Expressions Of Frustration Research Articles

Moment-to-moment within-person associations between maternal autonomy support and child defeat predicting child behavioral adjustment.

This study examines mother-child mutual regulation processes during a challenging puzzle task as predictors of preschoolers' behavioral adjustment 6 months later in a Chinese sample (N = 101, 46 boys, Mage = 57.41 months, SD = 6.58). Mother-child mutual regulation was measured by the moment-to-moment bidirectional within-person associations between maternal autonomy support and child defeat (i.e., expression of frustration, incapacity to complete the task, or giving up). Children whose mother provided more autonomy support after increases of child defeat showed lower levels of externalizing problems 6 months later, and children who showed less defeat after increases of maternal autonomy support showed higher levels of prosocial behaviors 6 months later. These predictive effects were significant after controlling for child behavioral adjustment at the initial time point, and mean levels of mother's autonomy support and child's defeat throughout the task. The mutual regulation processes did not significantly predict child internalizing problems. The findings suggest that the coordinated mother-child mutual regulation patterns in real time may have positive implications for preschoolers' behavioral adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Different reactions of parents to displays of anger in two- and three-year-old children

Purpose: The aim of this article is to present various parental reactions to displays of anger in two- and three-year-old children (reactive parenting methods) and determine which factors (age, gender, education, and place of residence) differentiate parental reactions to a child's behavior. Additionally, the study aimed to ascertain the reactive parenting methods parents use based on the type of situations reflecting behavioral manifestations of young children's autonomy. Method: A questionnaire-based study conducted with a sample of 120 parents of two- and three-year-old children (60 women and 60 men). An original questionnaire based on Lev Vygotsky's theory of the third year crisis (2002) was utilized. Participants were tasked with describing their reactions to behavioral displays of anger in small children across seven everyday life situations (negativism, stubbornness, defiance, wilfulness, opposition – rebellion, deprecation, and despotism). Results: Parents declared the use of all reactive parenting methods – both inductive and imperative (punitive and psychological aggression) in response to displays of anger in their two- and three-year-old children. Significant predictors for inductive and punitive methods were found to be the parent's age and education level, while for psychological aggression, predictors were gender and place of residence. The study indicated that only women resort to psychological aggression in their relationship with two- and three-year-olds, with its usage being more frequent when the mother's authority is more threatened and the child's opposition to her will becomes increasingly evident. Conclusion: Behavioral manifestations of autonomy in two- and three-year-olds are influenced by the natural developmental crisis of the third year. These are expressions of frustration in young children rather than displays of aggressive behavior, which require appropriate parenting methods. Based on the study, it was determined that parents primarily declare simultaneous use of inductive and punitive methods, yet the more a child demonstrates autonomy, the higher the declared tendency of parents to resort to punitive methods increases.

The Consequences of Service Encounter Failures at Shopping Centers: A Study of Visually Impaired Consumers

The enactment of the Brazilian Law on the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in 2015 has had a number of implications for marketing researchers, as it guarantees the right of disabled persons to inclusion in different public and private spaces for leisure and consumption, such as shopping centers. Despite the growth of these consumption spaces in Brazil, service encounter failures are recurrent, particularly when the consumers are visually impaired. The objective of the present study is thus to understand the consequences of service encounter failures at shopping centers on the consumer behavior of the visually impaired. A phenomenological qualitative approach was used to achieve the objective. Data were collected through direct naturalistic observations of the research subjects and nine face-to-face interviews with visually impaired consumers. Using content analysis to examine the results, it was concluded that there are a number of different service encounter failures, such as an excessive display of pity from salespeople towards consumers, contempt, and abrupt changes in the service script. For this reason, the service encounter failures had a range of consequences, from verbal confrontation and abandoning the transaction to negative word-of-mouth and expressions of frustration on online social networks. The study also presents managerial and academic contributions for marketing researchers.

Disruption and adaptation in response to the coronavirus pandemic - Assets as contextual moderators of enactment of health behaviours.

PurposeDuring the COVID‐19 UK first national lockdown (March–July 2020) enactment of healthy behaviours was fundamentally changed due to social restrictions. This study sought to understand perspectives on health behaviour change, as part of a wider study tracking reported health behaviour change over time.MethodsA purposive sample was selected. N = 40 qualitative interviews were conducted remotely (phone/video) from participants across England and Wales, and transcribed verbatim. Descriptive case studies were shared at regular analysis meetings. Inductive reflexive thematic coding was undertaken and coding was discussed using a team approach to agreeing analytical codes. A multiple lens theoretical perspective was adopted to illuminate the perceived influences and restrictions on participants' reports of health behaviour change.ResultsThere was a clear progressive narrative for all participants, through initial responses and reactions to the pandemic, framed as ‘disruption’, then, as lockdown was acclimatized to, evidence of ‘adaptation’. Adaptation was seen in terms of modification, substitution, adoption, discontinuation/cessation, stultification, maintenance and recalibration of health behaviours. An illustrative case study exemplifies the narrative encompassing these features and demonstrating the complex non‐linear interactions between context and enacted health behaviours.ConclusionsIndividuals responded to pandemic‐related social restrictions in complex ways. Those in contexts with existing social assets, community links and established patterns of healthy behaviours were able to respond positively, adapting by modifying behaviour and using technology to engage in healthy behaviours in new and innovative ways. For those in more vulnerable contexts, enacting (negative) health behaviour change was an expression of frustration at the limitations imposed by social restrictions.

Temper Tantrums and Breath-Holding Spells

Key Points As preverbal expressions of frustration, anger, or fear, temper tantrums and breath-holding spells are usually benign.Temper tantrums are almost inevitable during the second through fourth years after birth and can be considered a developmentally normal behavior.Breath-holding spells can be cyanotic (usually a response to anger or frustration) or pallid (more often from fear or minor injury).Anticipatory guidance, strategies for how to respond, and reassurance are keys to management.

A story of recovery from the dangers of drug use and psychosis.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: The effectiveness of Clozapine for some people suffering from schizophrenia. The use of street drugs as self-medication and a coping mechanism. WHAT DOES THE PAPER ADD TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: The difficulties of treating someone with addiction problems and psychotic symptoms. Allowing them time in hospital only once they are off the drugs. Once I was in the recovery ward, I knew I wouldn't go back to drug use. Describing my own experience of drug use and suicidal thinking as an expression of frustration at not being able to make the changes I needed and wanted. To then finally make that change and to embrace a better life, when things started to move forward I made a commitment to do all I could to stay well. I knew what I wanted. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: This story describes a lack of action from the mental health services. The psychosis was considered to be caused by the drug use and nothing could be done until the drug use had stopped. I believe more could have been done to provide a safe space for rehabilitation and eventually recovery. The recovery ward that I was admitted to give me 16 months to turn my life around, services like these can be a lifesaver. Hospitals can be so quick to discharge patients that they end up coming straight back, and I was given the time and support I needed to make big changes. ABSTRACT: Introduction This is a story of a very difficult time in my life. A time when I got stuck into heavy drug use and a time when I was begging the mental health services for help. The suicide attempts show that I was unable to see a life for myself, but it includes the recovery, the commitment I made to myself to live a good life. I think it shows both the desperation of suffering with schizophrenia but also some optimism that people who suffer can find a meaningful occupation. Aim The aim is to offer hope, but also highlight some of the fears. There is more to be done to offer help and hope to those struggling with mental health and drug problems. Maybe with the correct care, people can be treated for both addiction and psychosis. I had to quit the drugs myself and only when I tried to kill myself did I receive any help. The drugs made me feel good about myself and the people around me, but living without them is a much better life. Narrative I wanted to give the first person account of being drawn into drug use and then wanting to quit. Many people feel a desire to quit but never get the will power or the help. I realised the drugs weren't giving me the high I wanted and decided to remove myself from the group and leave town. More people can be helped to believe in a life without drugs. Discussion and implications for practice Addiction is something that may never have a solution, but for many people with mental health problems it offers a way out of suffering. I actually felt much better about myself and life with the use of drugs. It gave me some control over my psychosis and lifted my mood, but in my story I had to realise myself I could do better without. More can be done to support people away from drugs and into work, I replaced the drugs with work and it has been a huge achievement. People need to know there is better for them.

Review: Race to the Bottom: How Racial Appeals Work in American Politics, by LaFleur Stephens-Dougan

Review: <i>Race to the Bottom: How Racial Appeals Work in American Politics</i>, by LaFleur Stephens-Dougan

TRANSLATING THE MULTIACTOR APPROACH TO RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE USING A WORKSHOP APPROACH FOCUSING ON SPECIES MIXTURES

The EIP-Agri multiactor approach was exemplified during a 3-day workshop with 63 project participants from the EU H2020 funded project “Redesigning European cropping systems based on species MIXtures”. The objective was to share firsthand experience of participatory research among researchers who were mostly not familiar with this approach. Workshop participants were divided into smaller multidisciplinary groups and given the opportunity to interact with representatives from eight actor positions in the value chain of the agrifood cooperative Terrena located in Western France. The four stages of the workshop were: (1) key actor interviews, (2) sharing proposed solutions for overcoming barriers, and (3) developing possible interdisciplinary concepts. Expressions of frustration were recorded serving both as a motivation for group members to become more aware of the scientific concerns and practices of their colleagues, as well as a recognition that some researchers have better skills integrating qualitative approaches than others. Nevertheless, the workshop format was an effective way to gain a common understanding of the pertinent issues that need to be addressed to meet overall multiactor-approach objectives. Working with the actor networks was identified and emphasized as a means to overcome existing barriers between academia and practice in order to coproduce a shared vision of the benefits of species mixture benefits.

Live Discharge From Hospice: Experiences of Patients, Families, and Staff

Hospice services can provide patient stabilization and improved quality of life, making the patient ineligible for continued hospice. Using focus groups and in-depth interviews, we explored how patients, families, and hospice staff experience, anticipate, and cope with “live discharge” from hospice. Nurses and administrators tried to prepare families for the possibility and unsettling reality of live discharge, yet the aides who worked most closely with families remained unaware of regulations dictating an impending live discharge. Reactions of families ranged from excitement, when patient was selected for clinical trial, to more common expressions of frustration, as they lost access to the staff, coordinated services, and medications only covered under the Medicare hospice benefit. Families also reported relationship stressors and decisional uncertainty associated with longer than expected patient life. Families still needed and wanted hospice services, with most agreeing they would return to hospice after the patient declined and became eligible again.

The angry and aggressive patient in clinical pastoral care: Towards a spiritual and hermeneutical approach within the interplay between hoping and dread

Aggressive behaviour is quite common to ailments and diseases that imply impairment and has an impact on mobility, communication and logical expression of frustration and disappointment. Within a clinical environment and medical setting, anger and aggressive behaviour impacts on the quality of caregiving and nursing. The phenomenon of anger, as related to the existential realm of anxiety and dread, is researched in order to detect its impact on coping mechanisms and human well-being. For example, what is the possible constructive value of anger in processes of healing and wholeness? Within the dilemma of bottling-up or uncontrolled catharsis, the moral dimension of anger is addressed. Within a pastoral approach to human wholeness, the spiritual and religious dimension of anger is explored. In this regard, the article probes into the realm of God-images. A praxis approach is proposed wherein a diagrammatic depiction of the interplay between hoping and the expression of anger is developed. It is believed that such a portrayal will contribute to a hermeneutics of hope care. To start ‘seeing the bigger picture’, is decisive for an understanding of pastoral caregiving as a theological endeavour.

The Spiritual Fatherhood of the Priest in Patristic and Medieval Pauline Commentaries

The Spiritual Fatherhood of the Priest in Patristic and Medieval Pauline Commentaries Fr. Martin Mayerhofer (bio) Spiritual leaders should behave like fathers (patres). Yet few of them are true fathers of the Church to their children. Many of those who should be spiritually nourished by them are instead corrupted by the sins of these educators (pedagogoi). Every father would like to increase the inheritance of his son, even when it is to his own detriment. Our leaders, on the other hand, nourish only themselves. To the children of the Church entrusted to them they give only empty rhetoric and destroy their eternal heritage by their bad example.1 Indeed, the manifest sin of the priest gives the greatest offense.2 No, this criticism of church leaders does not date from 2019 and is not an expression of frustration at the shameful acts of sexual abuse by clerics. Its author is Hugo of Saint-Cher (+1263) and the quote comes from his commentary on First Corinthians. In his interpretation of Paul, Hugo does not mince his words and especially in his commentary on the epistle to the Ephesians he takes up a harsh criticism of the clergy of his time: how can it be, he asks, that clerics buy their office, monks recruit substitutes for prayer, and preachers care [End Page 105] more about money than about the salvation of souls? Not to mention the moral abuses. But we find a criticism like that of Hugo's in every epoch of church history: decadence and reform efforts, abuse and holiness, worldliness and worldly detachment are not unique phenomena of the twentieth or twenty-first centuries. They are as old as the Church itself and in a certain sense a consequence of its basic structure, which nobody describes more clearly and beautifully than the apostle Paul in Ephesians: Christ is the head, the faithful his body. Both are inseparably connected and form the one church (Eph 5:22–33). In this metaphor Christ is the head and so the church is always holy; the members of the body, on the other hand, are sinful people and so the Church is always in need of reform. Tradition has condensed this truth into a simple phrase: Ecclesia sancta et semper reformanda. Spiritual Fatherhood In the face of the cases of abuse by clerics in the Catholic Church, many have asked and still ask themselves the question: How can a true renewal of the clergy come about? The answers are manifold and it is not possible to respond to them here. I would rather like to draw your attention to the Second Vatican Council. How did the council try to renew the Church? Put simply, the answer might be: The council wanted to bring about renewal by reflecting on the nature of the Church, on her origin in the witness of Sacred Scripture and on her development in the testimony of Tradition. This methodological approach would also seem suitable for a renewal of the priesthood and will be explored in this article. A reflection on the nature of the priesthood cannot be limited to its official functions, which are often summarized according to the categories of teaching, sanctification, and leadership. These functions are based on the sacramental grace of ordination that bestows on the priest the power to carry out his duties. This ontological character makes the priest act in persona Christi capitis. This ontological transformation, supported [End Page 106] by a proper formation, should go hand in hand with a semiontological transformation that transforms the priest into a spiritual father. Spiritual fatherhood, the care for spiritual children, the nurturing of their earthly and eternal life changes one's view of oneself and the world. In this way of living, the actions of the priest also take on warmth, beauty, and effectiveness. I would therefore dare say that spiritual fatherhood is part of the nature of the priesthood. What would a priest be who is not a spiritual father? An official, a sacramental service-provider, a religious orator? And, especially in the light of the shameful cases of sexual abuse by priests, it is undeniable that a true spiritual father would never have been...

The “Subtext of Everything”: High School Science Teachers’ Views of Emotions and Their Related Teaching Practices

Since most emotional regulation research is about teachers regulating their own emotions, this study sought to examine how teachers view emotions and respond to their students’ emotions. Drawing from an interactional view of emotions and emotion regulation, five science teachers were interviewed for 60–75 minutes about the emotions experienced by their students, themselves, and scientists. They were also prompted to talk about how they respond to their students’ emotions. Findings from the study include that the teachers limited their views of students’ emotions along a positive/negative binary with a focus on academic emotions. These views were in contrast to their conceptions of their own emotions and those of scientists. In addition, the teachers described three teaching practices by which they implicitly and explicitly attempted to avoid student frustration: expressing their own excitement, downplaying students’ expressions of frustration, and utilizing group work. To a lesser degree, the teachers shared how they acknowledged students’ emotions in the classroom. It is concluded that the teachers’ views of emotions were aligned with their practices to minimize student frustration since they viewed that emotion as an impediment to learning.

Voices from the survey margins: Investigating unsolicited comments written in children’s activity-travel diaries

While digitally recording data from hardcopy activity-travel diaries, a team of transportation and health researchers noticed the presence of unsolicited comments on the survey documents. While an immense body of work has been amassed about survey design and analysis, transport scholars have not written about the presence of unsolicited feedback in activity-travel diaries. This paper reports on a thematic analysis of the unsolicited comments written within activity-travel diaries. Two key themes were identified: data quality and respondent affect. Comments about data quality pointed toward possible measurement error due to difficulties incorporating the study into everyday life, or due to human-error. Respondents also offered some additional context for reported data. Affective responses included apologizing for possible data errors and expressions of frustration with the survey. Most respondents who wrote unsolicited comments self-identified as female, of higher education, and employed full-time. The presence of unsolicited comments offered a unique window into the research experiences of the researched, questions and comments raised by participants point toward possibilities in terms of survey design and future research.

"A Riot is the Language of the Unheard": The Grassroots Activism of Whose Streets? (2017)

"A Riot is the Language of the Unheard"The Grassroots Activism of Whose Streets? (2017) Julia Alekseyeva Whose Streets? (2017), codirected by Sabaah Folayan and Damon Davis, describes the months following the killing of eighteen-year-old Michael Brown and the ensuing Ferguson uprising in 2014. Full of rare footage shot on-the-ground, the documentary follows a group of activists and their political awakening in the aftermath of these events. Yet what sets the film apart from the plethora of observational documentaries in the age of Netflix is the directors' proximity to the cause they depict. Folayan and Davis are both black activists and media artists, and their direction suffuses the film with pathos and empathy. In the manner of the best documentaries of its genre, the film activates its viewers: it horrifies and enrages, but also excites and renders hope. The codirectors do not appear directly in the film itself—the film does not feature expository voiceover, only brief explanatory intertitles—but Folayan and Davis craft a deeply personal account of the Ferguson uprising. One could easily imagine a more even-handed approach to the material, perhaps reminiscent of Ken Burns or Frederick Wiseman. From the 1960s on, documentaries by filmmakers such as Robert Drew, D.A. Pennebaker, and the Maysles Brothers were prized for their allegedly objective approach to documentary filmmaking. Whose Streets? refuses this veneer of impartiality and instead participates in the long history of activist filmmaking. As the first frame of the film informs, the film is "For Michael Brown, Jr." Folayan and Davis assert that police racism and brutality directly impact the lives of too many people to warrant an impartial response; as several activists profiled in the film claim, "you are either with us, or against us." While the film does highlight the large issues of American police brutality and the founding of Black Lives Matter, the midwestern city of Ferguson, Missouri, just outside of St. Louis, is central to the documentary. Despite being located in the American heartland, several subjects in the [End Page 222] film describe their sense of being ignored by mainstream and coastal media. Ferguson and neighboring St. Louis are depicted as lagging behind in history: as one subject describes, "St. Louis is … I don't know what year it is, but it's not 2014." The directors astutely link the events in Ferguson to Dred Scott vs. Sandford of 1857, a landmark case that also occurred in St. Louis. The case, infamous in the history of civil rights, deprived slaves of American citizenship, thus dealing a major blow to the abolitionist cause. The film and its many interviewees claim that this history extends through present-day Missouri: trapped in an earlier era, St. Louis/Ferguson is a locale where some of the most egregious acts of racism continue to be enacted. It is no accident that much of the film takes place in some of the poorest regions in the state of Missouri, all adjacent to one another. The film is composed of interviews with Ferguson citizens, especially people of color. It also heavily features footage shot on cell phones and camcorders, some of which had been uploaded to YouTube. While some of the footage was shot in high definition by codirector Davis, a St. Louis native who was present during the events in Ferguson, much of it was culled from social media. Thus the documentary has a collage-like sensibility, as every scene includes several different media platforms and image textures. This contributes to the grassroots nature of the film, and, indeed, the film takes pains to contrast the footage presented through YouTube and cell phones with the officially recognized media portrayals of Ferguson on MSNBC and CNN. As Folayan and Davis demonstrate, the images of riots and looting contrast severely with the experience of Ferguson activists, whose behavior was almost exclusively nonviolent in nature. What appear as riots are unveiled to be expressions of frustration and despair. The film cites a quote by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr: "A riot is the language of the unheard." By giving Ferguson residents and activists a voice, Whose Streets? transforms what had been framed as a riot on mainstream...

As Consequências das Falhas nos Encontros de Serviço em Shopping Centers: Um Estudo com Consumidores Deficientes Visuais

O advento da Lei Brasileira de Incluso da Pessoa com Deficincia em 2015 trouxe uma srie de implicaes para pesquisadores de marketing, uma vez que garante o direito de incluso dos deficientes aos diversos espaos pblicos e privados de lazer e consumo, tal como shopping centers. A despeito da expanso desses espaos de consumo no Brasil, as falhas nos encontros de servio so recorrentes, principalmente quando os consumidores so deficientes visuais. Diante disso, este estudo possui o objetivo de compreender as consequncias das falhas nos encontros de servios em shopping centers para o comportamento de consumo de deficientes visuais. Para o alcance do objetivo, utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa de cunho fenomenolgico. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observaes diretas e naturalsticas com os sujeitos de pesquisa e da conduo de nove entrevistas face a face com consumidores deficientes visuais. Por meio da anlise do contedo dos resultados, concluiu-se que h uma diversidade de falhas ocorridas nos encontros de servio, tais como o excesso de piedade dos vendedores aos consumidores, o desprezo e a modificao brusca no script de servio. Por esta razo, as consequncias das falhas nos encontros de servio foram diversas, desde o confronto verbal e a desistncia da transao at o boca a boca negativo e a manifestao de sua frustrao nas redes sociais virtuais. Este estudo ainda apresenta contribuies gerenciais e acadmicas para pesquisadores de marketing.

New histories of education in South Africa: Authors' reflections on Schooling Muslims in Natal

New histories of education in South Africa:Authors' reflections on Schooling Muslims in Natal Thembisa Waetjen (bio) and Goolam Vahed (bio) A few weeks after Schooling Muslims came into print in July 2015, a local Durban newspaper announced its publication and reproduced a selection from the text in its pages. That section was drawn from our conclusion, which briefly considers twenty-first century transformations and developments. Among other significant changes, we drew attention to shifting urban social geographies and noted that Durban's mosques and madrassas, established over a 100 years ago by the city's Muslim 'founding fathers', now provided religious sustenance for new immigrant diasporas and new converts to Islam. Our point was to indicate the continued vibrancy of Islamic spaces in a port city that has nurtured transoceanic community-formation despite formal exclusions through colonial, segregationist and apartheid strategies of division. While pleased for press attention, we were distressed by the article's headline: 'Today Mainly Migrants Worship at Urban Mosques'.1 Our concerns were related to the climate of xenophobic tensions and lethal violence – reminiscent of the horrors of 2008 – that, in April of 2015, compelled many immigrants to leave the Durban city centre and set up camps of refuge on its outskirts. Against these realities, the headline not only failed to reflect our point but also appeared to lay open a possibly dangerous misreading. We thus, here, wish to reflect further on the current relevance of the story we tell in this book. Xenophobia and racism have dogged 'Indians' from the late nineteenth century, when colonial policy in Natal amalgamated [End Page 66] South Asian migrants of diverse religious, cultural, linguistic, class and caste origin into a 'population group', later incorporated into apartheid classifications. Such race ideology continues to be affirmed as normative in ongoing public debates about whether 'Indians benefited from apartheid',2 or in calls by fringe groups for Indian South Africans to 'go home'.3 Accusatory declarations about 'Indian' educational privilege have also threaded through recent university student protests, the #RhodesMustFall and #FeesMustFall movements. Reflected in quotas, and in other race-based university admissions policies, is the idea of the relative advantage possessed by South Africans of Indian ancestry, when compared with students subjected to the horrifying legacies of Bantu Education. Yet cries of 'privilege' and 'benefit' are ahistorical and lack explanation. They are at best expressions of frustration about persistent social inequalities and, at worst, politically expedient claim-making that pushes a new, exclusive identity politics. They cannot tell us how social inequalities were historically created nor through what structural or ideological engines they continue to be reproduced and maintained. Schooling Muslims provides an important backstory in this regard. Education is a significant driver of social mobility but also of class entrenchment. Understanding education history in South Africa can potentially establish grounds for a more effective and unified strategy of educational – and social – change. That the reviews in this forum are notably generous and collegial does not (we are aware) reflect on our work as being without many elements that deserve criticism and debate. It rather highlights the extent to which researchers who share an interest in histories of schooling are passionately united in the recognition of how very much this past matters for understanding the present educational predicaments and for shaping South Africa's future. If it were merely that this history confirmed the current and prominent discourse that works to establish 'degrees of victimhood' under apartheid, there would be little more to say. Indeed, what is evident from public debates about 'Indian privilege' is how much of a trap group-think and the comparisons it invites can be. Accusation breeds defense and invites a chronicling of the hardships and depravations underpinning the Indian South African experience as a means to demonstrate belonging and entitlement to civic recognition.4 Such arguments reinforce a conception of apartheid oppression mechanistically, as strata of suffering, rather than [End Page 67] a political and economic system built through uneven and changing relationships and out of diverse social fields. Histories of education are particularly valuable for revealing formations of power across generations of change and the structures and actors, ideas and forces, that produce and...

Culture, Interaction and Person Reference in an Australian Language: An Ethnography of Bininj Gunwok Communication by Murray Garde

Reviewed by: Culture, Interaction and Person Reference in an Australian Language: An Ethnography of Bininj Gunwok Communication by Murray Garde William B. McGregor Culture, Interaction and Person Reference in an Australian Language: An Ethnography of Bininj Gunwok Communication. Murray Garde. Culture and Language Use 11. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2013. Pp. xx + 274. $149.00 (hardcover). This book makes a very welcome and important contribution to the study of personreference in the Australian language Bininj Gunwok (non-Pama-Nyungan, Arnhem Land). It addresses from ethnographic and linguistic perspectives the problem of how speakers of the language know who is being referred to in discourse. The author himself is especially well placed to undertake this study, having extensive and rich experience in the field with speakers of the language extending over a couple of decades–“the envy of any true ethnographer,” as John Haviland puts it on the dust jacket–and a high level of speaking control of the language. The book comprises nine chapters, the first of which presents background information on the language, the language situation, and contact history. This chapter also sets the scene for the investigation by overviewing the approach taken and delimiting the domain of investigation. Chapter 2 presents the kinship systems and social categories (principally moieties and subsections) of Bininj Gunwok, some of which differ markedly across the regional varieties. As in Australian Aboriginal societies generally, kinship is universal in the sense that everyone in the known social universe is incorporated. There is detailed discussion of the kinship system, the Crow-style generation skewing that is deployed, the system of basic (binary) kinship terms, and the social categories. The indexical functions of these terminologies in person reference are discussed, as is how variation in the systems can be deployed by speakers for purposes of affiliation and disaffiliation. Chapter 3 surveys the linguistic means of referring to people in Bininj Gunwok, including the use of basic kin terms, dyadic kin terms (i.e., kin terms that denote two referents in the specified relationship), kinship verbs, subsections, clan names, nicknames, etc. Extensive and illuminating discussion is provided of examples of use of these types of expression. It is shown that reference to persons is often achieved via the enumeration of clues to the referent’s identity, not in response to repair initiation but in a progression from less precise to more precise specification that constructs an increasingly precise recognitional profile of the referent. Different sex siblings are in an avoidance relation, and there is especially interesting discussion of reference to and address of cross-sex siblings–the brother typically uses a range of malonisms (or dysphemisms), [End Page 453] while the sister employs circumspection. The conventions can be flouted for interactive purposes; an instructive example is discussed of a husband shouting out to his wife the personal name of her brother in an expression of frustration and anger (pp. 85–87). This problematic kinship relation is returned to on a number of subsequent occasions. The kun-debi system of “triadic” kin terms–i.e., kin terms that index the kin relations between three persons rather than two (as in the case of basic binary kin terms), also known as “triangular” and “ternary” terms–is the topic of chapter 4. (The term “triadic” is somewhat unfortunate: “dyadic” is employed for kin terms that specify two referents, whilst “triadic” terms specify just one referent, not three, although they do imply three kin relations.) Bininj Gunwok has a very extensive set of triadic kin terms, numbering about 170–many more than documented for most other Australian languages (e.g., O’Grady and Mooney 1973; McConvell 1982; McGregor 1996). The forms and meanings of these terms are discussed in detail, including the factors motivating choice of center (propositus) and perspective. So also is their use in establishing reference. Garde shows that they have limited value as recognitionals, and suggests (p. 134) that a factor motivating their employment may be to encode multiple perspectives on the referents. Chapter 5 highlights the (apparent) referential obscurity that is typical of Bininj Gunwok conversation and narrative. The applicability of pragmatic maxims and conversation analytic preferences across the board, in all interaction types, is questioned, and it...

Strategic litigation before the European Courts

Strategic litigation involves the continuation of politics before the courts by elements of civil society. Our European Courts appear reluctant to be drawn into areas of political controversy. The CJEU’s strict rules on standing discourage strategic litigation. Luxembourg’s restrictive approach occasions much expression of frustration (and disbelief) from NGOs that the doors of this court be closed to so many, who are thereby deprived of their fundamental right to an effective remedy. Less complaint is made of the ECtHR “victim test”, but that is primarily because NGOs can readily appear in their own right before the Strasbourg Court as interveners.

Disclosure of mental health problems in general practice: The gradual emergence of latent topics and resources for achieving their consideration.

Common mental disorders often go undetected in primary care. Sharpening general practitioners' (GPs') attention to potential signs thereof is therefore crucial. This conversation-analytic study arises from the observation that the consideration of psychological problems in new-concern visits can be achieved by way of 'gradual topic emergence'. This entails that the problem is not presented directly, but adjunct to somatic symptoms, and is hinted at by way of generic, ambiguous complaints, and furthermore by expressions of frustration and uncertainty and talk about lifeworld problems. It is argued that these materials are 'trouble-premonitory, alerting the GP to the presence of an underlying problem that can then be addressed throughfurther inquiry. The patient logic behind this approach is to assure the GP's recipiency and thus ratification of the problem's medical legitimacy. It allows the patient to introduce a potentially delicate problem 'off the record, thus guarding the patient against the loss of face that could resultfrom no uptake by the GP. The results of the study point to the importance of GPs being receptive to such interactional clues to psychological problems provided by patients.

The Road to Redemption

The Road to Redemption Anonymous Two I “am Dr X.* and I am a trained and board certified neonatologist with some years of experience in a high volume NICU with complex pathologies. I have been dismissed from the care of your baby by the fetal surgeon who is not trained in what he’s attempting to do,” that was how I felt when I left the operating room (OR), after performing initial resuscitation on a newborn with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) with very poor prenatal prognostic indices. CDH is a diaphragm abnormality that allows abdominal organs to move into the chest and restrict lung development. The better part of me knew not to make such a statement and chose not to do so, as this was about the family and a very sick baby, not the professional wrangling of two medical teams or the expression of frustration by a neonatologist who was morally conflicted. I work in a level four Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and a very large one by any standard. Staff turnover had been an almost nonexistent issue in previous years because of the very conducive work environment of the NICU. Every team member (physician, nurse, respiratory therapist, pharmacist, etc.) felt like a stakeholder in providing optimal outcomes for the vulnerable neonates in the NICU. As change is the only constant thing in life, the hospital management decided to explore new frontiers and open a center for fetal medicine, with the hope of being a referral center in the region. They brought in a surgeon who came highly recommended for clinical acumen, but not for interpersonal relationship skills (unbeknownst to me). This surgeon, Dr Y., was hired to oversee the fetal center and build it into a center of excellence. Since this had to be a collaborative effort, other specialties (and subspecialties) had to be involved to make this a success. A representative from each of these specialties, including bioethics, was assigned to the fetal center team. The first inkling of a major problem occurred with the very first patient. The team met for the weekly meeting, reviewed the patient’s history and made a tentative plan, which included multidisciplinary counseling. This would require either a joint meeting with the patient or individual consults with the patient at her convenience. The following week at the weekly meeting, Dr Y. informed the group that he had met with the patient and counseled her and she had agreed to an extraordinary procedure for an oral lesion. In my opinion (and that of others), this lesion was not obstructive and could be immediately dealt with at delivery by an Otolaryngologist (ENT) surgeon, without putting the mother at risk for complications arising from the procedure being offered. There was a long discussion about why this was inappropriate [End Page E1] and why further imaging, discussion between the subspecialties and counseling should have been done prior to making this delivery plan. All felt this delivery plan could be remedied prior to delivery. However the surgeon had made plans with the obstetric team (who were at his mercy for financial/ political reasons) to continue with this plan. On the day of delivery, the NICU resuscitation team was called to another operating room instead of the labor and delivery room. I was even more appalled when I realized that the oral lesion was the size of a peanut! I felt like I failed in my obligation of veracity by avoiding the mother’s questions regarding the necessity of the procedure. Every member of my team felt the same and on several occasions I had to reassure concerned nurses that this was an aberrant occurrence that would not repeat itself . . . so I thought. I informed my departmental chairperson, Dr Z., who had a conversation with the fetal surgeon, Dr. Y., to inform him of my concerns and the effect of Dr. Y.’s actions on my group (physician, nurse practitioner, nurses). This led to being labeled unsupportive of Dr Y.’s goals and caused a less than cordial relationship towards me and the entire NICU group. The next week a picture of Dr Y. and the parents with the baby was on the front page...