Family Of Complexes Research Articles

Synthesis, characterization and structural analysis of complexes from 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine derivatives with transition metals.

The synthesis and structural characterization of three families of coordination complexes synthesized from 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (8, Ph-TPY), 4'-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (9, ClPh-TPY) and 4'-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (10, MeOPh-TPY) ligands with the divalent metals Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Ni2+ are reported. The compounds were synthesized from a 1:2 mixture of the metal and ligand, resulting in a series of complexes with the general formula [M(R-TPY)2](ClO4)2 (where M= Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Ni2+, and R-TPY= Ph-TPY, ClPh-TPY and MeOPh-TPY). The general formula and structural and supramolecular features were determinated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction for bis(4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)nickel(II) bis(perchlorate), [Ni(C21H15N3)2](ClO4)2 or [Ni(Ph-TPY)2](ClO4)2, bis[4'-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine]manganese(II) bis(perchlorate), [Mn(C22H17N3O)2](ClO4)2 or [Mn(MeOPh-TPY)2](ClO4)2, and bis(4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)manganese(II) bis(perchlorate), [Mn(C21H15N3)2](ClO4)2 or [Mn(Ph-TPY)2](ClO4)2. In all three cases, the complexes present distorted octahedral coordination polyhedra and the crystal packing is determined mainly by weak C-H...π interactions. All the compounds (except for the Ni derivatives, for which FT-IR, UV-Vis and thermal analysis are reported) were fully characterized by spectroscopic (FT-IR, UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy) and thermal (TGA-DSC, thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry) methods.

Tailorable Multi-Modular Pore-Space-Partitioned Vanadium Metal-Organic Frameworks for Gas Separation.

Currently, few porous vanadium metal-organic frameworks (V-MOFs) are known and even fewer are obtainable as single crystals, resulting in limited information on their structures and properties. Here this work demonstrates remarkable promise of V-MOFs by presenting an extensible family of V-MOFs with tailorable pore geometry and properties. The synthesis leverages inter-modular synergy on a tri-modular pore-partitioned platform. New V-MOFs show a broad range of structural features and sorption properties suitable for gas storage and separation applications for C2H2/CO2, C2H6/C2H4, and C3H8/C3H6. The c/a ratio of the hexagonal cell, a measure of pore shape, is tunable from 0.612 to 1.258. Other tunable properties include pore size from 5.0 to 10.9 Å and surface area from 820 to 2964 m2 g-1. With C2H2/CO2 selectivity from 3.3 to 11 and high uptake capacity for C2H2 from 65.2 to 182 cm3 g-1 (298K, 1bar), an efficient separation is confirmed by breakthrough experiments. The near-record high uptake for C2H6 (166.8 cm3 g-1) contributes to the promise for C2H6-selective separation of C2H6/C2H4. The multi-module pore expansion enables transition from C3H6-selective to more desirable C3H8-selective separation with extraordinarily high C3H8 uptake (254.9 cm3 g-1) and high separation potential (1.25mmol g-1) for C3H8/C3H6 (50:50 v/v) mixture.

Assessment of Nutritional Status And Functional Capacity of Rural Elderly Population In Chattogram, Bangladesh

Background: Bangladesh, like many developing countries, is experiencing population ageing. There is inadequate information regarding the prevalence of malnutrition and functional dependency in community-living rural senior residents in this country. The study aims to determine the nutritional status and functional capacity of the rural elderly population of Chattogram District of Bangladesh and to search for its associated factors. Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study included 213 subjects aged 60 years and over from two Upazilla of Chattogram district by a multistage random sampling technique. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire, nutritional status was assessed with the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNASF) tool and functional assessment was done using the Modified Barthel self-care index (BSI).Results: The participants’ mean age was 66.1 ± 6.5 years and 51.6 % was female. More than half of the participants (45.4%) were illiterate. The majority of them were living in a joint family with their spouse. About 70% of the participants were from lower socioeconomic classes, 82.2% were not engaged in any vocational activity, 74.6% were entirely dependent economically on others, and 110 (51.6%) had multi- morbidity. The prevalence of malnutrition and risk of malnutrition were 29.9% and 56.8% of the study sample, respectively. About 44% of the participants need help to perform their daily activities. Poor nutritional status was significantly more frequent in elderly subjects aged more than 70 years, in respondents living without a partner, and in older people with multi-morbidity. Conclusion: Poor nutritional status was commonly observed among older adults living in rural areas in Chattogram. The associated factors should be further considered for targeting particularly vulnerable individuals. Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; 35: 76-81

Efficacy of post-surgery family-based participatory cluster pain care in children with developmental dislocation of hip.

Developmental dislocation of the hip (DDH) is a common congenital deformity of the skeletal system in children. To investigate the efficacy of post-surgery cluster nursing in children with DDH. A total of 60 children with DDH who underwent hip joint orthopedic surgery in our hospital from September 2021 to September 2022 were enrolled as the research participants in this prospective study, and divided into the control group and the observation group according to the numerical table method, with 30 patients in each group. The control group was given routine pain care, and the observation group was given cluster pain care. The hip joint function scores, pain scores, self-rating anxiety score (SAS) were compared between the two groups and between before intervention and after intervention in the two groups. The pain score of the children and the SAS of the primary caregivers after the intervention in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P< 0.05), and the hip joint function score and family satisfaction degree were higher than those in the control group (P< 0.05). Family-based cluster pain care can reduce pain in children with DDH after surgery, promote hip joint functional recovery, reduce the negative emotions of caregivers, and improve family satisfaction, and has clinical popularization value.

Family dynamics in the context of elder family financial exploitation: Application of qualitative genogram analysis

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined family dynamics that are common in families experiencing elder family financial exploitation (EFFE) using an innovative analytical protocol, qualitative genogram analysis.BackgroundEFFE is a form of elder abuse that affects many older adults and their families. Individual factors associated with EFFE have been examined, but what is missing is a greater focus on the complex family dynamics that contribute to this violation of older family members.MethodUsing qualitative genogram analysis (QGA), a three‐step analytical protocol using family systems theory as a foundation, this study identified key relationship patterns commonly found in families where exploitation had occurred. Family genograms generated from 20 interviewees representing 20 families that reportedly experienced EFFE were used to identify common family dynamic themes.ResultsUsing QGA, we identified four relational dynamic themes across families: distance and closeness, triangulation, power and dominance, and partner influence.ConclusionThese themes illustrate that families experiencing EFFE have several similar relational dynamics, which may have contributed to creating contexts that made older family members more vulnerable to financial exploitation.ImplicationsThe findings of this study provide important indicators for practitioners (e.g., family therapists, family life educators, family attorneys) and policymakers in supporting older family members in making better financial decisions later in life.

Identification of a family of species-selective complex I inhibitors as potential anthelmintics

Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are major pathogens infecting over a billion people. There are few classes of anthelmintics and there is an urgent need for new drugs. Many STHs use an unusual form of anaerobic metabolism to survive the hypoxic conditions of the host gut. This requires rhodoquinone (RQ), a quinone electron carrier. RQ is not made or used by vertebrate hosts making it an excellent therapeutic target. Here we screen 480 structural families of natural products to find compounds that kill Caenorhabditis elegans specifically when they require RQ-dependent metabolism. We identify several classes of compounds including a family of species-selective inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory complex I. These identified complex I inhibitors have a benzimidazole core and we determine key structural requirements for activity by screening 1,280 related compounds. Finally, we show several of these compounds kill adult STHs. We suggest these species-selective complex I inhibitors are potential anthelmintics.

Iodine-mediated substitution of terminal ligands in [{M6I8}I6]2– (M = Mo, W) by DMSO

The family of octahedral iodide cluster complexes of molybdenum and tungsten – [{M6I8}L6]n – exhibit a unique set of properties with significant practical potential. Due to the strong influence of terminal ligands L on these properties, the search for new simpler, more convenient and cheaper approaches for their substitution is an urgent task. This work demonstrates a new one-step method for terminal ligand substitution using well-known and readily available complexes [{M6I8}I6]2–. The synthetic technique involves the addition of molecular iodine to the reaction mixture in order to bind the released I– ions, thereby facilitating the reaction process. As a result, two new cluster complexes with dimethyl sulfoxide ligands [{M6I8}(DMSO)6](I3)4 (M = Mo (1), W (2)) have been obtained and structurally characterized. The optical properties of the obtained compounds have been studied both in solid state and in solution, and Eg values have been calculated from the solid-state absorption spectra. The presence of I3– anions has been shown to quench the emission of the cluster complexes, explaining the absence of luminescence in the obtained compounds.

Evaluation of indole-based organometallics as transfer hydrogenation catalysts with anticancer activity

Half-sandwich complexes containing transition metals offer a wide range of applications owing to their interactions with a variety of targets/molecules that are not accessible for some organic scaffolds. The use of such complexes is therefore a way to provide new mechanisms of drug action. Here, we report a series of neutral metal complexes of the type [(arene)M(O-cyclohexyl-1H-indole-2-carbothiolate)Cl] that have the ability to reduce the coenzyme NAD+ at physiological conditions in the presence of sodium formate as an hydride donor. The influence of the metal ion (Ru, Os, Rh, Ir) is studied to establish some structure-activity relationships. The [(η6-p-cym)Ru(O-cyclohexyl-1H-indole-2-carbothioate)Cl] is the most active catalyst of this family of complexes with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 14.79 h-1 for the transfer hydrogenation reaction of NAD+ to give 1,4-NADH in the presence of formate. Further in vitro studies were carried out to determine a relationship between catalytic activity and potency as an anticancer drug, with the rhodium complex promisingly showing 7x more selectivity towards cancer cells (A2780) than normal cells (PNT2). Preliminary in vivo studies demonstrated the importance of co-treatment with formate to enhance activity. This work gives insights into the mechanism of action of this family of indole-based organometallic complexes.

Stressful Life Events in Impulsive and Non-impulsive Suicide Attempters: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Suicide is a significant public health issue, yet it can be avoided with prompt, evidence-based, and frequently inexpensive interventions. There are distinctions between the profiles of impulsive suicide attempters (ISA) and non-impulsive suicide attempters (NISA), and a significant number of suicide attempts are impulsive. A thorough multisectoral suicide prevention strategy is necessary for an effective national response. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary healthcare center in Karnataka. Sixty inpatients above the age of 18 years with an alleged history of suicide attempts were enrolled in the study. Their stressful life events in the past year were assessed using the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale (PSLES). Impulsive and non-impulsive attempters were considered based on the time gap between the suicidal ideation and the suicidal attempt with the presence or absence of plans regarding the act. They were compared using appropriate inferential statistical tests. Results: The majority of the suicide attempts were impulsive (63.3%). The ISA and NISA did not differ in socio-demographic characteristics except for age and family type, with impulsive attempters being more common at younger ages than the non-impulsive attempters ( p = .02). The majority of ISA were from joint families (44.7%), while 72.7% of NISA were from nuclear households ( p = .04). Compared to ISA, NISA recollected a higher number of stressors. Conclusion: The ISA and NISA differ in aspects of age, family type, and stressors. Characteristic distinctions between ISA and NISA should be recognized and understood in order to design policies for suicide prevention and minimize morbidity and mortality. Exploring and addressing the stressors and helping patients to overcome them through better coping skills helps in suicide prevention.

Paragenetic and geological setting of the Starra iron oxide copper–gold deposits, Mount Isa Inlier, Queensland, Australia: constraints on IOCG deposit models

The five Starra iron oxide copper–gold (IOCG) deposits, which are located in the Cloncurry district of the Mount Isa Inlier, NW Queensland, are hosted in a N-trending zone of deformed iron-rich metasedimentary rocks that are underlain by two mineralogically distinct mafic–intermediate meta-igneous rocks. Copper–Au mineralisation is subdivided into two stages—an early main stage that transitioned from a magnetite-dominated Cu substage comprising chalcopyrite, pyrite, biotite and chlorite, to a hematite–muscovite-bearing Cu–Au substage with chalcopyrite, bornite and rare chalcocite, as well as Au–Ag-tellurides and native Au. This second stage was followed by a subordinate but nonetheless important carbonate–quartz–barite vein stage with minor but locally high-grade Cu–Au mineralisation characterised by abundant chalcocite and bornite, minor native bismuth and wittichenite (Cu3BiS3), together with minor Au–Ag telluride minerals. Bornite in these carbonate–quartz–barite veins contains considerable amounts of Au (>10 ppm), which appears to be deported either as lattice substitution in the bornite crystal structure or as homogeneously distributed Au0 nanoparticles. An earlier, coarse-grained mafic intrusion was affected by early Na–Ca alteration, whereas a second mafic intrusion lacks evidence of Na–Ca alteration but was exposed to K–Fe alteration and subsequent mineralisation at Starra 222. Mushketovite (magnetite after specular hematite) is only observed in ironstone lodes proximal to the mafic–intermediate rocks. The close spatial and mineralogical associations of the mafic–intermediate bodies and the ironstone lodes point to a stronger link between magmatic activity and IOCG mineralisation than has previously been recognised at Starra. Remobilisation of gold by late-stage hydrothermal fluids aided by the relatively low fluid temperatures during the main pulse of Cu–Au mineralisation refined gold grades at Starra, making it a relatively gold-rich IOCG deposit. We show that the Cu–Au deposits of the Starra trend feature mineralogical and geochemical elements common to both Cloncurry IOCG deposits (e.g. abundant magnetite) and IOCG deposits of the Tennant Creek district (e.g. Au–Cu–Bi mineralisation; hematite–bornite–chalcocite assemblages), making them a unique and important member of this complex family of deposits.

Identity Crises In The Novel of Anita Desai Voices In The City

Identity Crises In The Novel of Anita Desai Voices In The City

Differentiation of self, relationship quality, and family functioning among middle adulthood married couples

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between differentiation of self, relationship quality, and family functioning among middle-aged married couples in India. The study utilized a purposive sampling method, evaluating 200 participants (100 males and 100 females) aged 40 to 60 years through self-report questionnaires, including the Relationship Assessment Scale, the Differentiation of Self Inventory-Short Form, and the FACES IV Questionnaire. The analyses using regression and correlation techniques revealed significant relationships among differentiation of self, relationship quality, and family functioning. Additionally, no differences were found between nuclear and joint family types, potentially reflecting evolving societal norms and diminishing distinctions between these family structures. This data will further explore the complex interplay between differentiation of self and relationship quality of married couples and how these factors influence family functioning in middle adulthood.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Cobalt Carbonyl Phosphorus and Arsenic Clusters.

Phosphorus- and arsenic-containing cobalt clusters are an interesting class of compounds that continue to provide new structures with captivating bonding patterns. Although the first members of this family were reported 45 years ago, the number of such species is still limited within the broad family of transition metal complexes bearing pnictogen atoms. Herein, we present the reaction of Co2(CO)8 as a cobalt source with a number of phosphorus- and arsenic-containing compounds under variable reaction conditions. These reactions result in various known and novel cobalt phosphorus and cobalt arsenic clusters in which different nuclearity ratios between P/As and Co exist. All those clusters were characterized by X-ray structural analysis and partly by IR, 31P{1H} NMR, EI-MS and elemental analysis. This comprehensive study is the first detailed study in this field that reveals the richness of compounds that could be obtained only by modifying the ratio of used reactants and the involved reaction conditions.

Sea Anemone Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin Superfamily Demonstrates an Evolutionary Transitional State between Venomous and Developmental Functions.

Gene duplication is a major force driving evolutionary innovation. A classic example is generating new animal toxins via duplication of physiological protein-encoding genes and recruitment into venom. While this process drives the innovation of many animal venoms, reverse recruitment of toxins into nonvenomous cells remains unresolved. Using comparative genomics, we find members of the Membrane Attack Complex and Perforin Family (MAC) have been recruited into venom-injecting cells (cnidocytes), in soft and stony corals and sea anemones, suggesting that the ancestral MAC was a cnidocyte expressed toxin. Further investigation into the model sea anemone Nematostella vectensis reveals that three members have undergone Nematostella-specific duplications leading to their reverse recruitment into endomesodermal cells. Furthermore, simultaneous knockdown of all three endomesodermally expressed MACs leads to mis-development, supporting that these paralogs have nonvenomous function. By resolving the evolutionary history and function of MACs in Nematostella, we provide the first proof for reverse recruitment from venom to organismal development.

Backpropagation through time learning for recurrence-aware long-term cognitive networks

Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) and the extensive family of models derived from it have firmly established their strong position in the landscape of machine learning algorithms. Specifically designed for pattern classification and multi-output regression, the recently introduced Recurrence-aware Long-term Cognitive Network (r-LTCN) model is one of these FCM-inspired extensions. On the one hand, this recurrent neural network connects all temporal states generated during the reasoning process with the decision-making layer. On the other hand, it uses a quasi-nonlinear reasoning rule devoted to avoiding convergence issues caused by unique fixed points, which typically emerge in other FCM models. In the original paper, the authors employed a combination of unsupervised and supervised learning to compute the r-LTCNs’ learnable parameters. Despite r-LTCNs’ astounding performance for a wide variety of pattern classification problems, the literature reports no attempt to train these recurrent neural systems in a fully supervised manner nor provide insights into their performance in other machine learning settings. This paper brings forward a modified Backpropagation Through Time learning (BPTT) algorithm devoted to training r-LTCN models used for multi-output regressions tasks rather than pattern classification. The proposed BPPT includes a simple yet effective mechanism to deal with the vanishing gradient within the recurrent layer that operates as a closed system while being tailored to the quasi-nonlinear reasoning mechanism. Empirical evaluation of the proposed BPTT algorithm using 20 multi-output regression problems reveals that it produces lower prediction errors compared with other state-of-the-art learning approaches.

“The person was like the glue in the cracked pot which was no longer there”: co-production of the web-based Families and Friends in Bereavement intervention

Background Families, friends and support networks are key to managing bereavement. COVID-19 social restrictions prevented families and friends from being with the dying and participating in usual rituals to honour the dead. This resulted in social disconnection, feelings of guilt, and difficulty in making sense of the death and reconstructing relationships. In response to this context a theoretically informed, co-produced web-resource to facilitate meaning-making, which situates bereavement in the context of family and friends, was developed. This paper describes the development of the web-based intervention. Study aims To co-produce a web-based intervention theoretically informed by the family level extension Dual Process Model and Family Sense of Coherence, and pilot the intervention gaining user feedback to inform refinements in readiness for adoption and implementation. Methods Following a scoping review, a mixed methods study was undertaken using an online survey via questionnaire and virtual co-production workshop with bereaved people and bereavement professionals. Results Survey respondents (n=32) reported the pandemic negatively affected bereavement (guilt, isolation, inability to bear witness) but also presented new opportunities to celebrate the deceased and support the bereaved (new funeral rituals, technology, remote contact, social acknowledgement of grief). Sense-making and managing bereavement were helped through information-giving, support networks, and relocating the person within the family context. A web-resource to facilitate collective grief was viewed positively and endorsed. Key content including family activities to stimulate support, information regarding the range of grief experience and dealing with the practicalities, along with other sources of support was agreed by workshop participants (n=5) to form the basis of the intervention. Conclusion The publicly accessible Families and Friends in Bereavement intervention encourages consideration of bereavement in the context of close social networks. It enables grief to be understood and managed within a shared experience by promoting communication and meaning-making.

Medical management of early pregnancy loss with mifepristone and misoprostol in emergency departments compared to a Complex Family Planning office: Implementation of a COVID-19 institutional policy change

ObjectivesTo evaluate the implementation of mifepristone and misoprostol for medical management of early pregnancy loss (EPL) in emergency departments (EDs) by comparing efficacy, complication, and follow-up rates for patients treated in EDs to those in the Complex Family Planning (CFP) outpatient office. Study DesignIn COVID-19's first wave, we expanded medication management of EPL to our EDs. This retrospective study evaluated 72 patients receiving mifepristone and misoprostol for EPL from 4/1/2020-3/31/2021, comparing treatment success, safety outcomes, and follow-up rates by location. We did not perform a power calculation. ResultsThirty-three (46%) patients received care in the ED and 39 (54%) at CFP. Treatment success was lower in the ED (23, 70%) compared to CFP (34, 87.2%), but after adjusting for insurance status and type of pregnancy (miscarriage, uncertain viability, unknown location) this was not significant: aOR 0.48 (95%CI 0.13-1.81), p=0.28. More ED patients underwent emergent interventions (3 vs 0). Complications in the ED cohort included two emergent uterine aspirations, one uterine artery embolization, and two blood transfusions. Among these, two cases were attributed to misdiagnosis (a cesarean scar and a cervical ectopic pregnancy interpreted as incomplete miscarriages) and one to guideline nonadherence (anticoagulated patient). No complications occurred in the CFP group. Follow-up rates were over 80% in both groups. More ED patients engaged in telehealth follow-up (67% vs 18.0%, p≤0.0001). ConclusionsIn this small sample, we observed a trend toward lower rates of treatment success following medication management of EPL in the ED, compared to the CFP office. This analysis highlights that both correctly making uncommon diagnoses and adhering to new guidelines presented challenges during our implementation process. IMPLICATIONSImplementing mifepristone and misoprostol for EPL in our EDs achieved lower rates of pregnancy resolution compared to outpatient management. Complex uncommon diagnoses and implementing new care pathways in EDs may have contributed to complications and highlight opportunities for improvement. Additional studies are needed to further quantify safety outcomes for EPL management in EDs. TWEETABLE ABSTRACTED provision of mifepristone and misoprostol for early pregnancy loss during COVID-19 was less effective than outpatient care. There were more serious complications in the ED group due to misdiagnosis and guideline nonadherence.

Health Status and Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases Among Elderly People Living in Dhaka City

Elderly peoples are occupying a big portion in Bangladesh as life expectancy increases. In Bangladesh, NCDs are a significant cause of mortality, responsible for 67% of total deaths. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular diseases and stroke, type 2 diabetes, and pulmonary disorders are the result of a combination of genetic, socio-demographic, biochemical, and behavioral factors. The study focuses on the compare of the health status of elderly people residing among both communities &amp; old homes in Dhaka city. A cross sectional analytical primary data-based study was carried out and the subjects were conducted among 200 senior citizens living at the old home and same respondents from the community living with family or alone. Most of the elderly peoples’ age group was 62-65 years among both community and old home resident’s. Most of the respondents were Muslim in the old home and community. Among community residents, 80.50% lived with a joint family and 19.50% in a nuclear family dwellers and old home dwellers. The health status of elderly peoples’ staying in both communities and old home is more or less similar, except COPD. The COPD was found higher in old home dwellers. Anxiety was higher in community dwellers, but depression was found higher in old home dwellers. Dementia and sleep disturbance was found higher in community dwellers. Diabetes was higher community than old home. It was found among 62% and 69% community and old home respondents. COPD was larger among old home than community residents. It was found among (66%) than the community residents (41%) and arthritis was found a serious problem among the study subjects.

Circular genetic structure of the Abies nephrolepis species complex shaped by the circular landform of Northeast Asia

AbstractAimPinaceae have been noted for their tendency towards reticulation as a result of interspecific hybridization. Here, we demonstrated the phylogeographic dynamics of the native Northeast Asian sub‐alpine conifer, Abies nephrolepis species complex (ANSC), evolving in circular overlaps along the Northeast Asian landform, which functions as a corridor with the sea, thus acting as a geographic barrier.LocationNortheast Asia: the Korean Peninsula, Japanese Archipelago, Russian Far East and northeastern China.TaxonAbies nephrolepis species complex (Family Pinaceae, Genus Abies, Section Balsamea, Abies nephrolepis, A. koreana, A. veitchii and A. sachalinensis).MethodsA total of 728 individuals from 38 ANSC populations were analysed using multiplexed inter‐simple sequence repeat genotyping by sequencing to capture variations in biparental nuclear genomes. Eight mitochondrial regions and eight chloroplast regions of each individual were sequenced using the MiSeq platform and Sanger sequencing. Species distribution models were generated.ResultsBayesian clustering with 507 nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms and the discrepancy between cytoplasmic and nuclear genome lineages implied contemporary and ancient connections between neighbouring species in the form of circular overlap. This genetic connectivity was supported by principal component analysis. Strong correlations between genetic distance and geographic distance were observed, suggesting that gene flow occurs through a continuous chain around the sea. We also found that gene flow direction and intensity changed over time, with support from palaeodistribution modelling.ConclusionPast hybridization events were captured in cytoplasmic genomes, generating heterogeneity across maternal ancestries. This intensive phylogeographic study demonstrates speciation with incomplete reproductive isolation (continuous gene flow) among neighbouring species with an alteration of the direction and intensity of gene flow due to climate change. The divergence of ANSC due to repeated isolation and reconnection caused by heterogenous physiological environments and climate fluctuation provides a model to solve evolutionary scenarios for reticulate evolution in Pinaceae and other plants.

Семейный бизнес: правовые, психологические методы и стимулы функционирования

The scientific article discusses the possibility of business functioning on the basis of family and family values. The authors show in detail not only all the psychological and legal risks, methods and incentives in the functioning of a family business, but at the same time monitor the positive elements of the development of family well-being based on a joint family business. The scientific article expresses the position on the need to legalize the institution of family business in Russia, within the framework of which the necessary system of state support measures will be proposed and the edges of convergence of public and private law will be built.