S100 Expression Research Articles

Expression of S100, HMB45 and Melan A in Oral Mucosal Melanoma

Background: Malignant melanomas of the oral cavity are rare tumours. The diagnosis of mucosal melanoma can be difficult especially when it presents itself in its amelanotic form.
 Methodology: An electronic search was carried out on Pubmed and Medline database to find studies addressing this question published between Jan 2001 and April 2020. Multiple studies are done to determine the staining and positivity of the above mentioned three markers were found. A total of 4 studies were finally selected for this review which tried to determine the efficiency of these three markers in the diagnosis of oral mucosal melanomas.
 Results: The patient’s data that stained positive S100, HMB45 and Melan A from 4 studies were selected. 
 Conclusion: S100 continues to remain the most sensitive marker for melanoma with its promising ability in diagnosing the desmoplastic variant. The lack of specificity is still a drawback of S100.

Notch pathway activation promotes the differentiation of beagle dog periodontal ligament stem cells to Schwann cells.

Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have demonstrated the potential for differentiation into many cell types, though the molecular mechanism of their neural differentiation in particular remains largely unknown. The Notch signaling pathway plays a key role in regulating cell differentiation and development. In this article, we explore its potential role in the differentiation of PDLSCs to Schwann cells (SCs). The PDLSCs were either transfected with viral vectors carrying genetic material for Notch Delta ligands, thereby induced their overexpression, or treated with DAPT (a Notch-pathway-specific inhibitor) to inhibit γ-secretase. The potential effects of Notch signaling on myelination and SCs differentiation were then investigated using western blotting, immunostaining and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the expression of SC-specific marker genes. Specifically inhibiting Notch signaling with DAPT decreased the expression of SC-specific marker genes GFAP, S100 and P75, as well as of SC-myelin-related genes PMP22, MBP, connexin, and P0 in cells undergoing induced differentiation from PDLSCs. Conversely, activating Notch signaling through overexpression of Delta ligands enhanced the expression of SC-specific marker genes as well as myelin-related genes in cells undergoing induced differentiation from PDLSCs. This promotion was reversed by DAPT. The Notch signaling pathway positively regulated the process of PDLSC differentiation into SCs, and the activation of this signaling was important in maintaining the differentiation of PDLSCs to SCs, and then SC myelination. These results may improve the method of obtaining pure SCs from PDLSCs for transplantation application.

Paciente varón con afectación mamaria recidivante por enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman

Rosai–Dorfman disease is a histiocytic pathology with 423 described cases. It usually affects young women with bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy associated to fever, weight loss, and night sweats. The cutaneous form is the rarest, with 30 cases with breast involvement, 4 of them in men.We present the case of a 50-year-old man with a solid 24mm×18mm nodule in the upper external quadrant of the right breast with skin papules, without other symptoms. Biopsies showed nonspecific inflammatory changes. A limited exeresis was performed with adequate margins. The pathological study showed a lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic infiltration of the mammary parenchyma, with an intense expression of S-100 and an IgG4/IgG ratio greater than 40% and emperipolesis in the histiocytes, typical findings of Rosai–Dorfman disease. A recurrence was observed at 2 years, and he was treated with methylprednisolone with a complete remission.Rosai–Dorfman disease is a rare histiocytic condition whose treatment depends on the location of the disease and the symptoms. Observation seems appropriate in cutaneous forms. Surgery is recommended in symptomatic cases or diagnostic doubts. Corticosteroid therapy is reserved for symptomatic and recurrent cases.

Expression of Acute Phase Protein, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Epithelial Cadherin, and S100 Protein in Brain Tissues from Natural Cases of Ovine Encephalitic Listeriosis.

Listeriosis is a disease that is induced by infection with the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Much is still unknown about the pathogenesis of encephalitic listeriosis. We aimed to identify the contribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), S100, and acute-phase proteins (APPs) in pathogenesis, clinical and preclinical diagnosis of natural cases of encephalitic listeriosis. Of 1,325 Ossimi sheep, 64 were suspected of having listeriosis from 2018 to 2020. Prospective cohort evaluation of clinical and postmortem findings was performed, in addition to bacterial isolation, the measurement of APPs in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of GFAP, S100, and E-cadherin. Infected sheep showed nervous symptoms ranging from neck stretching to complete paralysis. APPs were significantly increased in the CSF of both clinically and preclinically diseased animals; however, serum APPs were only significantly increased in clinically diseased animals. Histopathological evaluation revealed microabscesses, meningoencephalitis, and perivascular cuffing of the brainstem of infected sheep. Immunohistochemical investigations revealed strong expression of GFAP and S100 in necrotic areas and negative expression of E-cadherin. The measurement of CSF APPs could be useful in the preclinical diagnosis of sheep listeriosis. GFAP and S100 proteins could be involved in the pathogenesis of listeriosis; however, E-cadherin does not appear to be involved.

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) loaded gelatin/silk fibroin hydrogels for improving healing in a murine pressure ulcer model

Pressure ulcers are areas of localized damage to the skin and underlying tissue, which impose a major burden to patients and medical systems. Natural polymeric hydrogels featuring multifunctional properties are the most attractive for accelerating the healing of chronic wounds. In this study, we developed adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) loaded hydrogel system based on methacrylate gelatin (GelMA) and methacrylated silk fibroin (SFMA) as cell and growth factors delivery vehicles for the treatment of pressure ulcers. The presented GelMA/10%SFMA hydrogel showed appropriate swelling ratio, stable rheological properties, slow biodegradability, appropriate mechanical properties and a sustained release of growth factors. In vitro cell experiments indicated that GelMA/SFMA/PRP hydrogel showed excellent biocompatibility and could promote ADSCs growth and proliferation. In vivo wound healing of mice pressure ulcer further indicated that the prepared GelMA/SFMA/PRP/ADSCs hydrogel could accelerate wound healing, reepithelialisation and collagen deposition. Further analysis of wound tissue indicated that the expression of CD31, α-SMA, Col-1 and S100 was up-regulated, but the expression of pro-inflammatory factor CD68 were down-regulated. Altogether, we believe that GelMA/SFMA/PRP/ADSCs hydrogel may serve as a promising multifunctional dressing for healing of pressure injuries.

S-100 Immuno-Positive Low Grade Myofibroblastic Sarcoma of Nasal Cavity: A Rare Case Presentation and Review of Literature.

Myofibroblastic neoplasms comprise a spectrum of benign/malignant neoplasms. Only low-grade malignant forms have been reproducibly characterized as a diagnostic entity in the WHO classification. Low grade myofibroblastic sarcoma (LGMFS) confined to the nasal cavity is extremely rare. To review previously reported cases of nasal cavity LGMFS and provide a better insight regarding its clinical and immunohistochemical features. A review was performed involving two databases (PubMed and Google Scholar). Four cases of nasal cavity LGMFS were included. The lesion showed no gender or nasal-side predilection. All cases underwent wide excision. None showed distant metastasis while half recurred locally. Histologically, mitotic rate ranged from 1 to 3/10 high-power-field (HPF) and none exhibited spontaneous necrosis. Immuno-expression of calponin, smooth muscle actin (SMA) and vimentin were seen in either all four or three-fourth of cases. Diffuse S-100 expression was a unique finding in present case and not reported previously, that caused a diagnostic dilemma with schwannomas. LGMFS of nasal cavity is extremely rare. A wide resection is the primary treatment of choice. Adjuvant therapies (chemotherapy or radiotherapy) are of uncertain significance. Distant metastasis is rather unusual. Calponin, SMA and vimentin are highly sensitive immuno-markers. Diffuse S-100 expression is a possible finding. Mitotic rate < 6/10 HPF and absence of spontaneous necrosis are characteristic indolent features differentiating from high grade lesions. Trifecta of clinical and morphological features plus immunohistological phenotype, are sufficient for a definitive diagnosis. Electron microscopy is the most definitive confirmation test, however, should be reserved only for equivocal/atypical immunostaining pattern.

Biocompatible Chitin Hydrogel Incorporated with PEDOT Nanoparticles for Peripheral Nerve Repair.

The nerve guidance conduit (NGC) is a promising clinical strategy for regenerating the critical-sized peripheral nerve injury. In this study, the polysaccharide chitin is used to fabricate the hydrogel film for inducing the impaired sciatic nerve regeneration through incorporating the conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanoparticles (PEDOT NPs) and modifying with cell adhesive tetrapeptide Cys-Arg-Gly-Asp (CRGD) (ChT-PEDOT-p). The partial deacetylation process of chitin for exposing the amino groups is performed to (i) improve the electrostatic interaction between chitin and the negatively charged PEDOT for enhancing the composite hydrogel strength and (ii) offer the active sites for peptide modification. The as-prepared hydrogel remarkably promotes the in vitro RSC-96 cell adhesion and proliferation, as well as the Schwann cell activity-related gene S100, NF-200, and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression. Function of gastrocnemius muscle and thickness of myelinated axon in chitin/PEDOT groups are analogous to the autograft in 10 mm rat sciatic nerve defect. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and toluidine blue staining analyses on the regenerated sciatic nerve explain that the attachment and proliferation enhancement of Schwann cells and angiogenesis are the vital factors for the chitin/PEDOT composite to facilitate the nerve regeneration. This work provides an applicable chitin-based NGC material for accelerating the peripheral nerve restoration.

Posterior pituitary tumours: patient outcomes and determinants of disease recurrence or persistence.

ObjectivePosterior pituitary tumours (PPTs) are rare neoplasms with the four recognised subtypes unified by thyroid transcription factor -1 (TTF-1) expression, according to the 2017 WHO classification. Though traditionally defined as low-grade neoplasms, a substantial proportion of them show recurrence/persistence following surgery.MethodsWe selected patients with PPTs in our cohort of 1760 patients operated for pituitary tumours over the past 10 years (2010–2019). The clinical, radiological, hormonal, histopathological profiles and long-term outcomes of the three cases identified (two pituicytomas and one spindle cell oncocytoma, SCO) were analysed. Following a literature review, data of all published cases with documented TTF-1 positive pituicytomas and SCOs were analysed to determine the predictors of recurrence/persistence in these tumours.ResultsPatients presented with compressive features or hypogonadism. Two had sellar-suprasellar masses. One had a purely suprasellar mass with a pre-operative radiological suspicion of pituicytoma. Two were operated by transsphenoidal surgery and one transcranially guided by neuronavigation. Histopathology confirmed spindle cells in a storiform arrangement and low Ki67 index. Immunohistochemistry showed positive TTF-1, S-100 expression and variable positivity for EMA, vimentin and GFAP. Re-evaluation showed recurrence/persistence in two patients. A literature review of recurrent/persistent pituicytoma (n = 17) and SCO (n = 9) cases revealed clinical clues (headache for pituicytomas, male gender for SCO), baseline tumour size (≥20.5 mm with sensitivity exceeding 80%) and longer follow-up duration as determinants of recurrence/persistence.ConclusionPPTs are rare sellar masses with quintessential TTF-1 positivity. Recurrent/persistent disease following surgery is determined by greater tumour size at baseline and duration of follow-up. This warrants intensive and long-term surveillance in these patients.

The Impact of Compression Duration on the RhoA, P75, S100 Expression in Spinal Cord Injury in Rat

Background: Compression of the spinal cord induces alterations in protein expression of neurons and glia cells, which in turn triggers a cascade of pathophysiologic events. It's well-documented that activation of inhibitory proteins following spinal cord injury stimulates activation of the RhoA via neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR), which causes promotion of apoptotic cell death and inhibiting axon outgrowth. Elucidating the underlying factors driving the expressions during sustained compression is important to develop new therapeutic strategies. Objectives: To investigate the impact of compression duration on the RhoA, P75, and S100 expression in spinal cord injury model in rats. Methods: We investigated the impact of compression duration on the expression of RhoA, p75NTR, and S100β in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). Initially, rats were subjected to SCI using an aneurism clip at the T9 vertebrae lamina for 3 sec or 10 min. Sham group was subjected to laminectomy only. We compared spinal cord histopathology at 3 and 14 days after injury for both short and prolonged compressive surgery groups. At the respective scarify times points, the rats were sacrificed, and the pathology of the injury was studied using light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Results: We found a greater expression level of p75NTR, S100β, and RhoA in the prolonged compression group compared to the short compression group. The difference was statistically significant, indicating that earlier decompression can prevent the progress of secondary injuries due to higher expression levels of p75NTR, S100, and RhoA. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that early decompression of the spinal cord through the changes in p75NTR, S100β, and RhoA expression may modulate secondary injury events. Besides, it was found that using different inhibitors, especially for RhoA, might improve SCI-induced regeneration.

Neurofibrosarcoma Revisited: An Institutional Case Series of Uterine Sarcomas Harboring Kinase-related Fusions With Report of a Novel FGFR1-TACC1 Fusion.

Uterine sarcomas with variable CD34 and S100 expression represent an emerging class of tumor in the female genital tract which commonly presents in the endocervix of premenopausal women. Initial molecular characterization identified NTRK1 and NTRK3 gene fusions as oncogenic drivers in these tumors; however, the repertoire of genetic alterations is likely more diverse given the recent discovery of PDGFB and RET gene fusions in similarly described tumors. Importantly, these fusion events lead to the aberrant activation of kinases that are potentially therapeutically targetable; therefore, recognizing this class of tumor becomes critical for initiating the molecular testing required for an accurate diagnosis and identification of clinically actionable fusions. Here, we report our institutional experience with 12 cases of uterine spindle cell sarcomas harboring kinase-related fusions. Patients ranged from 21 to 80 years old (median, 38 y) and presented either asymptomatically or with pelvic pain and/or uterine bleeding. Eleven (92%; 11/12) tumors were localized to the cervix and 1 (8%; 1/12) tumor was localized in the anterior fundus of the uterine corpus. Tumors ranged in size from 1.5 to 15.0 cm (median, 6.0 cm) and were histologically characterized by a moderately cellular, infiltrative proliferation of spindle cells with features of benign gland entrapment, stromal collagen deposition, perivascular hyalinization, occasionally myxoid stroma, a lymphocytic infiltrate, occasional nuclear pseudoinclusions, and a pseudophyllodes architecture. RNA-sequencing identified NTRK1 (8/12), NTRK3 (1/12), and PDGFB (2/12) gene fusions, which have been previously implicated in this tumor class, as well as a novel FGFR1-TACC1 (1/12) fusion. All tumors in this cohort showed coexpression of CD34 and S100 by immunohistochemistry except for those tumors with PDGFB fusions which showed solely CD34 expression. Of the 10 surgically resected tumors with follow-up, outcomes best correlated with the stage of disease. One of 4 patients with stage IA tumors (1/4) had recurrences, half of the stage IB (2/4) tumors had recurrences and all of the stage IIB tumors (2/2) had recurrences and died of disease. Future studies are still required to better understand the spectrum of genetic alterations as well as evaluate the efficacy of targeted kinase inhibitors in this class of tumor.

Molecular Pathological Markers Correlated With the Recurrence Patterns of Glioma.

PurposeGlioma is one of the most common tumors of the central nervous system, and many patients suffer from recurrence even after standard comprehensive treatment. However, little is known about the molecular markers that predict the recurrence patterns of glioma. This study aimed to demonstrate the correlations between molecular markers and glioma recurrence patterns, which included local/nonlocal recurrence and paraventricular/nonparaventricular recurrence.MethodsImmunohistochemical techniques were used to assess the molecular markers of 88 glioma tissues following surgical resection. The recurrence patterns were divided into local recurrence, marginal recurrence, distant recurrence, multirecurrence, and subarachniod recurrence, with the last four recurrence patterns being collectively called nonlocal recurrence. According to whether the recurrence invaded ventricles, the nonlocal recurrence patterns were divided into paraventricular and nonparaventricular recurrence. Then, we compared the different recurrence patterns and their clinical characteristics, focusing on the expression of molecular markers.ResultsMore patients in the nonlocal recurrence group received combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy than patients in the local recurrence group (p=0.019). Sex, age, extent of surgery, time to recurrence, tumor location, size, and WHO grade were not different in the defined groups (P>0.05). Recurrent tumor volume and WHO grade were significantly different between the paraventricular and nonparaventricular recurrence groups (p=0.046 and 0.033). The expression of Ki-67, P53, and PCNA in the nonlocal recurrence group was significantly higher than that in the local recurrence group (p=0.015, 0.009, and 0.037), while the expression of S-100 in the nonlocal recurrence group was significantly lower than that in the local recurrence group (p=0.015). Cox regression indicated hazard ratio (HR) for high expression level of PCNA associated with non-local recurrence was 3.43 (95% CI, 1.15, 10.24), and HR for high expression level of MGMT associated with paraventricular recurrence was 2.64 (95% CI, 1.15,6.08).ConclusionsKi-67, P53, PCNA, and MGMT might be important clinical markers for nonlocal recurrence and paraventricular recurrence.

Melanocytic Nevi with Site-related Atypia: A Case Series and Characterization of their Immunohistochemical Profile

BackgroundNevi of special sites (NOSS) are benign melanocytic lesions that occur at particular sites. Although the histological features of NOSS have been described, their immunophenotypic features have not been fully characterized. AimsTo present the clinicopathological characteristics of a case series of NOSS and to characterize their immunohistochemical profile. Materials and methodsThirty-five NOSS were assessed using immunoperoxidase staining techniques for the melanocytic (S100, Melan-A, and HMB45) and proliferation (Ki-67) markers. ResultsAll of the cases of NOSS showed concerning architectural changes (prominent lentiginous melanocytic proliferation, irregularities, crowdedness, and dyhesiveness of the nests), and cytological atypia (large nevomelanocytes with vesicular nuclei, clear cytoplasm, and dusty melanin pigment) that can lead to a misdiagnosis of atypical nevi or even melanomas. All of the cases of NOSS showed diffuse expression of S100 and Melan-A proteins. Ki-67 labeling index of the nevomelanocytes was extremely low. HMB45 protein expression was limited to the junctional and superficial dermal nevomelanocytes. ConclusionsNOSS can show histological features that can easily mimic atypical nevi or melanomas and this diagnostic consideration should be kept in mind to avoid their misdiagnosis. The expression of HMB45 protein in NOSS indicates that their nevomelanocytic cells have an activated phenotype. The decreased HMB45 protein expression following a gradient from junctional to deeper dermal localization in NOSS is indicative of their immunohistochemical maturation.

Histomorphological and immunophenotypical spectrum of cutaneous myoepitheliomas: A series of 35 cases.

Myoepithelial tumors comprise a group of mesenchymal lesions that show heterogeneous histomorphological features, including dual epithelial, neural, and myoid differentiation. Cutaneous myoepithelioma is a rare neoplasm that is composed primarily of myoepithelial cells and represents one end of a histopathological spectrum of cutaneous myoepithelial neoplasms including chondroid syringoma and myoepithelial carcinoma. These tumors display a wide histopathological spectrum and immunophenotypical profile often showing epithelial and myoepithelial differentiation. In this series, we studied 35 cases of cutaneous myoepitheliomas. Our cases highlighted the broad histopathological range where most cases showed a non-infiltrative and non-encapsulated tumor exclusively located in the dermis and with no subcutaneous involvement. The majority of our cases had a solid growth pattern (syncytial pattern) and the remainder of cases had a multinodular growth pattern. The tumor cells were epithelioid in 23 cases, spindled in eight cases and there was a mixture of epithelioid and spindled cells in four cases. Mitotic figures ranged from 0 to 5 per 10 HPF. By immunohistochemistry epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) was expressed in 59% of cases S100 was positive in 88% of cases, CAM 5.2 was positive in 16% of cases, AE1/AE3 was positive in 44% of cases, p63 was positive in 17% of cases, smooth muscle actin was positive in 38% of cases, desmin was positive in 6% of cases, calponin was positive in 22% of cases, and glial fibrillary acidic protein was positive in 36% of cases. In addition, there were five cases without EMA, keratin, or p63 expression that only showed S100 expression. We describe a large series of cutaneous myoepitheliomas delineating their histomorphological spectrum and immunophenotypical profile. Awareness of some of the unusual histopathological features and the heterogeneous immunohistochemical may pose difficulties for the diagnosis.

MORPHOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF SUBCHRONIC FORMALDEHYDE INHALATION ON RAT BRAIN TISSUE

Ponte Academic JournalNov 2021, Volume 77, Issue 11 MORPHOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF SUBCHRONIC FORMALDEHYDE INHALATION ON RAT BRAIN TISSUEAuthor(s): Rabia Tasdemir ,Tuncay Çolak, Belgin Bamaç, Süreyya Ceylan, Selenay Furat RençberJ. Ponte - Nov 2021 - Volume 77 - Issue 11 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2021.11.4 Abstract:Background/Objectives: The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of formaldehyde (FA) on different parts of rat brain tissue. For this purpose, we determined BDNF and S100 expression levels by immunohistochemical methods and examined cell death via TUNEL method in rat brains exposed to subchronic FA doses. \nMethods: 24-Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CG, n=8), low dose FA group (LDG, n=8) and high dose FA group (HDG, n=8). LDG and HDG were exposed approximately 1 ppm and 10 ppm FA, respectively. Implementations lasted for 12 weeks. Inhalation period was 5 days a week and 4 hours a day. Finally, rats were sacrificed and brain tissues were gently removed. Brain tissue sections were stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&amp;amp;amp;E) for histopathologic examination whereas TUNEL method, BDNF and S100 antibodies were performed for immunohistochemical examination under light microscopy. \nResults: There was a significant decrease in body weights of rats belonging to HDG compared to the CG and LDG (p?0,05). In cortex, significant difference was detected between CG and LDG in terms of BDNF immunreactivity, whereas in thalamus and hippocampus, significant difference were seen between CG and both FA groups (p?0,05). Similarly, in cortex, there was a statistically significant difference between all groups for S100 immunreactivity. In thalamus and hippocampus, significant difference was only seen in LDG and HDG (p?0,05). In the TUNEL analysis, a statistically significant increase was observed in the apoptotic index values of both FA groups compared to the control group.\nConclusions: According to our findings, in FA groups, BDNF expression decreased while S100 expression increased. Apoptotic cell index results also supported increased S100 immunreactivity in FA groups. We suggested that FA exposure damaged to the different parts of brain tissue, caused neuronal-glial cell death and altered protein expressions. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, S-100 Protein and Synaptophysin Expression in Biliary Atresia Gallbladder Tissue.

PurposeBiliary atresia (BA) is a disease that manifests as jaundice after birth and leads to progressive destruction of the ductal system in the liver. The aim of this study was to investigate histopathological changes and immunohistochemically examine the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), synaptophysin, and S-100 protein in the gallbladder of BA patients.MethodsThe study included a BA group of 29 patients and a control group of 41 children with cholecystectomy. Gallbladder tissue removed during surgery was obtained and examined immunohistochemically and histopathologically. Tissue samples of both groups were immunohistochemically assessed in terms of GDNF, S-100 protein, and synaptophysin expression. Expression was classified as present or absent. Inflammatory activity assessment with hematoxylin and eosin staining and fibrosis assessment with Masson's trichrome staining were performed for tissue sample sections of both groups.ResultsGanglion cells were not present in gallbladder tissue samples of the BA group. Immunohistochemically, GDNF, synaptophysin, and S-100 expression was not detected in the BA group. Histopathological examination revealed more frequent fibrosis and slightly higher inflammatory activity in the BA than in the control group.ConclusionWe speculate that GDNF expression will no longer continue in this region, when the damage caused by inflammation of the extrahepatic bile ducts reaches a critical threshold. The study's findings may represent a missing link in the chain of events forming the etiology of BA and may be helpful in its diagnosis.

Expression of S100 and CD34 markers can predict post-varicocelectomy success; a quasi-experimental trial

Introduction: Varicocele is a dilatation of the pampiniform venous plexus and the internal spermatic vein. Varicocele is the most modifiable common cause of infertility in men with a general prevalence ranging from 15% to 45%. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the expression of S100 and CD34 markers in the spermatic vein in patients undergoing. Patients and Methods: This quasi-experimental (before-after) study was performed on 30 patients undergoing varicocelectomy surgery referred to a tertiary care medical center in Urmia. The expression of S100 and CD34 markers in spermatic veins were examined after surgery. According to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO), we arranged the data of semen analysis to normal and abnormal. Data collecting forms were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 18 software. Results: The mean age of patients was 27.66 ± 6.94 years. Regarding the S100 factor, 48.3% of patients were positive and 51.7% were negative. Regarding CD34 factor, 79.3% of patients were positive and 20.7% were negative. There was no significant correlation between count, morphology, and motility variables before and after varicocele surgery with expression of the S100 and CD34 markers in spermatic vein wall. There was a statistical relationship between S100 and motility before surgery showing the high normal motility in patients who have S100. Regarding improvement, two patients (6.9%) in count, one patient (3.49%) in motility, five patients (17.2%) in morphology, seven patients (24.1%) in count and motility, four patients (13.8%) in count and morphology, five patients (17.2%) in motility and morphology and two patients (6.9%) in all factors had improvement. Conclusion: In this study we found, varicocelectomy leads to improvement in count, morphology, and motility variables. In high grade varicocele, S100 and CD34 markers are damaged. According to the WHO definition, varicocelectomy can increase the value of count, motility and morphology parameters. It is recommended that a large randomized control trial and cohort study be conducted on S100 and CD34 markers to understand the relation between spermatic vein structural changes and semen analysis disorders. Trial Registration: The trial was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (identifier: IRCT20180625040232N1, https://en.irct.ir/trial/32142).

Macrodactyly of the foot resulting from plantar nerve impairment

The role of the plantar nerve in the pathogenesis of macrodactyly of the foot is unknown. We investigated the distribution of affected toes and forefoot in 27 feet of 26 patients with pedal macrodactyly, and how this relates to innervation of the affected plantar nerve. A preoperative ultrasound examination was performed to determine the diameter and structure of the plantar nerve. Histologic findings were recorded during surgery. The microstructure of affected plantar nerves was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, while S100 expression was assessed by immunofluorescence analysis. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) gene mutation in the affected nerve tissue was detected by Sanger DNA sequencing. The affected toes and forefoot involved innervation of the medial plantar nerve in 25/27 feet, the lateral plantar nerve in one foot, and both medial and lateral plantar nerves in one foot. All affected plantar nerves, which were accompanied by a fatty strip, were surrounded by or infiltrated with fat. The affected plantar nerves showed enlargement, a tortuous course, fatty infiltration, or a combination of these. Pathologic changes in affected plantar nerves involved only the epineurium and not the perineurium or endoneurium. Expression of the Schwann cell marker S100 was absent in some areas of affected nerves. Sequencing of PIK3CA exons identified a gain-of-function mutation (p.His1047Arg) in affected plantar nerves. These results indicate that pathologic impairment of the plantar nerve can lead to macrodactyly of the foot, which may be considered as a nerve trunk disease.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Placenta-Derived Multipotent Cells into Schwann-Like Cells.

Human placenta-derived multipotent stem cells (PDMCs) resembling embryonic stem cells can differentiate into three germ layer cells, including ectodermal lineage cells, such as neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The favorable characteristics of noninvasive cell harvesting include fewer ethical, religious, and legal considerations as well as accessible and limitless supply. Thus, PDMCs are attractive for cell-based therapy. The Schwann cell (SC) is the most common cell type used for tissue engineering such as nerve regeneration. However, the differentiation potential of human PDMCs into SCs has not been demonstrated until now. In this study, we evaluated the potential of PDMCs to differentiate into SC-like cells in a differentiation medium. After induction, PDMCs not only exhibited typical SC spindle-shaped morphology but also expressed SC markers, including S100, GFAP, p75, MBP, and Sox 10, as revealed by immunocytochemistry. Moreover, a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the elevated gene expression of S100, GFAP, p75, MBP, Sox-10, and Krox-20 after SC induction. A neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, was cultured in the conditioned medium (CM) collected from PDMC-differentiated SCs. The growth rate of the SH-SY5Y increased in the CM, indicating the function of PDMC-induced SCs. In conclusion, human PDMCs can be differentiated into SC-like cells and thus are an attractive alternative to SCs for cell-based therapy in the future.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of Langerhans cells in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions

Objectivethe aim of this study was to evaluate the density of Langerhans cells in oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL). Design14 cases of OLP, 15 cases of OLL and 14 cases of oral inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (OIFH), were selected for immunohistochemical analysis of CD1a, CD207 and S100 expression. The OIFH group was subdivided according to the presence (OIFHL n = 14) or absence (OIFHNL n = 14) of lichenoid inflammatory infiltrate. Positive cells were counted in intraepithelial and subepithelial areas. Results were analyzed by multivariate comparative analysis, correlation analysis, linear regression models and Student’s T-test. ResultsA significantly higher amount of CD207+ cells in OLL vs OLP was observed (p = 0.015). The prevailing reticular pattern observed was CD207high for OLP (p = 0.0329). A statistically significant difference in the expression of CD1a and CD207 was observed for intraepithelial vs subepithelial areas (p = 0.024 and p=0.015, for CD1a and CD207, respectively). Significant correlations were also observed between the expression of CD1a + and CD207+ cells in the pathogenesis of OLP and OLL. ConclusionHigh levels of CD207+cells in OLP compared with OLL may help explain the differences in the immunopathogenesis of both diseases. Additionally, CD1a + and CD207+ cells appear to be more essential to immunopathogenesis of OLL than to the pathogenesis of OLP.

Immunophenotypic Characterization of Germ Cell Tumor–Derived Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors: Evidence for Frequent Neuronal and/or Glial Differentiation

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) may arise as a somatic-type malignancy in germ cell tumors. In this setting, most PNETs resemble those of the central nervous system and lack chromosome 22 translocations. However, description of the morphologic and differentiation spectrum of PNETs arising from germ cell tumors is lacking. To investigate the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of these tumors, concentrating on neuronal and glial features. We selected cases based on a morphologically identifiable glial and/or differentiated neuronal component in association with the undifferentiated PNET. Immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100 protein, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and SOX11 was performed on tumors with available material, with the scoring of both staining intensity (0-3) and extent (0-3). Thirteen qualifying PNETs of testicular origin with available immunohistochemical stains or stainable material were identified. The complete stain panel was performed in 10 tumors. SOX11 demonstrated positive staining in the undifferentiated PNET component of all tumors (10 of 10) and was rarely positive in the differentiated (ie, neuronal/glial) component (1 of 10; focal and weak); synaptophysin was slightly less sensitive in the undifferentiated component (12 of 13; often focal and weak) and also showed positivity in the neuronal/glial component (5 of 13). Glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100 were more frequently positive in the differentiated areas (83% and 77%, respectively) compared with undifferentiated areas (25% and 17%, respectively). SOX11 is a sensitive immunohistochemical marker for testicular PNET, particularly those lacking differentiation. Testicular PNETs often demonstrate glial and/or neuronal differentiation. Differentiation is marked by the acquisition of S100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and SOX11 loss.