tenured faculty members with the rank of associate or full professor (advisor group) and 294 assistant professors (advisee group) comprised the pool of faculty members (n=668) who were sent the questionnaire. Of these, 30 individuals participated in follow-up telephone interviews, which were equally split between the two groups. There were 97 faculty members from the original pool of 668 faculty members were included in the bibliometric analyses.
 
 Methods – The author developed two questionnaires, one for the advisors (associate and full professors) and one for the advisees (assistant professors), and sent the surveys to faculty members at ALA-accredited schools in the United States and Canada. The questionnaires gathered information about the extent of collaboration and perceptions of collaboration in LIS doctoral education. The author also collected contact information from those interested in participating in a follow-up interview. The author selected the first 30 individuals who responded as the interview participants. The interview participants were split equally between advisors and advisees. 
 
 A separate subpopulation of 97 faculty members was chosen for the bibliometric analysis phase of the study. These faculty members were chosen with the following criteria: graduation from an ALA-accredited school; full-text of dissertation available online; and a current, full CV available online. CVs were searched to determine the level of co-authoring before and after graduation.
 
 Main Results – A total of 215 faculty members completed the questionnaires. The results from the surveys showed that more than 61% of the advisors reported collaborating with at least half of their advisees, while 58% of the advisees reported collaborating with their advisors. Both advisors and advisees defined collaboration mainly as publishing, researching, and presenting together. More than 50% of the advisors reported co-publishing with half of their advisees during the advisees’ doctoral education. The advisors reported co-publishing with less than 30% of their advisees after the students completed their doctoral education. Advisees reported similar numbers: 44% and 31%, respectively. 
 
 Following graduation, the majority of advisees (96%) planned to publish from their dissertations. Of these, 78% did not plan to include their advisor as co-author in these publications. 42% of the advisors reported that none of their advisees included them as co-authors, while 3% of advisors stated that their advisees always included them as co-authors. 
 
 After the 30 interview transcripts were coded using inductive and deductive approaches, the results showed that advisees saw research as a process whereby they became collaborators with their advisors. Advisees also found collaboration with other doctoral students as “kind of key” (p. 7). Advisors saw collaboration as a form of mentorship. However, both advisees and advisors reported that the dissertation itself was not a collaborative product, with the responsibilities of the dissertation tasks falling more heavily on the advisees than the advisors, except in the realm of reviewing and approving the final version of the dissertation. 
 
 Analysis of the CVs for co-publishing between advisees and their advisor and/or committee members showed that 41% of the advisees published with their advisors and 34% published with at least one committee member before receiving their doctorate. After receiving their doctorates, 31% of the advisees published with their advisors and 32% published with a committee member. 
 
 Conclusion – The author concluded that a majority of advisors and advisees see collaboration as joint publication during the period of doctoral studies. Both advisors and advisees see the doctoral dissertation as a solo-authored monograph and not a collaborative product. However, other forms of collaboration among advisees and their advisors, committee members, and fellow doctoral students are viewed as important parts of the doctoral education experience. Based on these findings, the author suggests that the profession may need to adapt its model of doctoral education to become more aligned with the increasingly collaborative nature of LIS research.

Collaboration and cooperation in a tourism destination: a network science approach

The extent of collaboration and cooperation is an important determinant for the development of a tourism destination. These features are usually assessed through qualitative investigations. This letter proposes a quantitative approach based on the evaluation of the modularity characteristics of the network of the destination stakeholders. The results of a sample analysis are reported.

Psychologists’ response to crises: International perspectives

Tragically, for many schools, the possibility of a crisis such as a natural disaster, extreme violence or a potentially traumatising threat has become a reality. Specialist input from a local psychology service is often sought at such a time. To help one service within the United Kingdom (UK) learn from the experience of other psychologists a survey was constructed and subsequently completed by 277 psychologists from around the world including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Scandinavia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, and USA. The survey provides insight into the experience of psychologists in responding to crises, for example, the nature of the crises, the extent of collaboration with others, the level of training undertaken, and the level of confidence psychologists have in this area of work. Of particular interest are the models, resources, and theories that psychologists have used and the advice that they have found helpful. A number of international comparisons are made. The survey findings suggest that collaboration is seen as highly important to effective practice. Attention is also drawn to the important work that the International Crisis Response Network of the International School Psychology Association (ISPA) is undertaking in promoting an integrated model of practice.

Perceptions of emergency management in US cities: A survey of Chief Administrative Officers

This article provides data drawn from a survey of 131 Chief Administrative Officers (CAOs) in the 200 largest US cities. Much of the existing policy research on emergency management has focused on the extent of collaboration between and across government units and the civil sector. This study focuses on CAOs’ perceptions of risk, the use of information technology, and emergency management program management. This study analyzes the differences in the views of CAOs. Those who see their cities at particular risk of terrorist threat and/or natural disaster view the aspects of risk, technology, and program management differently than do CAOs who do not believe they are at heightened risk.

Interdisciplinary Knowledge Translation: Lessons Learned from a Mental Health: Fire Service Collaboration

Collaborative approaches are being increasingly advocated for addressing a variety of health, mental health and social needs for children, youth and families. Factors important for effective knowledge translation of collaborative approaches of service delivery across disciplines, however, have not been rigorously examined. TAPP-C: The Arson Prevention Program for Children is an intervention program for child and adolescent firesetters provided collaboratively by fire service and mental health professionals. The present study examined the adopter, innovation, and dissemination characteristics associated with TAPP-C implementation, protocol adherence and extent of collaboration by 241 community-based fire service professionals from communities across Ontario. Results revealed that dissemination factors are particularly important for understanding program implementation, adherence and cross-discipline collaboration. Moreover, the findings of this study show significant benefits to both within discipline (intra-disciplinary) and across discipline (interdisciplinary) knowledge translation strategies.

Perceived Roles and Collaboration Between Neuropsychologists and Speech-Language Pathologists in Rehabilitation

The purpose of the current study was to determine perceptions of neuropsychologists (NPs) and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) regarding each other's roles in the rehabilitation setting, and to assess the type and extent of collaborations. Participants were 311 SLPs and 77 NPs working in a rehabilitation setting. Results indicated a great deal of overlap between the roles of SLPs and NPs. While there was much agreement about roles, misperceptions were evident with regard to some of the domains of assessment and treatment. A need for increased collaboration on planning assessments and treatment was evident. The results suggest the need for training of both disciplines in interdisciplinary collaboration and in roles of rehabilitation team members.

What Makes a Caseload (Un)Manageable? School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists Speak

Large caseload sizes and a shortage of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are ongoing concerns in the field of speech and language. This study was conducted to identify current mean caseload size for school-based SLPs, a threshold at which caseload size begins to be perceived as unmanageable, and variables contributing to school-based SLPs' feelings of caseload manageability. Approximately 2,000 public-school-based SLPs from across the country were solicited to participate in an online, Web-based survey between April and May of 2007. Of those SLPs who were contacted, 634 full-time SLPs from 49 states completed the survey. The data were evaluated using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. The mean caseload size for SLPs in this study was 49 students. At the caseload range of 41-50 students, approximately 60% of the SLPs perceived their caseload size as unmanageable. Logistic regression revealed caseload size, years of experience, and extent of collaboration as significant predictors of an SLP's likelihood of feeling that his or her caseload size is manageable. Caseload size continues to be an area of concern for school-based SLPs, and efforts to address this problem must continue in order to prevent long-term struggles with SLPs' dissatisfaction, shortages, and turnover. Policy, research, and clinical implications are discussed.

'A gigantic scheme of co-operation': The Miners' and Seamen's United Association in the North-East, 1851–1854

This article discusses the nature and extent of collaboration between two labour unions in the North-East which was aimed at establishing a permanent alliance in order to further perceived joint aims. Chartist-inspired, if not formally aligned to the movement, the proposed union was very much in tune with the principles of the 'Charter and Something More' espoused by G. J. Harney in 1851. Moreover, the leadership of the joint union saw that working-class solidarity was an important long-term aim and in that sense the organization anticipated the kind of affiliative strategies promoted by the Labour Parliament of 1854. This article proposes that the fragmentation of Chartism was an experience mirrored by the miners' and seamen's movement. The problems of maintaining mass support from an industry in which trade unionists were unwelcome, as well as differences over tactical aims, proved impossible to overcome.

Exploring the field of open innovation

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the emerging research field of open innovation and identify where the field is going as well as suggest future fields of research.Design/methodology/approachAll academic papers and books published until November 2007 under the label of open innovation were systematically reviewed. Also, nine key researchers were asked to contribute with their opinions on the research frontier.FindingsA number of key themes in the research were identified, and conclusions on the underlying structure were drawn. This reveals that there is a tendency towards a broader definition and application of the term, a growing critical perspective, and a concentration on theory development and managerial implications.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper suggests that thelocusof the innovation process and the extent of collaboration should be used as two dimensions in a model to further understanding of how open innovation develops. These dimensions have an important impact on both the human and the organizational side of innovation, areas that are highlighted as important fields for further research.Originality/valueDespite the interest in the open innovation topic, a comprehensive review of the academic publications in the area does not seem to exist. The review and the conclusions drawn support the understanding of the growing field.

Adult Asthma Disease Management: An Analysis of Studies, Approaches, Outcomes, and Methods

Disease management has been implemented for patients with asthma in various ways. We describe the approaches to and components of adult asthma disease-management interventions, examine the outcomes evaluated, and assess the quality of published studies. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and Cochrane databases for studies published in 1986 through 2008, on adult asthma management. With the studies that met our inclusion criteria, we examined the clinical, process, medication, economic, and patient-reported outcomes reported, and the study designs, provider collaboration during the studies, and statistical methods. Twenty-nine articles describing 27 studies satisfied our inclusion criteria. There was great variation in the content, extent of collaboration between physician and non-physician providers responsible for intervention delivery, and outcomes examined across the 27 studies. Because of limitations in the design of 22 of the 27 studies, the differences in outcomes assessed, and the lack of rigorous statistical adjustment, we could not draw definitive conclusions about the effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of the asthma disease-management programs or which approach was most effective. Few well-designed studies with rigorous evaluations have been conducted to evaluate disease-management interventions for adults with asthma. Current evidence is insufficient to recommend any particular intervention.

Collaborative review of pilot projects to inform policy: A methodological remedy for pilotitis?

BackgroundIn rural health and other health service development contexts, there is frustration with a reliance on pilot projects as a means of informing policy and service innovation. There is also an emerging recognition that existing research methods do not draw lessons from the failed sustainability that characterises many of these pilots and demonstration projects.DiscussionThis article describes critical aspects of the methodology of a successful collaborative, multi-method, systematic synthesis of exemplary primary health care pilot projects in rural and remote Australia, which synthesised principles from a number of pilot projects to inform policy makers and planners. Hallmarks of the method were: the nature of the source materials for the research, the subsequent research engagement with the actual pilot projects, the extent of collaboration throughout the study with end-users from policy and planning arenas, and the attention to procedural quality.SummaryThe methodology, while time consuming, has resulted in applied, policy-relevant findings, and evidence of consideration by policy-makers.

Institutional frameworks and economic activity: A comparative analysis of regional economies in Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines

Abstract: It is increasingly recognised that both formal and informal institutions could be important variables in explaining the diversity of capitalist systems. However, less is known about the relative importance of regional institutions for regional economic activity and regional development, especially in developing countries. This article analyses the relative importance of regional institutions to regional capitalist systems in Southeast Asia, using the comparative institutional approach of ‘business systems’. Two comparisons are made that enable an analysis of the relative importance of regional institutions: one between two regional economies in the same country (Cebu and Negros Oriental in the Philippines) and one between two bordering regional economies in different countries (Satun in Thailand and Perlis in Malaysia). We investigate four sets of economic institutions: the extent of alliance coordination of supply and demand, the extent of collaboration between competitors, the extent of alliance coordination of sectors and access to finance. The results suggest that regional economic institutions are stronger in agricultural areas with relatively weak national economic institutions and that the presence of strong and enabling regional economic institutions is one of the factors that lead to taking advantage of favourable agricultural conditions, to economic growth and, ultimately, to catching up.

The Habsburg Monarchy, 1848 1918, and the Habsburgermonarchie Project

THEHabsburgermonarchie series has transformed our understanding of the history of the Dual Monarchy and of the antecedent period of instability between the revolutions of 1848 and the settlement of 1867. Given the special circumstances of the historiography of the Habsburg lands, the agenda of which has so often been set by preoccupations in the successor states of Central Europe that replaced the Monarchy after 1918, its significance has been incalculable. Previously, the subject had been the preserve of a succession of increasingly heroic one-man efforts, culminating in C. A. Macartney's great work which appeared exactly half a century after the collapse.1 By that point, the Historische Kommission of the Austrian Academy of Sciences had already begun planning a collective venture to embrace the final seventy years of Habsburg history. It would manifestly be a vast undertaking, but even they can hardly have appreciated quite how vast. Most of the early volumes in the series now appear comparatively modest in scale: the economy (Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung [1973]; rev. ante, xc [1975], 925), administration and law (Verwaltungs- und Rechtswesen [1975]; rev. ante, xcv [1980], 860), religion (Die Konfessionen [1985]; rev. ante, ciii [1988], 447) and the army (Die bewaffnete Macht [1987]; rev. ante, civ [1989], 140), all came out at between 700 and 900 pages. But Volume III, Die Völker des Reiches (1980; rev. ante, xcviii [1983], 637), as befitted coverage of the issues of nationality, already ran to two books and 1,500 pages, and so did Volume VI, with its innovative blend of diplomacy and the mutual perceptions of Austria and foreign powers (Die Habsburgermonarchie im System der internationalen Beziehungen [1989]; rev. ante, cx [1995], 136). The stage was set, after a decade's hiatus, for the massive dimensions of Volume VII, which has 2,695 pages and weighs five kilograms. It was not just the increasingly monumental proportions of the enterprise which excited attention, but the extent of collaboration, from the outset, on an international basis: a bold move when we recall that the best expertise on much of the Monarchy lay at that time behind the Iron Curtain. Volume VII has almost forty authors, drawn from nearly all of the countries of the old Habsburg lands and beyond, besides the long-suffering editors, who each contribute substantial chapters. Alongside the shorter pieces stand several monograph-length ones, which are major achievements of interpretation as well as of synthesis.

General Practitioner Perceptions of Extended Pharmacy Services and Modes of Collaboration with Pharmacists

ABSTRACTAimsTo explore the perceptions of Australian general practitioners (GPs) towards extended pharmacy services, and to investigate the modes and extent of collaboration between community pharmacists and GPs.MethodSemi‐structured face‐to‐face and telephone interviews were conducted on a purposive sample of GPs from Sydney and surrounding areas. The data were thematically analysed, using qualitative data analysis software.Results23/68 (34%) GPs approached, agreed to participate in the interviews. The respondents practised in different settings (private/medical centre/specialised settings, rural/suburban/city areas), had been in professional practice for periods ranging from 6 months to several decades and included both female and male practitioners. Support for pharmacist provision of services varied. GP perceptions were mostly positive for home medicines review (HMR), information provision and monitoring. However, most GPs did not favour pharmacists' provision of screening and immunisation services. Most respondents believed that GP‐pharmacist collaboration would be beneficial to both the patient and the GP. However, despite this, collaboration was minimal in all extended pharmacy services discussed except HMR.ConclusionHMR is the extended pharmacy service most widely accepted by GPs and has proved to be an effective platform for inter‐professional collaboration. Considering the factors that promote effective collaboration in HMR will position us better to improve the GP‐pharmacist collaboration crucial for expanding other extended pharmacy services.

Primary care – mental health collaboration: An example of assessing usual practice and potential barriers

Practice guidelines include recommendations for collaboration between primary care (PC) and mental health (MH) to improve the quality of depression management within primary care. There is little research, however, assessing usual care relationships between PC and MH providers, or providers' perceptions regarding collaboration. Based on the literature, we conceptualize a continuum of collaborative activities and strategies. We describe the extent of collaboration and perceived barriers in selected outpatient clinics. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 22 PC and MH clinical leaders from 10 outpatient facilities. Topics included existing referral, consultation, and collaboration practices between PC and MH, beliefs and barriers related to collaboration. Informants generally described good relationships between providers, and PC providers reported satisfaction with referrals to MH. Informal consultation also occurred, although it was not universal. There was little evidence of collaboration beyond this basic level. The leaders identified several potential barriers to collaboration, including inadequate staffing and resources for both services. In contrast with practice guidelines, the clinics we studied incorporated little collaboration with MH providers into PC management of depression. We identify strategies that can help overcome the barriers to collaboration that our informants most commonly identified.

Logit models for analysing and forecasting the performance of industrial enterprises in the Treviso area

Purpose – The objective of this study is to formulate a model for forecasting the performance of firms in terms of trends in turnover, investments, exports, employment and flexibility, and to identify the principal correlations with selected dependent variables, such as the level of computerization, the extent of collaboration with competitors and the characteristics of the product. Design/methodology/approach – This paper analyses data, which refers to a survey conducted on a sample of 89 firms from the Treviso province in the north east of Italy by using the Logit model. Findings – From the application of the logit models it emerges that the most important variables contributing to the economic success of the firms are technological flexibility, collaboration, with competitors, and investments in certain areas such as research and development, marketing and fixed technology. Moreover, the findings show that the factors which contribute most significantly to technological flexibility (a key factor for the growth of the firm) are flexibility to demand, the level of computerization and staff training. Practical implications – From the application of logit models it emerges that the most important variables influencing the good performance of firms are flexibility in keeping pace with technology, collaboration with competitors, and the choice of certain types of investment. Moreover, the variables which contribute most to greater flexibility are investments in human capital and in information technology, as well website use, the technological characteristics of the product and the firm's flexibility in following the demand trend. Originality/value – In this study logit models are analysed from both a theoretical and applied point of view.

Scientific Collaboration Results in Higher Citation Rates of Published Articles

The primary objective was to analyze the relationship between the citation rate of an article and the extent of collaboration. The secondary objective was to analyze the relationship between the number of authors/article and the number of institutions/article for the period of study. We counted the number of original research articles published in six leading journals--Cell, Science, Nature, New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, and Journal of the American Medical Association--for the years 1975, 1985, and 1995. For each article, we determined the number of authors and the number of separate institutions. We also determined the number of times each article that was published in 1995 was cited in future scientific articles from the Science Citation Index database. Science, Cell, Nature, New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, and Journal of the American Medical Association had 2014, 868, 3856, 643, 785, and 465 total articles published/3-year study period, respectively. There was a median of 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, and 3 institutions/article, respectively. All of the final models had a significant linear author component for which all of the parameter estimates were positive, yet variable. Thus, the number of times an article was cited correlated significantly with the number of authors and the number of institutions. A correlation exists between the number of authors and the number of times an article is cited in other articles. Investigators who are open to collaborations and those who seem to adequately manage those collaborations produce a superior product that results in a higher impact.

Measuring and Improving Performance in Multicenter Research Consortia

Some evidence suggests that the quality of the organization and management of research consortia influences productivity and staff satisfaction. Collaborators in a research consortium generally focus on developing and implementing studies and thus rarely assess the process of collaboration. We present an approach to evaluating and improving a research consortium, using the HMO Cancer Research Network (CRN) as an example. Five domains are evaluated: extent of collaboration and quality of communication; performance of projects and infrastructure; data quality; scientific productivity; and impact on member organizations. The primary assessment tool is a survey of CRN scientists and project staff, undertaken annually. Each year, the evaluation has identified critical aspects of this collaboration that could be improved. Several tangible changes have been implemented to improve productivity of the consortium. The most important result of the CRN Evaluation is the ability to have open dialogue about ways to improve its overall performance. Optimizing the process of collaboration will contribute to achievement of the scientific goals. The experience of the CRN provides a useful framework and process for evaluating the structure of consortium-based research.

Firm Size and Openness: The Driving Forces of University-Industry Collaboration

A large number of works have studied university-industry relationships either from a qualitative point of view or relying on a case study of a single university. The aim of this paper is to provide some statistical evidence at the cross-country, cross-industry level to verify some of the hypotheses put forward in the qualitative literature. On the basis of the results of the KNOW survey carried out in seven EU countries in 2000, we examine two main issues. First, the contribution made by Public Research Organisations (PROs) to the innovative process of firms is analysed. Second, the existence and the extent of co-operative R&D projects between firms and PROs are examined. A two-equation econometric model evaluates the effect of firm-specific, sector-specific and country-specific factors (such as firm size, appropriation and signalling, searching of knowledge sources, government support) upon the propensity for and the extent of collaborations between PROs and firms. The analysis in this paper provides some preliminary evidence which allows a better understanding of the firm and industry characteristics that affect the contribution of PROs to firms' innovative activities and to their involvement in R&D collaborations with firms. The estimations produce some evidence to highlight how the size of the firm and its openness to the external environment have a significant and important effect on both the extent of and propensity of PRO-firm collaboration.