Extensive System Research Articles

Review on the Current Agricultural Extension System in Oromia: Operational Setup, Challenges and Interventions

Review on the Current Agricultural Extension System in Oromia: Operational Setup, Challenges and Interventions

Recent Advances in Enteric Methane Mitigation and the Long Road to Sustainable Ruminant Production.

Mitigation of methane emission, a potent greenhouse gas, is a worldwide priority to limit global warming. A substantial part of anthropogenic methane is emitted by the livestock sector, as methane is a normal product of ruminant digestion. We present the latest developments and challenges ahead of the main efficient mitigation strategies of enteric methane production in ruminants. Numerous mitigation strategies have been developed in the last decades, from dietary manipulation and breeding to targeting of methanogens, the microbes that produce methane. The most recent advances focus on specific inhibition of key enzymes involved in methanogenesis. But these inhibitors, although efficient, are not affordable and not adapted to the extensive farming systems prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. Effective global mitigation of methane emissions from livestock should be based not only on scientific progress but also on the feasibility and accessibility of mitigation strategies.

Enhancing Patient Satisfaction in Cross-Regional Healthcare: a Cross-Sectional Study in the Knowledge-Based Healthcare Landscape

AbstractIn the wake of China’s monumental achievement in establishing the world’s most extensive social health insurance system, encompassing 1.4 billion individuals, a unique challenge known as the “siphoning effect” has emerged. This effect involves insured individuals seeking medical care predominantly in major urban centers, straining resources and hindering local healthcare service development. A policy innovation of cross-regional direct settlement of medical outpatient expenses has been implemented nationwide to address this. However, increased population mobility and urbanization have introduced new complexities, prompting insured individuals to seek healthcare beyond their home regions. This study explores the determinants of patient satisfaction in the context of cross-regional medical treatment, adopting a comprehensive approach across six independent dimensions. Findings indicate a 70% satisfaction rate, emphasizing room for improvement, particularly in communication and service efficiency. The study reaffirms the significance of medical competence and professionalism as primary determinants of patient satisfaction, highlighting their robustness in diverse healthcare contexts. Sociodemographic factors also play a crucial role, emphasizing the need for tailored services. Also, accessible information within hospital settings proves vital in enhancing patient satisfaction. This research calls for prioritizing investments in enhancing medical competence and professionalism among healthcare staff. It underscores the importance of adapting services to cater to specific patient groups’ characteristics and the need for standardization in medical insurance policies. A patient-centered approach is crucial to ensure comprehensive and easily understandable information, ultimately enhancing overall patient satisfaction in cross-regional medical treatment within China’s evolving healthcare system. These insights contribute to a broader understanding of healthcare management and services.

A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR “GROTTE DI PERTOSA” IN CAMPANIA, SOUTHERN ITALY

ABSTRACT The Pertosa Caves, today also known as the Pertosa-Auletta Caves, constitute an important karst system in the Campania region (southern Italy). Crossed by the waters of a river that re-emerges on the surface, they have an overall development of about 3 km. Thanks to the width of the entrance, the excellent location along a natural communication route through the mountains and the natural availability of water directly on the site, the initial part of the cavity was frequented by humans, without interruption, from prehistoric times to the Middle Ages. During the protohistory, in particular, the moment of most marked human presence is recorded in the cave. In this phase an extensive pile dwelling system was built on the waters of the underground river. The system was probably created to make the location, subject to frequent flooding, suitable for human settlement. This structure today constitutes an archaeological unicum not only in Italy but throughout Europe. We briefly analyze its general characteristics providing the results of a radiocarbon dating campaign which allowed to assess the occupation phases of the different contexts and the life span of the wooden artifacts, which came to us in a very good state of preservation. Radiocarbon data allowed to assess the chronological range of the human frequentation of the caves and to date the exceptionally well preserved underground pile dwelling system.

Evaluation of the Composition of the Cholesterol, Tocopherols, β-Carotene and Fatty Acids Profile of the Liver Tissue of Male Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Managed in Different Ecosystems of the Eastern Amazon.

The diet offered to animals has a great influence on the composition of tissues and, consequently, the quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of Amazonian ecosystems, in the dry and rainy periods of the year, on the composition of cholesterol, tocopherols, β-carotene and the fatty acid profile of the livers of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) reared in the Eastern Amazon, in an extensive or intensive system. Total lipid content was influenced by the location and time of year (p < 0.05). Ninety-six male water buffaloes were used (12 per sampling period), aged between 24 and 36 months, with average weights of 432 kg (end of the rainy season) and 409 kg (end of the dry season). Total cholesterol, α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol influenced the relationship between extensive vs intensive ecosystems, location, periods and the interaction between the location and period of the year (p < 0.05). Animals raised in a pasture ecosystem had the highest values of omega-3, and those raised in confinement, the highest values of omega-6 (p < 0.05). The proportions of n-6/n-3 and hypocholesterolemia (7.14) and hypercholesterolemia (3.08%) (h/H) were found in greater amounts in animals raised in confinement (p < 0.05). The atherogenic index (AI) had a higher value in the rainy season, in animals raised in Santarém (2.37%), with no difference between pasture and feedlot ecosystems, except in animals raised in the rainy season in Nova Timboteua, with a lower AI (1.53%). The thrombogenicity index (TI) was higher in the livers of confined animals (0.32%) and lower (0.18%) in those raised in Nova Timboteua (rainy season). Amazonian ecosystems influence the nutritional values of buffalo liver, with the best nutritional values in animals in the extensive system.

A meta-analysis of genetic and phenotypic diversity of European local pig breeds reveals genomic regions associated with breed differentiation for production traits

BackgroundIntense selection of modern pig breeds has resulted in genetic improvement of production traits while the performance of local pig breeds has remained lower. As local pig breeds have been bred in extensive systems, they have adapted to specific environmental conditions, resulting in a rich genotypic and phenotypic diversity. This study is based on European local pig breeds that have been genetically characterized using DNA-pool sequencing data and phenotypically characterized using breed level phenotypes related to stature, fatness, growth, and reproductive performance traits. These data were analyzed using a dedicated approach to detect signatures of selection linked to phenotypic traits in order to uncover potential candidate genes that may underlie adaptation to specific environments.ResultsAnalysis of the genetic data of European pig breeds revealed four main axes of genetic variation represented by the Iberian and three modern breeds (i.e. Large White, Landrace, and Duroc). In addition, breeds clustered according to their geographical origin, for example French Gascon and Basque breeds, Italian Apulo Calabrese and Casertana breeds, Spanish Iberian, and Portuguese Alentejano breeds. Principal component analysis of the phenotypic data distinguished the larger and leaner breeds with better growth potential and reproductive performance from the smaller and fatter breeds with low growth and reproductive efficiency. Linking the signatures of selection with phenotype identified 16 significant genomic regions associated with stature, 24 with fatness, 2 with growth, and 192 with reproduction. Among them, several regions contained candidate genes with possible biological effects on stature, fatness, growth, and reproductive performance traits. For example, strong associations were found for stature in two regions containing, respectively, the ANXA4 and ANTXR1 genes, for fatness in a region containing the DNMT3A and POMC genes and for reproductive performance in a region containing the HSD17B7 gene.ConclusionsIn this study on European local pig breeds, we used a dedicated approach for detecting signatures of selection that were supported by phenotypic data at the breed level to identify potential candidate genes that may have adapted to different living environments and production systems.

Emergence and Early Growth of Four Desmanthus Species in Three Alkaline Clay Soils

Tropical pasture legumes such as Desmanthus are expected to improve pasture productivity in the extensive grazing systems of Northern Australia. However, the soils in these areas are often hostile (e.g., hard-setting and nutrient-deficient), which reduces legume emergence and establishment. Furthermore, these soils are often not ameliorated with amendments such as gypsum or starter fertilisers before planting. A pot trial was conducted to investigate differences in the emergence and early growth of four Desmanthus species. The legumes were grown in three alkaline clay soils that were unamended or amended with either gypsum (1 t CaSO4.2H2O ha−1 equivalent), a starter MAP fertiliser (12 kg P ha−1 equivalent), or both gypsum and the starter fertiliser. Seedling emergence was recorded daily and shoot yield was determined after six weeks’ growth. Final seedling emergence (as a percentage of viable seeds) varied among the Desmanthus species (c.f. D. leptophyllus = 63%, D. pernambucanus = 68%, D. bicornutus = 85%, and D. virgatus = 86%). On average, across the treatments, gypsum increased seedling emergence by 15%, whereas the starter fertiliser had no effect. The shoot yields and shoot phosphorus content of the Desmanthus species generally increased in response to the starter fertiliser. The collective results demonstrated that there were differences in emergence and early growth among the four Desmanthus species, which indicates that Desmanthus cultivar selection may be important in the relatively hostile soils of Northern Australia. Gypsum was an effective amendment for seedling emergence, whereas the starter fertiliser was an effective amendment to increase legume productivity.

Combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals a critical role of lignin biosynthesis and lignification in stem-like pneumatophore development of the mangrove Avicennia marina.

Transcriptional and metabolic regulation of lignin biosynthesis and lignification plays crucial roles in Avicennia marina pneumatophore development, facilitating its adaptation to coastal habitats. Avicennia marina is a pioneer mangrove species in coastal wetland. To cope with the periodic intertidal flooding and hypoxia environment, this species has developed a complex and extensive root system, with its most unique feature being a pneumatophore with a distinct above- and below-ground morphology and vascular structure. However, the characteristics of pneumatophore lignification remain unknown. Studies comparing the anatomy among above-ground pneumatophore, below-ground pneumatophore, and feeding root have suggested that vascular structure development in the pneumatophore is more like the development of a stem than of a root. Metabolome and transcriptome analysis illustrated that the accumulation of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) units in the pneumatophore plays a critical role in lignification of the stem-like structure. Fourteen differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 10 differentially expressed genes involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway were targeted. To identify genes significantly associated with lignification, we analyzed the correlation between 14 genes and 8 metabolites and further built a co-expression network between 10 transcription factors (TFs), including 5 for each of MYB and NAC, and 23 enzyme-coding genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. 4-Coumarate-CoA ligase, shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase were identified to be strongly correlated with these TFs. Finally, we examined 9 key candidate genes through quantitative real-time PCR to validate the reliability of transcriptome data. Together, our metabolome and transcriptome findings reveal that lignin biosynthesis and lignification regulate pneumatophore development in the mangrove species A. marina and facilitate its adaptation to coastal habitats.

Multifunctionality and provision of ecosystem services by livestock species and breeds at global level

Beyond providing food, livestock species are linked to a wide range of uses and ecosystem services (ESs). Based on information reported by 41 countries on 3 361 national breed populations to the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, we investigated how factors such as species, region, breed adaptedness, or management system associate with the recognition of provision of a set of 52 ESs. Among species, a greater number of cultural ESs were reported for horses (2.47 for horses vs 0.75 on average across all species), while the major ruminant species (cattle, goats and sheep) were on average associated with more provisioning ESs (2.99 vs 2.39), and more regulating and maintenance ESs (1.86 vs 1.32). Compared to European breeds, African livestock contribute more provisioning ES (3.95 vs 1.88). Native breeds and, to a lesser extent, locally adapted breeds, were linked to more ESs than were exotic breeds (5.97 and 4.10 vs 2.90, respectively), regardless of the ES category considered. The total number of ES reported was greater for breeds primarily kept under Back Yard/Farm Yard and extensive management systems than in other production environments. Different “bundles” of ES were identified in relation to the interdependence among themselves, or according to species or regional specificities. Overall, our results highlight that native and locally adapted breeds, which tend to be raised in less specialized production systems than exotic breeds, are reported to play multiple roles contributing to rural community livelihoods and environmental sustainability of food systems.

Variovorax soli mediated growth amelioration and abiotic stress alleviation in Capsicum annuum

In present study, rhizobacterial strains were isolated from soil sample and screened for plant growth promoting and antagonistic potential in vitro condition. The isolate exhibiting maximum plant growth promoting and antagonistic potential was subjected to biochemical characterization and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Based on molecular characterization, the isolate was identified as Variovorax soli with NCBI accession number LC372534. The PGP potential of Variovorax soli was established as it augmented plant growth in control and under salt, drought, heavy metal stress conditions. Positive results for in-vitro tests viz. amylase, hydrogen cyanide, lipase, catalase, protease and chitinase production confirmed the antagonistic efficacy of Variovorax soli. Nutrient acquisition enhancing efficiency of V. soli was established as positive results were recorded for PGP tests viz. siderophore production, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and exopolysaccharide production. Plants inoculated with V. soli induced phytohormonal modulation (viz. increase in IAA level and reduction in stress ethylene level) for enhanced shoot, root length, increased plant fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and proline content for extensive root system, plant growth and alleviation of salt, drought, arsenic stress impact as compared to uninoculated plants, thus confirming its ability as biological fertilizers. Along with (IAA) indole 3-acetic acid and (ACC deaminase) 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid deaminase, certain other extracellular exudates of PGPR serve as signaling molecules to trigger abiotic stress responsive pathway. V. soli is therefore a promising green alternative to chemical fertilizers to induce abiotic stress tolerance and reclaim soil fertility to elevate agricultural productivity.

BADANIA PORÓWNAWCZE UŻYTKOWOŚCI ROZPŁODOWEJ I MIĘSNEJ LOKALNEJ RASY BYDŁA POLSKIEGO CZERWONEGO Z RASĄ LIMOUSIN POCHODZENIA POLSKIEGO I FRANCUSKIEGO

The aim of the study was to compare of the reproductive and meat performance of meat breeds, such as the local Polish Red cattle and the Limousine cattle breed, which is dominant in Poland. The examined individuals of the Limousine breed, which were divided into two groups depending on the origin of the parents, the so-called Polish and French. The criterion for assigning the animals to the group of Polish origin was that the tested bulls did not have in their pedigree a descendant of the French line for two generations. Three groups of fatteners with 138 Polish Red bulls and 447 French and 478 Polish Limousin bulls were used to assess meat performance. All animals were kept in an extensive production system, using the pasture at will throughout the year, during the so-called peak season. At the end, they were fed additionally with haylage and concentrated feed. Reproductive parameters (type of calving and viability of calves) were assessed in 348 Polish Limousin cows, 367 French cows and 289 Polish Red cows. Calves were observed and measured throughout their life cycle from birth to slaughter. In the as- sessment of the utility value of meat, reference features were taken into account, e.g. body weight after calving, body weight at 210 and 420 days of age and gains, height at withers and chest circumference, and conformation assessment. The PRC group showed significantly greater ease of calving and vitality of calves compared to both groups of limousines. Calf and adult body weight measurements at 210 and 420 days were significantly higher in French Limousine cattle. Differences in body weight and gain were significant. There was a slight difference in height between Polish and French bulls. Native breed cattle were characterized by very good reproductive parameters and satisfactory meat performance charac- teristics in relation to the use of grassland fodder. Beef producers can be successfully recommended to use Polish Red cattle for meat purposes in an extensive production system.

OCENA UŻYTKOWOŚCI ROZPŁODOWEJ, TUCZNEJ I RZEŹNEJ ORAZ JAKOŚCI MIĘSA KRÓLIKÓW RASY CZARNEJ PODPALANEJ UTRZYMYWANYCH W POLSCE

Rabbit is a highly adaptable animal, but far-reaching animal improvement, and the use of additives in the form of antibiotics and growth promoters, has resulted in the production of overgrown, often unhealthy individuals. It would be impossible to keep them in a backyard environment or on the increasingly popular organic farms. Hence, less popular rabbit breeds that can provide livestock on farms with extensive production systems are being sought. Literature reports suggest that a breed worthy of consideration is the Tan breed. Scientific studies comparing rearing, fattening and slaugh- ter performance of Black-and-Tan rabbits with New Zealand White rabbits do not indicate that the Black-and-Tan breed is inferior in these traits. The meat obtained from Black-and-Tan rabbits is also of high quality, comparable to that attributed to rabbits of typical meat breeds. In addition, Black-and-Tan rabbits can be a valuable component for commercial crossbreeding, significantly improving the rearing results, slaughter performance and meat quality of the crosses.

English

Livestock-oil palm plantations integration system is intended to improve farming efficiency, where agriculture not only plays a role as the primary producer of food but also as a producer of feed, fertilizer, energy, and other bioproducts, leading to a sustainable agricultural system. Smallholder farmers in Indonesia integrated Bali cattle and oil palm with extensive, semiintensive, and intensive management systems. This study evaluated the integrated system of oil palm and Bali cattle under different management systems regarding the characteristics of smallholder farmers, nutritional status, and weight gain of Bali cattle on smallholder farms. The study was conducted in the Regency of Central Bangka, Bangka Islands, Indonesia. The study included 108 Bali cattle grouped as calves, young, and adults. The observed variables included smallholder farmer characteristics, feed nutrients, feed nutrient consumption (Dry Matter (DM), protein, Ca, and P), feed digestibility, and body weight gain. A Randomized Block Design and analysis of variance for the obtained data were used in this experiment. Smallholder farmers implementing the integration of livestock-oil palm in Central Bangka Regency were dominated by inexperienced novice farmers. The majority of the farmer choose semi-intensive rearing management as this system produces compost as a by-product. The semi-intensive system also provides better feed quality for Bali cattle. Therefore, DM consumption in the semi-intensive system was higher than in other systems, especially in young bulls, heifers, and male and female calves (P&lt;0.05). Thus, Bali cattle in the semi-intensive system had higher average daily gain than those in the intensive or extensive system. Therefore, it can be concluded that the semi-intensive management system is the best model in the Bali cattle-oil palm integration system in the rural dryland area, in accordance with nutritional status and the characteristics of smallholder farmers in Indonesia

An epidemiological survey of vector-borne pathogens infecting cattle in Kyrgyzstan.

Cattle production is a major contributor to the national economy of Kyrgyzstan. Most cattle in Kyrgyzstan are managed via extensive systems and graze in communal pastures. As a result, infestations with ectoparasites are widespread, implying that various vector-borne diseases might be common in cattle. However, methods to control such infectious diseases are not available in Kyrgyzstan because the epidemiology of vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) infecting cattle remains unclear. The present study was therefore designed to survey Kyrgyz cattle for VBPs. We prepared blood DNA samples from 319 cattle in Kyrgyzstan and screened them with specific PCR assays for detecting Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia naoakii, Theileria annulata, Theileria orientalis, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma theileri, and Anaplasma marginale infections. Our findings indicated that the surveyed cattle were infected with six of the eight pathogens targeted, with the exceptions being B. naoakii and Try. evansi. The most common pathogen was T. orientalis (84.3%), followed by B. bigemina (47.6%), T. annulata (16.6%), A. marginale (11.6%), Try. theileri (7.2%), and B. bovis (2.5%). Additional screening of the B. bovis- and B. bigemina-negative samples with a Babesia genus-specific 18S rRNA PCR identified two positive samples, and sequencing analysis confirmed that each of them was infected with either Babesia major or Babesia occultans. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. occultans, Try. theileri, and A. marginale infections in cattle in Kyrgyzstan. Our findings suggest that cattle in Kyrgyzstan are at high risk of infectious diseases caused by VBPs.

Neuroprotective effect of Tropisetron in Streptozotocin induced animal model of Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative pathology having genetic and non‐genetic forms. Non‐genetic forms of AD dominate over the genetic condition and is mainly sporadic. However, both forms affect cognitive functions. Although exact mechanisms are not fully understood, amyloid β deposition &amp; tau tangle formation are considered central mechanisms to cause neurodegenerative changes in the AD brain. On the other hand, cognitive deterioration began way before the accumulation of amyloid or tau tangle formation. Cognitive functions, including learning and memory, have been majorly controlled/regulated by the cholinergic system. Here in the present study, we have explored the neuroprotective effect of tropisetron in streptozotocin‐induced animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. During the last two decades, the involvement of other neurotransmitter systems has been explored, and the serotonergic system has been demonstrated to play an essential role in memory and learning. The serotonergic system is the most extensive monoaminergic system in the brain, and alterations in serotonergic signals have been linked with Aβ and tau tangle formation. Moreover, serotonin acting through its receptor antagonist has been reported beneficial in various experimental AD models.MethodIn the present study animals were infused with STZ alternatively on 1st and 3rd day. From 15th day animals were treated with tropisteron with two subsequent doses (2.2.5mg/kg) and (5mg/kg). On 28th day animals were sacrificed. Further animals were tested for behavioral, biochemical and histopathological parameters.ResultTropisetron significantly attenuated oxidative damage and restored the reduced levels of anti‐oxidant enzymes. ICV‐STZ treatment had shown significant neuronal damage in hippocampal and cortical regions of AD brain in histopathological examination. Moreover, hippocampal neurons were observed to be irregular in morphology with dark pyknotic nuclei. This confirms the neurodegeneration in ICV‐STZ animals. Target drug tropisetron resulted in significant neuroprotection against ICV‐STZ.ConclusionThe observed outcomes of the present study suggest the neuroprotective effect of tropisteron in STZ induced animal model of Alzheimer’s disease.It would be safe to conclude that tropisetron may improve the behavioral outcomes by attenuating oxidative burden &amp; its neuroprotective potential as seen in our histological assessment.

The level of Impact of the Agricultural Extension System on Rural Agricultural Development from the Farmers' Point of view in Halabja Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

The level of Impact of the Agricultural Extension System on Rural Agricultural Development from the Farmers' Point of view in Halabja Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Identify the Reality of the Relationship between the Agricultural Extension System and the Agricultural Research Centers in Libya

Identify the Reality of the Relationship between the Agricultural Extension System and the Agricultural Research Centers in Libya

Postfixal expression of the category of grammatical class in the attributive forms of the Dargin languages

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of class markers functioning in adjective and participial suffixes of the South Dargin languages (Dargin branch of the Nakh-Dagestan languages). The Dargin languages are characterized by a complex and extensive system of grammatical categories, however, the categories in numerous Dargin languages and dialects remain still unstudied, and that is the relevance of this study. The purpose of the study is to identify the cases of usage the changing markers of class and case in the postfixal position in the Dargin languages. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks are followed: a) to study the category of grammatical class in archaic South Dargin languages; b) to study the peculiarities of the functioning of class-numerical exponents; c) to identify the attributive words the class indicators of which function in the postfixal position; d) comparative analysis of Dargin word forms with changing class-numerical elements. The use of both field linguistics methods, as well as the comparative method and the method of synchronic analysis is needed to solve the above-mentioned issues. The novelty of the study is in the first attempt of comparative analysis of class-numerical indicators’ functioning in the postfixal position of attributive forms. A similar phenomenon was described only in the Kubachi language earlier. As a result of the study, all cases of postfixal use of changing class exponents in the South Dargin languages and dialects are identified. In particular, in the Chirag language these affixes are revealed in the present and past tense forms. In the Itzari dialect they are revealed in attributes derived from the demonstrative pronouns, in the Sanzhi dialect - in adjectives denoting a high degree of quality. The results of the study can be useful for compiling a comparative historical grammar of the Dargin languages.

System of future tense forms In the Dargin Languages

The article is devoted to the study of the future tense forms in the Dargin languages which belong to the Nakh-Dagestan language group. The relevance of the issue is that the languages of the small nations of Dagestan are rapidly disappearing for recent decades, while the younger generation mainly uses the Russian language for communication. Meanwhile, it is known that the morphological system of the East Caucasian languages is quite rich and consists of numerous paradigms of inflectional categories. Particularly, there is an extensive system of aspectual, tense and modal forms in the Dargin languages. The main purpose of the article is to study the semantic peculiarities of four verb forms that express - futurum, progressive, possibilitative and obligatory meanings of the future tense. The objectives of the work is to study the ways of their formation and also reveal the differences in the functioning of future tense forms in the Northern Dargin and the Southern Dargin languages. To solve these problems, the methods of field linguistics, as well as the method of descriptive analysis are used. In description of the forms of the future tense, the main meaning, methods of formation, examples are given, and the designations of these forms in the works of predecessors are also given. As a result of the study, all forms of the future tense functioning in the Dargin languages are described, the peculiarities of their formation are considered, semantic differences and the terms for their functioning are revealed. Some ways of development of futurum in the Dargin languages are also identified. A hypothesis is put forward according to which this form existed in the proto-Dargin state, but then disappeared in the Northern Dargin languages. Habitualis started to function as the future tense in them.

PECULIARITIES OF REPLENISHMENT OF SUPPLIES OF MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL MEANS IN TROOPS (FORCES), IN OPERATIONS IN THE ARMIES OF NATO MEMBER COUNTRIES AND THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE

The task of replenishing troops (forces) with material and technical means instead of spent and lost ones due to increasing the efficiency of the use of forces and means of material and technical support (supply of material and technical means) in the modern conditions of the russian federation – the Ukrainian war is becoming more and more acute. It was determined that not all problematic issues regarding the effective use of forces and means of logistical support in the process of equipping troops (forces) with material and technical means have been sufficiently resolved.&#x0D; The main features of equipping material and technical means in troops (forces) in operations in the armies of NATO member countries are analyzed based on the experience of local wars and armed conflicts, and the relevance of this problem in partner countries is determined.&#x0D; In order to solve these problems, the main shortcomings in the process of replenishment of troops (forces) with material and technical means instead of those spent and lost in the conditions of combat operations in the Armed Forces of Ukraine have been identified.&#x0D; It has been investigated that the insufficient effectiveness of the use of forces and means of logistical support (providing with material and technical means) and their great vulnerability to the enemy’s firepower due to the unsuccessful choice of deployment areas (places) requires an immediate solution based on the construction of an effective system of material and technical support, which is capable of timely fully satisfy the needs of troops (forces) in spent material and technical means and provide for the creation of an extensive system of protected bases for their storage to ensure their survivability, taking into account the influence of modern means of reconnaissance and defeating the enemy.&#x0D; On the basis of the analysis of the peculiarities of the process of replenishment of troops (forces) with material and technical means instead of spent and lost ones, a conclusion was made regarding the need to substantiate the basic standards of the use of forces and means of logistical support (provision with material and technical means) and to determine the areas of their deployment (location) in further studies.