Exports Of Services Research Articles

Determinants of Service Export in ASEAN Member Countries

ASEAN economy has undergone a shift, as has the structure of the global economy. The shift in the economy that occurred was from the main share of the agricultural sector to the industrial sector and the service sector. From year to year, the ASEAN service sector continues to experience positive growth with an increasing contribution beyond that of other sectors. ASEAN's service exports grew higher than ASEAN's goods exports. There are still several ASEAN member countries that experience a trade deficit in services, which is interesting to investigate further. This study aims to analyze the performance of service exports in 10 ASEAN member countries from 2010 to 2019. The results of panel data regression using the WLS fixed effect model show that foreign direct investment, nominal exchange rate, gross domestic product, services value added, gross domestic product, labor force, human capital and communication facilities have a significant effect on ASEAN's service export. The development of communication technology, development of human resources and updating of important policies are considered by the government to improve the performance of service exports of ASEAN member countries.

Export of Transport Services: Russian Far East

The article analyzes the dynamics of the key components of the export of transport services at the national and regional levels. It is shown that despite the negative impact of restrictions during the spread of the pandemic in 2019-2020, there is an increase in the export of transport services of the Russian Federation. The growth of the indicator is due to the increase in revenues from freight transportation. The regional cross-section is presented on the example of the Russian Far East. At the macro-regional level, the share of transport in the total export of services is significantly (1.8 times) higher than the national average. The main contribution to the formation of the indicator of the macroregion is made by Primorsky Krai (7.5%). The key seaports of the Pacific coast of Russia are located here. Three directions for the development of the export of transport services in the Far East are presented: 1) servicing export-import flows outside the national territory, 2) transit traffic, 3) participation in the international market of transport services. For each direction, the growth opportunities and restrictions on the export of transport services were assessed. With the use of comparative analysis methods, it is argued that the most promising is the service of cargo flows of the national economy. Prospects are related, among other things, to the implementation of the Northern Sea Transport Corridor project and the formation of a system of reference seaports for Arctic routes in the macroregion. It is shown that transit traffic will not play a significant role in the growth of exports of transport services in the Far East. The negative impact of infrastructural and economic factors on the competitiveness of international transport corridors passing through the territory of the east of the country has been revealed. The limitations of the direct participation of the transport complex of the Far Eastern Federal District in the international market are argued, which include features of the structure of the economy and insufficient development of the elements of the transport complex. The results of the work can serve as a basis for developing measures to develop the export of transport services.

The impact of information and communication technology on services exports: Evidence from developed and developing economies

Objective: The objective of the article is to examine direct and indirect channels through which information and communication technology affects exports of services. Research Design & Methods: In this study a linear fixed effects panel regression model with country-specific fixed effects and with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors is fit to the data over the period 2000-2019. The samples cover the data sets for 80 countries, and separately for 44 high-income and 36 low and middle-income economies. Findings: The findings show that the access to traditional and broadband digital connectivity has a positive impact on services exports, revealing a slightly stronger influence of the latter for the advanced economies. Additionally, exports and imports of the ICT goods appear to be complementary to services exports. Implications & Recommendations: The detected dependencies indicate that in a digital era, connectivity infrastructure, as well as international flows of the ICT goods bring about significant effects for services exports. Both findings raise important implications for export-led growth policy that should account for new interdependencies between goods and services, and for further investments in digital infrastructure. Contribution & Value Added: This study contributes to the relevant literature by extending the traditional factor-endowment approach used to explain the impact of information and communication technology on the exports of services. Besides specifying the exports of services as a function of internet market penetration, both a traditional and a broadband one, we consider the exports and the imports of ICT goods as the potential determinants of services exports.

Determinants of macroeconomic indicators in international statistics

Introduction. The article analyzes the causality relationships of macroeconomic indicators of Ukraine: gross domestic product, foreign direct investments, export and import of goods and services. Statistics since 1996 to 2021 were used for the analysis. It was determined that positive causal relationships in Ukraine from direct foreign investments to gross domestic product, from direct foreign investments to exports and imports are exist at a high level of reliability and significance. Purpose. The purpose of this article is a mathematical and statistical analysis of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators of Ukraine and the factors affecting them. The tasks of researching the mutual influence of some macroeconomic indicators on others and visa versa, the existence of one-way or two-directions cause and effect relationships, analysis of reliability of the obtained results, are analyzed. Method. The article uses mathematical and statistical methods and regression-correlation analysis, in particular as the main methods of scientific research; theory of time series; techniques of mathematical modelling. To study these macroeconomic indicators of Ukraine, the extended Dickey-Fuller and Johansen co-integration, the Granger method to identify the vector error correction model and the vector auto-regression model were applied. Results. Analyzing the statistical data of the gross domestic product, foreign direct investments, export and import of goods and services of Ukraine for the years 1996-2021, their dynamics were studied. Based on the use of Dickey-Fuller and Johansen co-integration methods, the Granger method, the vector error correction model and the vector autoregressive model, it is found that there are positive causal relationships from foreign direct investment to gross domestic product, from foreign direct investment to exports, from foreign direct investment to imports at a high level of credibility and significance.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЭКСПОРТА ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В ТРАНСГРАНИЧНОМ РЕГИОНЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЗАБАЙКАЛЬСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА)

Today strategic academic activity is more and more associated with the export of knowledge and services. One of the most topical directions in the development of the higher education system is connected with the increase of the academic export potential. In this context, the trends and challenges related to the export of educational services that the present-day system of higher education faces require systematic understanding, interpretation and objectively increase the need to consider and study the prospects for more effective involvement of universities of cross-border regions into the global market of educational services. The object of the research is higher education export. The subject of the research is the problems and prospects of the export potential development in the Transbaikal State University. The objective of the research is to assess the degree of involvement of the Transbaikal State University, as the leading university in the cross-border region, in export of educational activities, to identify the main problems and to determine the prospects for more effective work of the university in this direction. The objective of the research is achieved through the solution of the following tasks: to reveal the meaning of the concept of «higher education export», to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical works on this issue, to study international activities and the practice of providing educational services to foreign students by the case of the Transbaikal State University. The research methodology of the study is based on the works of Russian and foreign scientists devoted to this issue. To analyze the effectiveness of the Transbaikal State University’s work in this direction, the author used a factor analysis that is connected with the impact of external and internal factors, objective and subjective reasons that affect the effectiveness of the export educational activities of the leading university in the cross-border Transbaikal region. To create the methodological integrity of the study, universal methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalization were used

Economic analysis of the world export of educational services

The research looks at the export of educational services as one of the promising spheres for the development of international economic relations. The study focuses on the experience of developed supplier and recipient countries. The theoretical basis of the study is formed by the typology of ways to export services proposed in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The importance of the issue under consideration is due, among other things, to the fact that, according to forecasts, the number of foreign students wishing to obtain higher education will increase to 150 million in 2025, and the volume of exports of higher education will reach $30 billion, which is 3 % of the total volume of trade in OECD services. Most prior research focuses on methodological aspects of education; however, the experience of foreign countries is presented in a limited scope. Using the example of the USA in the context of the management training program, it is shown that a fairly broad methodological system is used abroad, allowing specialists from all over the world to acquire the necessary skills and develop competencies. It is obvious that the pandemic has led to a sharp reduction in the number of foreign students in Germany, as in other exporting countries of educational services. Of particular interest is the EdTech market, which is attractive in terms of its size and growth rates. The key barriers to the global market of educational services are, among other things, increased competition, the presence of a larger number of exporters-providers of educational services, more active classes at mass open online courses, active use of mobile devices; the use of learning models that include personalized and blended learning methods; increasing the degree of confidentiality of data; active development of the institute of continuing education in conjunction with the active use of advanced training courses and vocational training. The research is expected to provide valuable information about the balance of powers on the global market of educational services and will serve as an information base for further scientific research in the field.

Perspektive medunarodne trgovine uslugama

The dynamic development of service activities in the world has led to their increasing contribution to the overall economic and social development. The service sector has become the driving force of economic development in most countries and the most dynamic component of international trade. The service sector participates with over 60% in the gross national income of the world economy. While the number of employees in industry and agriculture is rapidly declining, in most developed countries employment in services exceeds 80%. The shift towards services is attributed to the growth of living standards, increase of free time, change of lifestyle, development of technology. Technology development is one of the most important factors in the accelerated development of services. Thanks to the development of information technology and the reduction of communication costs, there has been a significant improvement in international trade in services. The crisis caused by COVID-19 caused huge losses in the export of services, but it pointed out the importance of technology and long-term technological changes in the service sector.

ТРАНСПОРТНА ЛОГІСТИКА ЯК ФАКТОР ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

Due to the active development of international cooperation, the issues of optimizing the process of planning and organizing the international delivery of goods and resources to the final consumer, in other words, the need for efficient transport logistics is growing. The purpose of the study is to determine the problems and prospects of transport logistics using in the foreign economic activity of domestic enterprises. Transport is one of the most important sectors of the Ukrainian economy. The share of transport services is quite significant in the structure of foreign trade of services in Ukraine. Exports of transport services in 2020 amount to 4.88 billion dollars, which is 43.7% of total exports of services. Imports – is 1.01 billion dollars (19.5%). Modern conditions of the freight market are characterized by increased competition, reduced profits, increased and emerging new requirements for the quality of services provided. Market conditions are becoming increasingly difficult for logistics and freight forwarding companies. The dynamics of cargo turnover and cargo transportation by types of transport in Ukraine has been studied and the tendency to decrease the volume of cargo turnover in recent years has been revealed. Features of transport and logistics services are considered. It is noted that the transport and logistics support of foreign economic activity should be aimed at: assessing the system of transport and logistics services for compliance with customer requirements, the structure of transport demand, based on market trends; determination of specialized transport and logistics needs, status and dynamics of demand for logistics services; study of the system of organizational and economic interaction of participants of specialized transport and logistics services of cargo transportation of enterprises. Perspective ways of improving domestic transport logistics in the field of foreign economic activity are identified, including: ensuring safe operation of transport; improving the mechanism of sanctions for violating safety rules in transport; improving energy efficiency of vehicles; optimization of multimodal logistics schemes operation; efficient use of logistics infrastructure through improved transportation management, warehousing and information systems.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ УКРАЇНИ НА РИНКАХ ТЕЛЕКОМУНІКАЦІЙНИЙ ПОСЛУГ БЛИЗЬКОГО СХОДУ ТА АФРИКИ

Theoretical and practical issues of identifying Ukrainian prospects in the Middle East and Africa telecommunication services market were studied in the article. Theoretical foundations and methodological approaches were based on the research of Ukrainian and international scientists in the chosen scientific field. It has been determined that the post-war renewal process will open more cooperation opportunities for the Ukrainian business with foreign companies. Further liberalization of trade and economic relations, as well as the recovery programs, supported by the international partners will be the drivers of it. The Middle East and North Africa region is one of the most attractive ones for Ukrainian raw materials and high-technological goods and services exports and, as a result, a promising area for R&D cooperation, taking into account Ukrainian scientific base, technologies and qualified scientists. The article analyses foreign trade flows and identifies that the main importers of Ukrainian services in the sphere of telecommunications, computer and information services for the last 5 years were the United States, European Union member-states, the United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates. According data, the share of telecommunications, computer and information services in Ukrainian exports were almost 30 % in 2021. It has been identified that the IT-sphere functions as one of the main engines of the Ukrainian economic system development since the beginning of the Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, as it has advantages over other sectors which generates public revenue (metallurgy and agriculture) – the possibility to continue business operations regardless of location. It was concluded that Ukrainian IT sector is competitive at the foreign markets and is intensively exporting including telecommunications, computer and information services. But given the urgent need to find new sources for the national economy post-war recovery, it is important to strengthen the presence in the African market, which has the capacity potential for Ukrainian IT companies.

Does trade in services improve carbon efficiency? —Analysis based on international panel data

• A combination of the slacks-based measure model under the variable return to scale assumption and the Global Malmquist–Luenberger index were used to measure carbon efficiency. • Panel data from 55 countries for 2001–2015 was used to empirically test the relationship between trade in services and carbon efficiency. • Trade in services significantly improved carbon efficiency. Specifically, an increase of 1% in total trade in services increased the carbon efficiency index by approximately 0.00194 units. • The improvement in carbon efficiency as a result of trade in services was greater in exports, and imported services had an inhibitory effect on carbon efficiency. • Following a change in national leader, the financial crisis in 2008, and the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, trade in services had a greater promotional effect on carbon efficiency. Trade in services has become an important driving force of high-quality and low-carbon growth in the global economy. Existing literature has largely focused on carbon efficiency from the perspective of trade in (final or intermediate) goods, but this study is one of the first to use data from multiple countries to investigate the theoretical and empirical impacts of trade in services on carbon efficiency. Taking into consideration the factors of market size, technological innovation and structural adjustments, this study discusses the impact of import and export trade in services on carbon efficiency. Using a carbon efficiency index calculated with the slacks-based measure model under the variable return to scale assumption in combination with the Global Malmquist–Luenberger index, panel data from 55 countries around the world from 2001 to 2015 was used to empirically test the relationship. The following results were found: trade in services significantly improved carbon efficiency; other conditions being equal, an increase of 1% in total trade in services increased the carbon efficiency index by approximately 0.00194 units; the improvement in carbon efficiency as a result of trade in services was greater in exports; and imported services had an inhibitory effect on carbon efficiency. These results are robust and remain after accounting for endogenous issues. Further tests showed that service exports had a positive effect on carbon efficiency in different countries and industries, and imported services had different effects in each direction in different countries and different industries. In addition, following a change in national leader, the financial crisis in 2008, and the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, trade in services had a greater promotional effect on carbon efficiency. This article can serve as a theoretical reference on optimizing global trade in services and improving carbon efficiency.

Labor market in Ukraine: current challenges and risks

The article analyzes the situation on the labor market in Ukraine, starting before COVID-19 pandemic and up to present. It is noted that in recent years Ukrainian labor market is characterized by transformation stage, accompanied by specific negative consequences, including reduced productivity, deteriorated employment conditions, non-standard employment segment expansion and more. Professional occupation imbalance of supply and demand is significant on the national labor market. It increasingly loads regional labor markets, rasing the level of unemployment and social tension in the country. All these negative consequences rised up with COVID-19 pandemic and invasion of Ukraine by Russian Federation troops. It is noted that the main domestic labor market changes caused by COVID-19 pandemic during 2019–2021 are: decreasing employment; increasing unemployment rate; decreasing number of labor migrants; decreasing population incomes in labor force sale and self-employment because of job loss, decreasing salaries and entrepreneurs’ income. New trends in labor market caused by war in Ukraine are analyzed. As a result of war, the salaries of Ukrainians decreased, some specialists lost their jobs, and some professions lost their demand on the market. Companies were forced to relocate their businesses to safer regions, so the labor market structure changed depending on the region. Demand for work exceeds its supply, unemployment is high. It is defined that after having overcome the crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic and war, there will be a need to attract more labor and expand employment opportunities on the Ukrainian labor market. Therefore, one of the important tasks of the state now is to create a clear system of priorities for employment. Among them: saving and developing human capital, creating incentives for employment and service export, deregulation and transparency of rules.

Service Imports, Workforce Composition, and Firm Performance: Evidence from Finnish Microdata

This paper uses unique Finnish firm-level micro data on service imports, work- force composition, and firm characteristics to examine changes in employment composition and performance of Finnish service importers during a period of a significant increase in services imports (2002-2012). We use world service export supply shocks, which we allocate to firms based on their highly specialized service input structure, as an instrument to identify the impact of service offshoring. We find that firms that increase imports of service inputs reduce employment of low-skill service workers, increase employment of (high-skilled) managers and improve their performance in terms of sales (turnover), assets, service exports, and firm survival. The employment composition and performance responses to service imports differ across firms in the manufacturing sector and those in the service sector.

THE NEXUS BETWEEN FINANCIAL INTEGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE FLOWS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

This study examines the linkages between financial integration and international trade flows in SubSaharan Africa (SSA) countries. It applies the two- stage least square (2SLS) technique to examine the contribution of financial integration on trade of goods and services using panel data on 20 SSA countries over the period 2001 to 2015. results indicate most financial integration indicators (liabilities, assets, foreign direct investment, and debts) have positive and significant effects on trade of goods and services. This result is robust to alternative notably trade of goods and services into import and export of goods and services. We therefore recommend that policy-makers of SSA countries put in place appropriate macroeconomic policies that will improve the quality of financial markets.

Development of international trade of ukraine in crisis conditions

It is calculated and analyzed the dynamics of international trade indicators of Ukraine for the period 2017–2021 (foreign trade turnover, balance of trade balance, net trade index, degree of dependence of the country on international trade, share of exports in GDP, share of exports of goods and services in foreign trade turnover, indicators of export, import and foreign trade quotas, as well as corresponding coverage ratios) in the article. It was established that despite the crisis conditions, the realization of the domestic foreign trade potential for the period 2017–2021 improved, which is a positive trend. The extent of Ukraine's dependence on international trade was determined, which indicates its transition from the category of «highly dependent countries» to the category of «moderately dependent countries». It is noted that Ukraine's exports are growing faster than imports, and the country's high dependence on imports is a negative factor (as evidenced by the negative trade balance during 2017–2020). A high degree of openness of the national economy and an increase in the realization of its export potential have been established, as evidenced by the volume of foreign trade and export quotas. It was noted that the negative impact of the covid-19 coronavirus pandemic on the market situation in 2020 was affected by a decrease in the volume of foreign trade turnover. A SWOT analysis was conducted, on the basis of which the strategy for the further development of Ukraine's international trade in the context of the crisis was substantiated and practical proposals for its implementation were provided. Based on the results of calculations, it was established that the weaknesses (deficiencies) of Ukraine's international trade outweigh its strengths. And the level of the foreign trade component of our country's economic security is negative due to the predominance of «threats» over «opportunities» for development. In order to ensure the development of Ukraine's international trade in the crisis, it is proposed to use the «mini-mini» strategy, which is aimed at minimizing its «weak» positions and avoiding external «threats» to development. It was found that despite the crisis phenomena, Ukraine's international trade has great development potential, which it is trying to realize despite global challenges and crises.

Methodological Approach to Identification of Innovative Determinants of Human Capital Management

This article summarizes the arguments and counter-arguments in the scientific discussion on identifying the essential characteristics of human capital and key quantitative indicators of its evaluation. The article determined the evolutionary patterns of changing approaches to interpreting the essence of human capital. The study's main purpose is to form an integrated indicator of human capital assessment and identify the most relevant innovative drivers and inhibitors of its development. Systematization of literature sources and approaches to solving the human capital evaluation problem has shown a significant variation in both national approaches to solving the problem and their supranational counterparts. Given the lack of a unified approach to evaluating human capital, the article proposes an author's approach to solving the problem using the Fishburne formula and additive convolution. The relevance of the selection of normalized partial indicators to the integrated indicator is confirmed based on the Cronbach's alpha test. The composite human capital evaluation indicator includes several social, economic, and institutional indicators. Given the transformation of all components of the business environment and the national economy due to the formation of Industry 4.0, it is necessary to determine the most relevant innovative factors of human capital development. A sample of potential drivers and inhibitors of impact on the composite indicator of human capital evaluation, which have an innovative nature, is formed to achieve this goal. The panel data regression model was built. All calculations were performed using Stata 12/SE software product. Modeling results showed that most determinants of innovation development do not have a statistically significant impact on Human Capital Index and vice versa. Human Capital Index is positively influenced by information and communication technology exports but negatively influenced by the imports of computers, communications and services, and high-tech exports. At the same time, the growth of the Human Capital Index has a negative impact on the growth of the share of exports of computers, communications, and services in the structure of commercial imports and high-tech exports. The study results could be useful to scientists, public authorities, local governments, businesses, and entrepreneurs.

ПРІОРИТЕТИ ТОРГОВЕЛЬНОГО СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА УКРАЇНИ З ЄС

The article analyzes the alternatives of Ukraine’s trade cooperation with the EU, examines the current state and development trends of Ukraine’s trade and economic cooperation with the EU in modern conditions of the development of global economic processes. In the current conditions of development of globalization and integration of the world economy, Ukraine, as a large European state with high economic potential, cannot remain aloof from world processes. Accordingly, Ukraine’s entry into the world economic community is a significant priority for the development of our state. Relations with the European Union are of particular importance for Ukraine when determining its own prospects and reserves for increasing the level of international trade contacts and the level of competitiveness of the domestic economy on the world market. Cooperation with the European Union gives an invaluable result, which is obvious. These are access to world markets, information technologies, and the expansion of participation in international investment processes, and educational assistance programs, improvement of transport and telecommunication systems. Today, the EU is the most important source of investments that bring not only financial resources to the economy, but also international experience in corporate management, encouraging companies to implement international standards of quality, accounting, etc. Currently, the EU is the largest trade partner of Ukraine, which accounts for almost a third of the total national foreign trade turnover. In order to achieve the set objectives in the field of deepening trade cooperation of Ukraine with the countries of the European Union, it is necessary to intensify the negotiation processes for concluding free trade agreements between Ukraine and a number of countries of the world and separate groups of states,to carry out consistent work on the development of draft free trade agreements, holding relevant consultations and negotiations. New factors of influence that will operate in the space of the free trade zone provide for the organization of the development of an early concept of the specialization of the Ukrainian economy in the international division of labor, taking into account the trends and projected dynamics of the foreign trade balance of Ukraine (by industries, countries, individual product groups),as well as early scenarios for the optimization of foreign trade. It is appropriate to identify industries where the domestic manufac- turer is able to obtain additional long-term benefits from the expansion of sales markets, or on the contrary, it may turn out to be uncompetitive at all. The European Union provides an opportunity to stimulate the trade development of Ukraine through the export of Ukrainian goods and services.

Л. М. Зомчак, І. М. Старчевська МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ЗРОСТАННЯ УКРАЇНИ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ ЛОГІСТИЧНОЇ РЕГРЕСІЇ

The purpose of the investigation is to identify and specify the binary logistic regression model of the economy of Ukraine which can be used for forecasting the probability of economic growth. Methodology of research. To achieve the goal of the investigation, econometric modeling methods were used, namely logistic regression. Findings. The investigation implemented a binary logit model of the economy of Ukraine, in which the dependent variable can take on one of two values: economic growth or decline. Real gross capital accumulation, capital investments in the economy, final consumption expenditures of households, price index of manufacturers of industrial products, export of goods and services were chosen as factor indicators. On the basis of the conducted analysis (pseudo coefficients of determination, accuracy of classification of observations, assessment of statistical significance of relationships and forecast errors), it is possible to assert the adequacy, accuracy and good quality of the binary logistic regression model of economic growth of Ukraine. From the contingency table it can be concluded about the good quality of the developed model, since from the sample of quarterly values of macroeconomic indicators covering the period 2010-2020, the logistic regression model correctly classified 38 observations (88.4%). This means that using different values of factor characteristics in the model, in 9 out of 10 cases the observation will be assigned to the correct category (economic growth or decline). Practical value It is possible to predict the probability of the economic growth of Ukraine in a certain quarter, using the available values of factor variables. Such forecasting is especially relevant due to the fact that full-scale war is currently taking place in Ukraine, which make it impossible for a significant number of enterprises to operate. In addition, a significant drop in demand for goods and services is expected in 2022, due to which the fact that the Ukrainian economy is entering a state of crisis is obvious. The logit model of the economic growth of Ukraine can be used in modeling its recovery to pre-crisis times.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ УРОВНЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН В КОНТЕКСТЕ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ТУРИЗМА

The rapid growth of the global travel and tourism sector is one of the most significant trends of the present time. According to the estimates of the World Council on Tourism and Travel, the tourism industry has already surpassed the information industry in terms of development, the tourism and travel market consistently creates new jobs and provides about 1/10 of gross world product. The impact of tourism on the economy of a modern nationstate, which seeks to increase the export of tourist services and, accordingly, receive more income from international tourism, can hardly be overestimated. However, the growth and development of the tourism industry is accompanied by the competition growth in the international market. In such conditions the importance of indicators denoting the competitiveness of a particular state in the world trade in tourist services and reflecting the dynamics of its attractiveness for foreign tourists is increasing. The post-Soviet states, including the states of the Central Asian region, are rightful participants in the international tourism market. In particular, the Republic of Tajikistan is actively developing the inbound and domestic tourism, which are of great interest to the national economy in terms of preserving and multiplying state revenues. In this respect, it is important to determine the position of the Republic of Tajikistan in the world market of tourist services based on existing competitive advantages and to identify the promising sectors for the development of international tourism. A clear positioning of the country will make it possible to determine strategic directions for improving the tourist infrastructure, increasing the efficiency of recreational resources and development of tourist products that meet modern world requirements to the quality of travel services.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ РЕГУЛИРУЮЩЕЙ И СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ФУНКЦИЙ НДС

The purpose of the study is a conceptual analysis of the regulatory and social functions of the VAT as a tax on consumption, and the tasks of the state, potentially solved with the help of this tax. As a result of a literature review, as well as Russian and international experience, hypotheses about the possibility and expediency of state regulation through VAT on the production, consumption and export of goods and services were tested, and practical recommendations were formulated.

РИНОК АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ВАНТАЖНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ КРАЇН ЄС: ПОРІВНЯЛЬНА МАКРОЕКОНОМІЧНА ОЦІНКА І КЛЮЧОВІ НАПРЯМИ РОЗВИТКУ

The article considers the issue of research of the current state and formation of directions of development of the market of motor transport transportation of the EU countries. The urgency of the topic is due to the development of the EU economy and its diversified structure. It is established that road transport is an important type of economic activity. When transport systems are efficient, they provide economic and social opportunities and benefits that lead to positive effects, such as increased market access, increased employment and additional investment. When transport systems are underdeveloped in terms of capacity and reliability, they can lead to economic costs, such as suppressed or untapped capacity, and reduce the quality of life. In addition, the impact of transport is not always predictable, and some unintended or unpredictable consequences may occur. The development of the road transport market is one of the important components of modern economies for their full existence, as road transport is one of the most mobile means of supplying raw materials, finished products at the current stage of EU development. The EU road haulage sector has developed very dynamically. It was found that the EU offers the world community a new product - the export of transit transport services. The creation and development of international transport corridors is necessary not only from a commercial point of view. Thanks to international transport corridors, it is possible to synchronize the exchange of goods between countries, reduce transportation costs and increase the possibility of developing transport infrastructure. Approaches to improving the efficiency of transport between EU member states and third countries on the example of road freight transport, taking into account the factor of transport infrastructure development, are proposed. The obtained results can be used in the process of analysis of the EU freight transport market, identification of key export-oriented and import-oriented freight transport groups, analysis of state export policy, formation of a national strategy for the development of the road transport market.