Extensive System Research Articles

A STUDY ON STATE WISE AIR POLLUTION WITH REGARD TO PARTICULATE MATTER IN INDIA

This study looks at air quality in various Indian states, focusing on the prevalence and composition of particulate matter (PM) as a key indicator of air pollution. The study takes a comprehensive approach to assessing state-by-state variations in PM concentrations, taking into account a variety of geographical, climatic, and demographic factors. The research aims to identify patterns, trends, and potential sources of PM in different regions by utilizing extensive air quality monitoring data, statistical analyses, and geographical information systems (GIS).The environment and public health are seriously threatened by air pollution, particularly when it comes to particulate matter (PM). PM is composed of minuscule particles suspended in the atmosphere, which are often generated by combustion, natural, and industrial processes. Prolonged exposure to high particulate matter has been linked to respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, as well as detrimental effects on the environment. Using data from the Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) for five years, from 2016 to 2021, and breaking down each state separately, this study examines the intricate rise of PM in India in great detail. Uttar Pradesh has the highest PM rate (2021) at 5.754. This implies that there has been a discernible increase in air pollution in this state. With the lowest is Arunachal Pradesh

Do innovation support services meet the needs of agri-food SMEs in cross-border regions? A case study from the Euregio Rhine-Waal

ABSTRACT Purpose Innovations in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are essential for increasing resource efficiency and sustainability in the agri-food system. An innovation support service (ISS) can benefit SMEs but the provision and access to it can be restricted across national borders thereby hindering cross-border regions’ economic potential. The aim was to investigate how ISSs are provided and used in such a region and explore stakeholders’ perceptions on their limitations and opportunities. Methodology We conducted a case study in the Dutch-German cross-border region Euregio Rhine-Waal which included a content analysis of websites and stakeholder interviews. Findings The provision of ISSs was limited by differing structures and priorities in both countries. SMEs’ unfamiliarity with responsible authorities, significant administrative effort, and uncertainty about pay-offs were perceived as factors limiting ISS. Practical implications We provide recommendations on how to improve ISS in cross-border regions and inform policymaking for cross-border regional development. We recommend reducing limitations of ISS provision and use, e.g. by engaging ISS providers and users in a co-creative approach. Furthermore, we suggest using opportunities of ISS provision and use, e.g. through increased promotion of available ISS by brokers. Theoretical implications Our research contributes to the literature of extension and advisory systems by showing how differing institutional settings, combined with different ‘innovation cultures’ and the availability of cross-border brokers affect cross-border integration of ISS. Originality This is the first study to explore the limitations and potentials of ISSs in a cross-border region.

Responsible Artificial Intelligence for Agriculture and Food Systems: Challenges and Opportunities in Africa

This year’s Conference theme “Changing Paradigms in Agricultural Extension” is very intreresting. This is because the extension system continuously evolves considering that the societal challenges and farming needs also change with time

CHANGING THE FOCUS OF THE INDONESIAN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SYSTEM TO RESPOND TO GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION

The transformation of the global food system affects small-scale farmers in developing countries, especially Indonesia. Although cropping intensity increases, farmers' income tends to decrease and is unstable due to the volatility of commodity prices in global markets. If extension systems continue to adhere to a 20th-century strategy of focusing on staple crops, farmers and extension systems will need to be able to compete effectively with the multinational corporations controlling the food chain. If this continues, national extension systems will likely follow the fate of agricultural extension systems in North America, Europe, and Oceania, which are gradually being streamlined or wholly abolished. This study aims to answer the question: What changes are needed by Indonesia's agricultural extension system to respond to the transformation of the global food system? This research method is a literature review. The research results show that Indonesia's agricultural extension system still has the opportunity to make a significant, long-lasting contribution to improving the income and livelihoods of smallholders. The extension system needs to change its focus, shift to high-value crops, form business groups, become market-based, build social capital, and move to a decentralized extension structure. This 21st-century extension focus is doable but requires strong leadership and commitment.

Youth engagement in livestock production and marketing in East Africa

There is limited empirical evidence about how youth engage in livestock production in East Africa. The primary objective of this article is to better understand youth engagement in the livestock sector, namely commercialization and marketing. We compare youth to non-youth in four areas: livestock asset ownership, access to and use of services and improved practices and lastly, market participation. Our framework draws upon agricultural transformation concepts to suggest a tentative pathway through which livestock can support youth in transitions. We draw upon quantitative data and analyze and compare youth to nonyouth in intensive and extensive livestock systems in Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Tanzania and investigate four livestock systems, dairy, extensive ruminants, pig, and chicken systems. The results showed that there were no systematic youth-specific trends across the asset ownership, levels of commercialization or market participation. Also, low asset ownership did not generate observable youth specific differences in market participation. Rather, education and improved practices correlate with higher levels of market participation. Exploring how livestock are acquired and implications upon asset-based approaches is recommended to better understand the potential of livestock as a source of income during youth transitions in different livestock systems. More evidence is needed to inform and tailor policy approaches to support equitable opportunities in the livestock sector better. Research into understanding how social factors, including gender, shape youth opportunities and constraints, is needed.

Detection of Distributed Denial of Service Attacks in Software Defined Networks by Using Machine Learning

Within the sphere of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) — an innovative architectural paradigm that segregates the control plane from the data plane — a paramount concern is the defense against Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) assaults. These attacks pose a significant threat to the integrity and operational sustainability of SDN infrastructures, potentially leading to extensive system disruptions and financial losses.To address this challenge, our study introduces an innovative approach utilizing machine learning strategies to enhance the detection of DDoS threats. We employed a trio of classification algorithms: Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), applied to a publicly available SDN dataset specific to DDoS attacks. Our methodology integrates a blend of feature selection techniques, including Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE), with the aim of refining the accuracy of our classifications.In a comparative analysis with existing models, our innovative application of KNN in conjunction with RFE demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving an accuracy of 99.97%, a precision of 99.98%, a recall of 99.96%, and an F1-score of 99.97%. This breakthrough indicates a significant advancement in the field of SDN security.

Contribution of Pluralistic Agriculture Extension Service Provision to Smallholder Farmer Resilience

The paper examined the relationship between pluralistic agriculture extension systems and the socioeconomic resilience of smallholder farmers in northern Uganda. A categorical regression analysis was conducted on quantitative data that were randomly collected from 308 respondents. The pluralistic agriculture extension service accounted for a 40% and 32% change in social and economic resilience respectively. The main factors that had positive and significant effects on socioeconomic resilience were the management style of extension agents and participatory monitoring and evaluation of smallholder farmer extension activities that caused less than half a unit fold of increment in socioeconomic resilience. Although small, they form the ground for farmers’ capacity to buffer, adapt to changes, and cope with stresses and disturbances. The F-values in the regression models are important in the prioritization of the significant factors during the design and implementation of extension models. The paper contributes to the ongoing discussion on the role the pluralistic agriculture extension system plays in enhancing farmer resilience and the use of quantitative methodological procedures in identifying the strength of the relationship between the factors.

Administrators’ perspectives on organizational environmental factors facing 4-H youth development

4-H is the largest youth development organization in the United States and is the youth development program of the Land-Grant University’s Cooperative Extension system. A qualitative study of 13 4-H Program Leaders and seven Cooperative Extension Directors was conducted to explore the perspectives Extension Administrators hold about the organizational environmental factors facing the 4-H program. Data were analyzed using a qualitative open coding methodology. Five themes emerged from the study in response to the identified environmental factors: 1) key components of the traditional club model need to be ensured in all programming conducted; 2) the need to develop a club programming matrix to help county-level staff manage the impact and their workload; 3) good partners will expand the 4-H programs’ capacity; 4) increased involvement of first generation youth and families is needed; and 5) intentional marketing and raising awareness of the “new 4-H brand.” Adaptation poses important questions, challenges, and opportunities for the 4-H program. Because administrators represent a national population of Administrators, these insights can inform youth organizations in the United States and internationally.

Thermal imaging of the disc brake and drive train in an electric locomotive in field conditions

The article presents the results of thermovision tests of the disc brake and the drive system components located in its vicinity on the 111Ed electric locomotive in field conditions. For the mentioned vehicle, the research methodology was developed and the temperature distribution of the brake disc and components and assemblies located in its vicinity during braking was measured. In the article, special attention was paid to the configuration of the thermal imaging camera to the real conditions occurring during the test. This is important because due to the rotating brake disc, it is difficult to verify the temperature value with another contact measuring device. In exceptional situations, temperature measurement using thermocouples is used, but it requires an extensive additional measurement system and signal recording, which is more expensive. Although the thermal imaging camera measures the temperature indirectly, the correct configuration of the camera settings to the real conditions may affect the measurement error by several percent.

Analisis Kesejahteraan Karyawan Pada Kantor Pusat Dirjen Jenderal Pajak Jakarta Selatan

Abstract. This research aims to determine the analysis of employee welfare at the Head Office of the Director General of Taxes, South Jakarta. This research uses a descriptive approach, namely by describing and analyzing the problems found. This qualitative research was obtained by observation, interviews and documentation. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained through books, previous research and articles related to research. From the results of this research, it can be seen that the South Jakarta tax head office has carried out all existing management stages or cycles, but not all welfare in the prosperous life cycle has been well maintained. This can be seen from the extensive work and information system changes carried out by tax office employees.

Digital approaches to construction compliance checking: Validating the suitability of an ecosystem approach to compliance checking

The lifecycle of the built environment is governed by complex regulations, requirements and standards. Ensuring compliance against these requirements is a complicated process, affecting the entire supply chain and often incurring significant costs, delay and uncertainty. Many of the processes, and elements within these processes, are formalised and supported by varying levels of digitisation and automation. This ranges from energy simulation, geometric checking, to building information modelling based checking.However, there are currently no unifying standards or integrating technology to tie regulatory efforts together to enable the widespread adoption of automated compliance processes. This has left many current technical approaches, while advanced and robust, isolated. However, the increasing maturity of asset datasets/information models, means that integration of data/tools is now feasible. This paper will propose and validate a new approach of solving the problem of automated compliance checking through the use of an ecosystem of compliance checking services.This work has identified a clear research gap. How automated compliance checking in the construction sector can move beyond sole reliance on BIM data, and tightly coupled integration with software tools, to provide an extensible enough system to integrate the current isolated software elements currently used within compliance checking processes.To test this approach, an architecture for an ecosystem of compliance services will be specified. To validate this architecture, a prototype version will be developed and validated against requirements derived from the weaknesses of current approaches.This validation has found that a distributed ecosystem can perform accurately and successfully, whilst providing advantages in terms of scalability and extensibility. This approach provides a route to the increased adoption of automated compliance checking, overcoming the issues of relying on one computer system/application to perform all aspects of this process.

A methodology based on territorial metabolism analysis to assess the multi-criteria sustainability of African village terroirs with contrasted crop-livestock systems

CONTEXTAgricultural intensification to ensure food security and limit rural exodus is a major issue in sub-Saharan Africa. The potential of livestock farming to improve the sustainability of farming systems has been studied but rarely at the landscape level. However, because the herds move about in the landscape, thereby creating horizontal biomass and nutrient flows between plots and households, the landscape is the only level where all the interactions between the different components of the agro-ecosystem (animals, crops and trees) can be considered. OBJECTIVEOur objective was to develop a methodology that uses territorial metabolism for multicriteria assessment of sustainability to compare contrasted livestock systems. METHODSWe compare two neighboring village terroirs in the former groundnut basin of Senegal. One village (Diohine), has kept a “traditional extensive system” based on fallow, free grazing and night corralling, while the other (Barry) uses a “modern semi-intensive system” based on livestock fattening in which the livestock is stall-fed with feed concentrate and crop residues. During the survey, village households were asked to describe their practices and to quantify biomass and nitrogen (N) flows to enable us to calculate sustainability indicators (productivity, balance, efficiency, dependency, profitability) at plot, household and village terroir levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSAt village terroir level, introducing livestock fattening increased the livestock stocking rate (0.96 TLU ha-1 in Diohine and 2.31 TLU ha-1 in Barry) and spreading of solid manure on crop fields (respectively 337 and 482 kgDM ha-1). Fattening livestock requires large imports of feed concentrate, 23.67 kgN ha-1 in Barry versus 3.39 kgN ha-1 in Diohine. The improved livestock productivity of fattening (+217 kgLW ha-1) produces higher financial returns (+432€ household-1 year-1) that enable the use of more mineral fertilizers (6.28 kgN ha-1 in Barry versus 1.09 kgN ha-1 in Diohine). The additional N inputs in Barry enable increased yields of the main staple crop (millet) (+101 kgDM ha-1). The population density of Barry village is +78% higher (320 capita km-2 in Barry versus 180 capita km-2 in Diohine). The village nitrogen balance (24.88 kgN ha-1 in Barry versus 8.51 kgN ha-1 in Diohine) and N use efficiencies (respectively 0.64 and 0.15) demonstrate that nutrient cycling and soil fertility management are more sustainable in Barry. SIGNIFICANCEWe propose a methodology to rebuild territorial metabolism from surveys. Territorial metabolism is used to calculate a set of multi-criteria sustainability indicators. This methodology will be particularly useful in sub-Saharan Africa where data on agricultural systems are lacking.

Federated learning for resource allocation in vehicular edge computing-enabled moving small cell networks

Moving networks comprising of moving small cells (MoSCs) is an emerging technology that provide ubiquitous connectivity to the cellular users in vehicular environment. MoSCs are the small cells deployed on the top of vehicles (city buses, trains, trams etc.) to support the vehicular users with improved quality-of-service (QoS). However, the deployment of small cells in vehicular environment demands for an efficient resource allocation mechanism. This is due to high mobility of MoSCs resulting in dynamic interference between MoSCs, high computational cost, privacy issues, latency issues, and high data transmission requirement. To overcome these issues, gated recurrent unit (GRU)-based federated learning (FL) model is proposed for resource allocation in moving networks. In our proposed work, we investigate resource allocation in vehicular edge computing (VEC)-enabled MoSC network with MoSCs deployed on trams travelling with deterministic mobility. In the proposed MoSC network, road side units (RSUs) equipped with VEC servers use their computational power to train the resource allocation model in a distributed manner, in which each RSU exploits the training data of its associated MoSCs to generate a shared model. The proposed GRU-based FL model enables RSUs to cooperatively train a global model that can predict resource block (RB) allocation to MoSCs without transmitting the historical data to the central server. We have conducted extensive system level simulations to determine key performance comparison between FL and centralized learning-based resource allocation in MoSC network.

Carcass composition and physicochemical and sensory attributes of breast and leg meat from native Mexican guajolote (Meleagris g. gallopavo) as influenced by sex.

The aim of the study was to compare carcass composition and physicochemical and sensory attributes of breast and leg meat from native Mexican guajolote (Meleagris g. gallopavo) as influenced by sex. For this, slaughter weight and carcass characteristics of male () and female () guajolotes raised traditionally under extensive systems with similar housing and feeding conditions were recorded. Also, physical characteristics, proximate composition, the fatty acid profile, and sensory attributes were determined in breast and leg meat using standard procedures. The results showed that males had higher () slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weights, and dressing percentage, as well as carcass part weights, while females had higher () abdominal fat weights than males. The lightness (), yellowness (), and drip loss values of breast meat, as well as redness () and water-holding capacity values of leg meat, were significantly () influenced by sex. Male breast meat had higher () moisture content, crude protein, erucic acid (C22:1n9), MUFAs (total monounsaturated fatty acids), UFAs (unsaturated fatty acids), DFAs (desirable fatty acids), UFA SFA (total saturated fatty acid) ratio, PUFA (total polyunsaturated fatty acid) SFA ratio, and chewiness scores than females. Likewise, leg meat from males showed higher () ash content, myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1n9c), palmitoleic acid (C16:1n7), SFAs, OFAs (odd fatty acids), thrombogenic index, and atherogenic index, whereas females had high fat content. In conclusion, it would be suggested that, from a nutritional point of view, the meat from male guajolotes was preferable to the meat from females.

Reasons for the Successful German Economy: Analysis of Imports and Exports, Labor and Social Welfare

Germanys robust economy, labor market reforms, expansive social welfare initiatives, and the structure of its educational system collectively contribute to its status as an influential and appealing nation on the global stage. The paper analyzes the reasons for the booming German economy from three aspects: imports and exports, labor, and social welfare. The nation has witnessed substantial export growth, particularly compared to its European counterparts. This economic achievement can be attributed to elements like practicing wage restraint and capitalizing on the opportunities presented by Chinas market liberalization, resulting in a significant upswing in exports to China. The labor market in Germany has witnessed substantial enhancements since 2005, marked by the creation of jobs and a remarkable reduction in the unemployment rate. These transformations can be linked to labor market reforms initiated in the early 2000s, commonly called the Hartz reforms. Germany boasts an extensive social welfare system with historical roots dating back to the 19th century. This system encompasses various life facets, including healthcare, pension provisions, accident coverage, nursing care, and unemployment support. The adaptability of this welfare system is underscored as it remains open to ongoing negotiations and adjustments, particularly in response to demographic shifts.

Association of Socio-Psychological Factors on Decision Making Process of Kvk Officials in Odisha

The role of research and extension system in delivery of appropriate technology to the farmers has been looked at as the most important input for furthering agricultural production. Therefore, considering the requirement of developing the capacity of the farmers and reducing the time lag between technology generation and technology application at farmer’s field; the idea of establishing KVK under the leadership of Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta appointed by ICAR in 1973 took place. The present study is an exploratory survey design undertaking 125 respondents comprising of Sr. Scientist & Head, Scientists, Program Assistants and Farm managers selected randomly from 33 KVKs across the state. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents (56.80%) were middle aged, 64 per cent of them were male officials and (68.00%) of the sample reported to experience moderate level of Job Satisfaction, Job Autonomy and Organizational Stress. Further, Organizational Climate (76.00%) and the Level of Job Management (72.00%) of the KVK was also reported to be moderate. The average gap in participation was maximum in identifying the problem/needs (38.40%) and policy decisions (39.40%) among the all the different stages of decision-making and types of decision-making respectively. Further, it was observed that Professional Experience, Organizational Stress, Job Autonomy and Level of Job Management was strongly associated with extent of Participation in different types of Decision-making. The findings also revealed that Level of Job Management was found to be associated with participation in different stages of decision-making.

Decoding subcontinental lithosphere processes: The key role of fractional crystallization in Central Andes monogenetic volcanism - Insight from El Negrillar volcanic field, Chile

Subduction zones are complex geodynamic settings in which volcanic arcs form due to the interaction between subducting slabs, water, and continental materials. Investigating this extensive Earth recycling system offers valuable insights into the exchange of materials between the crust and mantle. While previous research has primarily focused on analyzing polygenetic volcanoes to explore this interaction, monogenetic volcanic fields (MVF) present an opportunity to delve into the mechanisms operating within the upper and lower mantle. Monogenetic volcanoes are a class of volcanoes that are typically smaller in size but showcase a range of eruptive styles and compositions. These volcanoes can be found in various locations along the arc, including the main Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) (arc-front volcanoes), and even far from the tectonic plate boundaries in the back-arc region (intraplate volcanism).We carried out a detailed geochemical study of El Negrillar (EN) MVF, located in the Central Andes main-arc, on the Altiplano-Puna Plateau's southwestern border. The volcanic field has 35 eruptive centers and a total of 86 eruptive phases originating from its three clusters: Northern, Central, and Southern. EN magmas range in composition from basaltic andesite to dacite and have produced over 6.8 km3 (DRE) of lava and pyroclastic material, which makes it the most voluminous volcanic field in the Central Andes, and therefore, an excellent example to study MVF in arc-systems. We have conducted an extensive study encompassing major and trace elements, as well as isotopic analysis using whole rock Sr-Nd-Pb. We also present an analysis of our results with available geochemical data from the back-arc and main-arc volcanoes, including other monogenetic volcanoes near EN (<80 km, EN's neighbors). The results revealed that EN magmas and their neighbors are strongly related and exhibit a clear similarity in major and trace element compositions and isotopic ratios, indicating a common source and origin of their melts. Our comparison across the arc surprisingly reveals similarities between EN and back-arc monogenetic volcanism. Both regions indicate geochemical signatures that do not support melting via slab metasomatism, typical of subduction zones. Instead, they show low Th/Ce (<0.1 ppm) and Ba/La (<30 ppm) and high Ce/Pb (>6 ppm), Ba/Th (>100 ppm), high 143Nd/144Nd > 0.51240, and La/Yb ratios at a given La/Sm compared to the main-arc polygenetic volcanoes. Interestingly, EN also exhibits adakite-like signatures with increasing SiO2 content (high Sr > 600 ppm, Sr/Y > 40, and high La/Yb > 20), a term used for igneous rock suites with chemical characteristics that are identical to those of adakites but produced through petrogenetic processes that do not include a slab component. We explore how fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation participate in the development of monogenetic volcanoes, and our findings underscore the significant influence of fractional crystallization on the monogenetic volcanic processes in the Salar de Atacama region. The geochemical changes observed in this area can be attributed to a combination of varying degrees of fractional crystallization within magmas generated through the partial melting of a garnet-enriched environment, which could be primary lower crust or partial melting of a peridotite mantle that has later equilibrated with garnet-bearing crustal melts.

Establishment of an Efficient In Vitro Propagation Protocol for Cannabis sativa L. subsp. ruderalis Janish

Cannabis sativa L., subsp. ruderalis Janish., ‘Finola’ is a dioecious cultivar of Finnish origin. This cultivar is very interesting because its cultivation cycle lasts less than 3 months. The aim of this study was to define an efficient micropropagation protocol to ensure in vitro multiplication and rooting and in vivo acclimatization. Two different explant sources were tested: seed-derived in vitro explants and nodal segments containing axillary buds from selected mother plants. Shoot proliferation was tested on different growth media enriched with cytokinin alone or cytokinin in combination with auxins. Among all combinations, the best results were obtained by combining the Basal Medium (BM—a Murashige and Skoog modified medium) with sucrose (20 g L−1), thidiazuron (TDZ 0.4 mg L−1), and 1-naphthalenacetic acid (NAA 0.2 mg L−1). Regarding rooting induction, the plants developed an extensive root system under red/blue lights on BM enriched with sucrose (30 g L−1) and indol-3 butyric acid (0.1 mg L−1), which allowed the survival of more than 90 percent of the plantlets once transplanted into the climate-controlled greenhouse.

ECONOMIC COMPONENT OF THE JUDICIAL CAREER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

The aim of this article is to review the concept of judicial immutability as a fundamental criterion for evaluating the national judiciary system and to ascertain the distinctive features of selecting qualified candidates for judgeship. Additionally, the present condition of the judiciary formation will be examined, alongside identifying the essential economic requirements necessary and sufficient to promote the development of the judiciary system in Ukraine. A scientific discussion of the problem of creating an impartial and transparent procedure for the formation of the judiciary. It is noted that the principle of judicial immutability as a basic criterion for assessing the national judicial system is implemented through: 1) the normatively defined age limit of a judge; 2) a non-alternative list of cases in which a judge may be transferred to another position (including a lower one) without his consent; 3) the established procedure for bringing a judge to disciplinary responsibility; 4) an extensive system of bodies performing organisational, administrative and control functions; 5) provision for the assessment of a judge's activity by independent public bodies (the Council for Public Integrity); 6) available competitive selection for the position, except for the cases established by law. It is found that the current state of formation of the judiciary can be defined as unsatisfactory, which is due to the following reasons: 1) unstable functioning of the institutions responsible for the competitive selection of candidates for vacant positions of judges; 2) inhibition of the judicial reform as a result of the introduction of the legal regime of martial law; 3) decrease in the quality of the financing of the judicial system due to the unstable political and economic situation in the country; 4) lack of an effective algorithm for bringing judges to disciplinary responsibility; 5) an excessively extensive system of subjects for assessing the compliance of candidates for the position of a judge with the requirements set forth in regulatory and legal acts. Results. It is established that the peculiarities of the qualification selection of candidates for the position of a judge include: 1) selection of judicial candidates based on three criteria (competence; professional ethics; integrity); 2) differentiation of subjects for assessing the compliance of a candidate for the position of a judge with a certain criterion defined by law; 3) lack of clear procedural requirements for the High Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine as a body tasked with the formation of the judiciary; 4) predominance of discretionary powers of the High Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine as the main basis for consideration by the High Council of Justice of recommendations on appointment of a candidate for the position of a judge. It is specified that the economic component of the system of career advancement of judges requires solving such problems as: 1) timely identification and elimination of corruption risks and threats, which should be carried out not by branching the bodies involved in the evaluation of candidates for the position of a judge, but by improving the qualification selection procedure; 2) improving the secondment procedure as a temporary transfer of a judge to another court of the same level and specialisation, which became particularly relevant in connection with the introduction of a special legal regime of martial law and the temporary occupation of certain areas of the state; 3) improving the procedure for attracting international donors for financial support to the judiciary and standardising the procedure for obtaining and using such funds.

Evolution of GCGR family ligand-receptor extensive cross-interaction systems suggests a therapeutic direction for hyperglycemia in mammals.

Glucose is essential to the physiological processes of vertebrates. Mammalian physiological stability requires a relatively stable blood glucose level (~5 mM), whereas other vertebrates have greater flexibility in regulating blood glucose (0.5-25 mM). GCGR family receptors play an important role in vertebrate glucose regulation. Here, we examine the evolution of the GCGR family ligand-receptor systems in different species. Comparatively, we discover that the conserved sequences among GCG family ligands lead to the non-specific activation of ligands across species. In particular, we observe that glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R), glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor (GLP2R), and glucagon-like receptor (GCGLR, also called GCRPR) are arbitrarily activated by other members of the ligand family in birds. Moreover, we reveal that Gallus gallus GLP2 (gGLP2) effectively activates mammalian GLP1R and improves glucose tolerance in diabetic mice. Our study has important implications for understanding blood glucose stabilization in vertebrates and demonstrates that gGLP2 may be a potential drug for treating type 2 diabetes.