Export Quality Research Articles

The Analysis of Strategic Partnership to Supply Mandailing Arabica Coffee for Export Quality Markets

Coffee is a commodity that is essential to the international market. One of the best coffee from Indonesia is Mandailing coffee originating from North Sumatra. Simpang Banyak Mandailing Natal, North Sumatra Province is a centre of coffee agroindustry. It require best supplier in order to meet export market demand. Determination of required quality criteria in accordance with the standard of quality of coffee exports including the water content of 12%, a defective value below 4%, cherry seeds without mixture, cupping score is 85 and the uniform size of coffee beans. To meet the needs of the export market, the agroindustry also need a supply of coffee from the best coffee suppliers that have several criteria: Price, Quality, Production, and the accuracy of delivery by comparing these criteria at three suppliers chosen. A total of 10 experts were asked to choose an alternative based on the established criteria. Supplier selection weighting of data analysis in this study were calculated using analytical hierarchy process. The results showed that the most influential criteria to supplier selection criteria for Mandailing coffee is quality with a weight of 0.414 and a production with a weight of 0.277. Delivery accuracy weighting criteria is 0.245 and last criteria is the price of 0.065. While the best suppliers selected by the respondents is the Supplier Z with weights of 0.664 and supplier X (0.187) and last supplier is Y (0.176).

Exchange rate fluctuations and quality composition of exports: Evidence from Swiss product‐level data

AbstractThis paper studies the relationship between exchange rate movements and the average export quality using disaggregated Swiss product‐level data between 1996 and 2015. We find evidence at different levels of aggregation that the average export quality increases in response to a currency appreciation through compositional effects: currency appreciations shift market shares towards goods that are more expensive and of higher quality. This exchange rate effect on quality is more pronounced for differentiated goods and in sectors with a greater scope for quality differentiation. From a policy perspective, this reallocation effect points to the importance of facilitating structural changes in the export composition to increase the resilience of the export sector to exchange rate shocks. Our results also suggest a positive relationship between the average export quality and aggregate export sales. From a methodological point of view, the findings imply that exchange rate pass‐through estimations without quality controls tend to be biased regardless of aggregation level or type of data.

Modelling quality and maturity of ‘Namdokmai Sithong’ mango and their variation during storage

‘Namdokmai Sithong’ mangoes, grown in carbon paper bags, are harvested at commercial maturity. As chlorophyll is virtually absent, they have a yellow skin colour changing only slightly during fruit ripening. This special characteristic, i.e., the absence of chlorophyll, conceals the variation within the batch in maturity stage and as well as in quality. Quality variables were assessed during storage by destructive (traditional penetration test Fpff, flesh colour L*a*b*, total soluble solids TSS and titratable acidity TA) or non-destructive techniques (limited distance compression Fcomp, skin colour L*a*b*). Three batches of mango in export quality grown at different cultivation locations were stored at four constant temperatures (kinetic experiment) and at 13 °C for 14 d then at 25–28 °C (dynamic experiment). Huge variation was observed in all quality variables in both systems mainly due to differences in maturity of individual fruit. Kinetic models are presented to describe behaviour of quality variables including the biological variation expressed as biological shift factor. A logistic model (logis) was used for all variables, except flesh colour b* value and TSS in the dynamic experiment, where a first order production model (FOP) was applied to analyse the data. Destructively measured data were first grouped based on rank at every measuring time (probelation). Rank number and fruit number were used as an index in non-linear regression. High explained parts (R2adj above 90%) were obtained for firmness and skin colour (a* and b*) for all temperatures of the kinetic experiment separately as well as combined. The (lower) asymptote values for limited compression firmness (Fcomp) were somewhat different at different temperatures, which is again an indication of large difference in maturity. In absence of chlorophyll, a strong relation was found between the biological shift factors of Fcomp and all colour values. During first storage period at 13 °C of the dynamic experiment, most obtained explained part (R2adj) but not all were well over 90%. When both temperature schemes (13 °C and ambient temperature) were analysed together, the rate constant after the temperature switch for firmness and colour was higher indicating a faster fruit ripening. The two cultivation locations generated a substantial difference in colouration, but not so much in terms of firmness. A strong correlation between Fcomp, TSS and TA was revealed. All these results indicate that observed variation in any of the quality variables are all linked directly to variation in maturity. In fruit industry, the biological variation is ignored completely which results in a heterogeneity in the final product at the consumers. Modelling techniques have studied can take care of this variation and could help to improve quality management in the production line in order to assure a constant level of the fruit quality.

Identification of Potential Sites for Rice Plant Growth using Multi Criteria Decision (MCE) Technique Through Remote Sensing and GIS

Rice is one of major corps grown in Pakistan. It is considered as the backbone of Pakistan’s economy. Almost all the rural population of Pakistan is involved in rice preparation from its germination to final harvest. Although its contribution is less in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan, however efforts are on the way to enhance its productivity. The land of Punjab Pakistan produces rice of export quality which is famous throughout the world. Rice crop growth promoting parameters are considered essential to achieve high yield e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, soil pH, soil type, drainage and electric conductivity. We used Multi-Criteria decision analysis to map temperature base and soil-based rice friendly zones. The results show that the total area under investigation was 3151km2, out of which 2075 km2 was observed highly suitable, 772 km2 was moderately suitable and 303 km2 was not suitable for rice cultivation. On ground validation, it was observed that the areas which were not suitable for rice cultivation, were actually urban area. The urban areas had high temperatures due to anthropogenic activities and fossil fuel emissions. Remote sensing and GIS techniques proved efficient in mapping the suitability zones for rice crop.

Mechatronics system for diagnosis and treatment of major diseases in grape vineyards based on image processing

Abstract Grape is non-climacteric fruit. For export quality grapes, farmers regularly monitor plants for identification of possible diseases and spray relevant pesticides. Due to time constraints and effort involved, farmers usually spray an excessive pesticide which causes health hazards. Mechatronics system is proposed to monitor health of the grapes leaves based on histogram analysis using the MATLAB. It alert farmers about the initiation of major grape diseases viz. Downey Mildew, Powdery Mildew and Anthracnose and trigger automatic spraying of pesticides based on the philosophy of Precision Farming, results economical utilization of pesticides and save their valuable time for other relevant agricultural activities.

FORMULASI PAKAN UNGGUL BERBASIS BIOTEKNOLOGI LIMBAH ORGANIK LOKAL UNTUK IKAN LELE ORGANIK KUALITAS EKSPOR

Research on Superior Feed Formulations Based on Local Organic waste Biotechnology for Export quality organic Catfish. Research Objective: The discovery of feed types of tilapia and organic catfish that have export quality nutritional content based on the best quality local marine organic waste through a touch of biotechnology. Furthermore, the complete chemical composition of the waste used and feed components is obtained. Research Methods: Determine the best composition of biomass of marine organic waste and local onshore organic wastes with the highest levels of protein and carbohydrates and integrated with other wastes. The nutritional content is analyzed, namely: Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and supporting minerals, namely: Fe, K and Ca. Instrumentation used to support the research objectives is AAS and HPLC. Research Results: Export quality organic catfish pellet feed in the form of waste: marine fish, sea shrimp waste, sea crab waste, rice bran waste, corn waste, mixed organic waste, golden snail waste, seaweed waste and coconut water waste respectively (27; 15; 7.5; 33; 3; 2.5; 5; 2.5 and 2) %b/ b, starch 2% b/b and marine phytoplankton biomass 0.5% b/b. The nutritional content of organic catfish pellets that have been produced, namely: 51% protein b/b, 24% carbohydrate b/b, 9% fat b/b, crude fiber 8%b/b, water content 2 - 2.5%b/b, mineral Fe 1% b/b, mineral K 1% b/b, mineral Ca 1%b/b, ash content 2 - 2.5%b/b. Feed packing for export quality organic catfish pellets is given the "SANTARI-KU" label.
 Keywords: Superior feed, local organic waste biotechnology, export quality organic catfish, Santari-ku.

TO ASSESS THE POSITION OF SMALL MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ETHOPIA

Development of micro and small enterprises holds the attraction of being the most important component of broader economic development and poverty alleviation. They are seen as a key and sustainable generator of employment and income for citizens and tax revenue for the state. They also serve as a bridge between informal economy and the formalized corporate sector in developing countries. Likewise, if they are able to meet the required export quality and standards, for some countries they are a source of foreign exchange earnings. It is also believed that a variant micro and small enterprise sector helps to encourage competition since they are favorable to bring about economic growth.

ENHANCEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXPORT QUALITY STANDARD (THE CASE STUDY OF TUBTIMJUN ROSE APPLE EXPORT IN RATCHABURI PROVINCE, THAILAND)

This research had an objective to study the agricultural export quality standards in the case of exporting tubtimjun rose apple from Ratchaburi province, Thailand. This is a qualitative research with the sample of 9 experts in different but related fields which are agriculture, exporting and R&D. The experts were chosen by means of purposive sampling and the tool used for collecting data was indepth interview. 
 Our founding is that the agricultural export quality standard in what concerns exporting tubtimjun rose apple from Ratchaburi province, Thailand to China can be divided into 10 aspects which together cover the following: the bottomline quality of tubtimjun rose apple which has 9 indicators, tubtimjun rose apple examination which has 3 indicators, defects of the tubtimjun rose apple which has 2 main indicators and 12 minor indicators, harvesting period after blooming which has 3 indicators, size and the amount of tubtimjun rose apple per kilogram which has 4 indicators, size and weight per tubtimjun rose apple which has 4 indicators, temperature of the storage location which has 3 indicators, deviation in the tubtimjun roseapple size when packaged which has 2 indicators, tubtimjun rose apple’s container which has 7 main indicators and 7 minor indicators, and packaging which has 9 indicators.

Inequality, Openness, and Growth through Creative Destruction

We examine how inequality and openness interact in shaping the long-run growth prospects of developing countries. To this end, we develop a Schumpeterian growth model with heterogeneous households and non-homothetic preferences for quality. We show that inequality affects growth very differently in an open economy as opposed to a closed economy: If the economy is close to the technological frontier, the positive demand effect of inequality on growth found in closed-economy models may be amplified by international competition. In countries with a larger distance to the technology frontier, however, rich households satisfy their demand for high quality via importing, and the effect of inequality on growth is smaller than in a closed economy and may even be negative. We show that this theoretical prediction holds up in the data, both when considering growth in export quality at the industry level and when considering growth in GDP per capita.

FDI, IPR protection and export quality: an empirical analysis based on national data

PurposeWith the focus on the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on export quality or of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on export trade, there is little scholarly attention on how IPR protection affects the relationship between FDI and export quality. This study aims to examine the potential nonlinear dynamic threshold effect of IPR protection on the relationship between FDI and export quality. Distinguishing between developing and developed countries, the authors present an empirical analysis of the effects of FDI on export quality per degree of IPR protection.Design/methodology/approachUsing panel data on 45 countries for the period from 1992 to 2014, we use a nonlinear dynamic panel threshold model to examine the effect of IPR protection on the relationship between FDI and export quality.FindingsThe authors find a triple threshold effect of IPR protection in both developing and developed countries. The three threshold values are larger for developed countries than for developing countries. The coefficients on the relationship between FDI and export quality per degree of IPR protection are larger in developing countries than in developed countries, except for high IPR protection. The results of the paper suggest that the effect of FDI on export quality differs greatly per degree of IPR protection. In both developing and developed countries, FDI impacts export quality most significantly under medium-high IPR protection. Having estimated the optimal range of IPR protection for attaining FDI in both groups of countries, policy recommendations are offered.Originality/valueThese findings not only contribute to the literature but also provide a view that a moderate level of IPR protection is conducive to attracting FDI and improving export quality.

An Overview of Upcountry Cut Flower Industry, Sri Lanka

Floricultural products exports bring a considerable amount of income to Sri Lankan economy and there is a huge development potential. Upcountry is a main cut flower production area in the country. This study’s focus is to identify the general information on cut flower production, marketing, problems and suggestions for the improvement. This is a descriptive study where field survey was conducted in three districts in Sri Lanka. Primary data were collected through face to face and telephonic interviews with 58 flower growers by using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Discussions were held with flower exporters, flower sellers and personnel from Department of National Botanical Gardens and Export Development Board. Snowball sampling methods were used to select the flower growers. Secondary data were collected from the books, research articles, institutional publications and internet. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 17). Majority (79.2%) of the respondents were females and mean age of the respondents was 51 years. Cultivation of food crops and flowers was the main source of income of the majority (74.5%). Asetermaria, Desi, Gerbera, Chrysanthemum, Rose and Lilies were the main flowers cultivated and the average monthly income received from flowers was LKR 28,250.96. Selling to the wholesalers visiting the village is the most prominent local marketing method for the growers. A continuous demand exists in the international market for cut flowers. Even though flower exporters are willing to buy flowers from the area, continuous and quality supply of flowers is a problem. Unavailability of proper market alone was identified as the main problem by 42.3% of respondents. It is recommended to motivate farmers for production planning. Export quality flower production at the village level, more tailor made trainings to growers, integrated approach to provide inputs, market and information in one package will provide solutions for the issues encountered in the sector.

The nexus between outward foreign direct investment and export sophistication: new evidence from China

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the bidirectional causal relationship between outbound foreign direct investment (ODI) and export sophistication in China by using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) techniques. The findings detect cointegration and bidirectional causal relationship between export sophistication and ODI. The empirical evidence supports that ODI strongly promotes export sophistication and export sophistication weakly encourages Chinese ODI to go out global. The nexus between ODI and export sophistication is good news for China to enhance the quality of exports and catch-up on developed economies. The control variables of trade openness, human capital and quality of institutions improve the strength of cointegration between ODI and export sophistication and play a significant role in promoting the two variables of our interest.

Climbing the Rungs of the Quality Ladder: FDI and Domestic Exporters in Romania

This paper argues that inflows of foreign direct investment can facilitate export upgrading in host countries. Using customs data merged with firm-level information for 2005-2011, it shows a positive relationship between the quality of products exported by Romanian firms and the presence of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the upstream (input-supplying) industries. Export quality is also positively related to MNE presence in the downstream (input-sourcing) industries and the same industry, but these relationships are less robust. These conclusions hold both when the product quality is proxied with unit values and when it is estimated following the approach of Khandelwal et al. (2013).

Sustainable management of Mangifera indica pre- and post-harvest diseases mediated by botanical extracts via foliar and fruit application

For the first time, the pre- and post-harvest diseases of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) could be managed in an eco-friendly manner by utilization of botanicals extracts. Different concentrations (5, 7 and 8%) of botanicals of Indian lilac (Azadirachta indica), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and rubber bush (Calotropis procera) were utilized for spraying. After foliar application, at the pre-harvest stage of mango production, all of the utilized botanicals were effectively controlling mango disease with eucalyptus (8%) exceeding Indian lilac and rubber bush in repressing the disease with an elevated extent. The efficacy of garlic and ginger extracts was comparatively low to that of other extracts. Analogously, eucalyptus also exhibited higher disease management at the post-harvest stage, by resulting in a profound improvement in the fruit quality. In the post-harvest stage, fruits were sprayed with botanicals. Based on the findings, the results presented provided the farmers with a maintainable, cost-effective and rapid disease management strategy for improved mango yield having export quality traits.

Assessment of the Korean-Chinese Exports Competition in Sophisticated Markets

Purpose - This paper empirically investigates the competition effect of exports between Korea and China in their common-export markets considering market sophistication. Modern market sophistication includes an importing country’s aggregate demand for products of high quality, design, novelty, eco-friendliness, and even IPR protection. Using an empirical analysis to identify the demand for product quality across countries, this paper estimates the effects of market sophistication on the competition between Korean exports and Chinese products. Design/Methodology - Our empirical model considers the relationship between an importing country’s consumer sophistication and the export competition between Korea and China. This study employs the existing theoretical framework to identify the aggregate demand for product quality across countries. Using a quite direct measurement (the consumer sophistication index, our analysis investigates the differential effects of Korea’s export market sophistication, particularly in markets where Korean exports are in competition with similar Chinese products. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows: the negative effects of the export competition between Korea and China on Korea’s exports are stronger in third markets where consumers are less sophisticated while the effects are not as pronounced in markets where consumers are more sophisticated. This result, however, best applies to differentiated goods which significantly vary in product quality. Originality/value - Existing studies focus on the supply side of production and make the assumption that the market preference for export quality is identical across countries. This paper attempts to evaluate the export competition between Korea and China from the demand-side perspective. This area of trade studies is underexplored both empirically and in theory, although the issue has long been important to Korean and world trade.

Identifying the influencing factors on the quality of China’s forestry exports

Purpose China is not only the biggest importing country of the raw materials of forest products, but also the biggest exporting country of intermediate and final forest products. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The authors use the Khandelwal (2010) method and trade data from 2000 to 2014 of bilateral forest products between China and ten main developed countries to evaluate the quality of China’s forestry imports and exports. Subsequently, the influencing factors of product quality are analyzed. Findings The results show that the current export quality of plywood and fiberboard is decreasing, and the export quality of particleboard and paper products is on the rise. A further study finds that several factors have the positive effects on the quality of forestry exports, including gross domestic product of the importing country, forestry export value of the importing country as well as the number of forestry higher education graduates of the exporting country. Moreover, the study also finds that the status of an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation member has a negative effect on the quality of forestry exports, while the distance cost has a negative influence on fiberboard, paper and paperboard. Practical implications The study suggests that China needs to strengthen the research and development investment on forest products, and improve the quality of forest products to promote the trade development of forestry exports. Originality/value The existing literature has not shown much research regarding the quality of China’s forestry exports through econometric analysis. Therefore, the research results provide new perspective about the influencing factors on China’s forestry trade activities.

Integrated plant nutrient supply for export quality cut flower production in LA Lilium ‘Nashville’

Integrated plant nutrient supply for export quality cut flower production in LA Lilium ‘Nashville’

Pendekatan Sosio-Ekonomi Potensi Daerah sebagai Pusat Ekstrak Kulit Manggis di Indonesia

ABSTRACT One of the largest mangosteen producing areas in Tasikmalaya Regency, which is in 8 villages in Puspahiang Sub-district. Mangosteen farmers Puspahiang district relies on export quality because the price is 3 times more expensive. However, due to farmers' pursuit of mangosteen the quality of exports of farmers will be much to remove the mangosteen fruit harvest that does not enter the quality of exports such as too small fruits or infected yellow sap disease. In addition, if the mangosteen reached in end season, mangosteen farmers in Puspahiang will switch to other livelihoods. Mangosteen pericarps has been used by generations as a medicine. Socio-economic study to community in the form of the introduction of ECO-friendly technology (TTG) Mangosteen extraction has been aimed to determine the response of mangosteen farmers in Puspahiang in the development of the Mangosteen Extract Center for the needs of the Herbal and Nutrition Medicine industries. The survey method was carried out, socialization, pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The socio-economic survey showed that the Puspahiang community is almost 100% in agreement with the construction of the mangosteen leather extrator center. However, 60% of the public is concerned about the processing of waste extracts. Subsequently, it needs to be done waste treatment studies on the socio-economic community. Keywords: extract; mangosteen pericarps; Puspahiang; socio-economic.

Effects of the export product quality on carbon dioxide emissions: evidence from developing economies.

Using the new measure of the export quality of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), this paper investigates the effects of the product quality of exports on the growth rate of the per capita carbon dioxide emissions. The paper focuses on the panel dataset of 82 developing economies for the period from 1970 to 2014. Along with the index of export quality, we also consider the measures of the per capita income, per capita energy consumption, natural resource rents, and trade openness. The results indicate that there is the positive impact of the quality of exports on carbon dioxide emissions. There is also the positive relationship between the per capita income and carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, we find that the trade openness measures are positively related to carbon dioxide emissions. These results are robust to consider different income measures and to divide the developing economies, according to their income levels.

Liberation of future crop trees from lianas in Belize: Completeness, costs, and timber-yield benefits

Lianas (woody climbing plants) often abound in tropical forests after selective logging and other disturbances. Liana cutting is an often-prescribed but seldom applied silvicultural treatment designed to foster the growth of future crop trees (hereafter: FCTs). Small-scale studies indicate that this treatment is effective, but little is known about its efficiency (i.e., proportions of lianas missed) or financial cost effectiveness at operational scales. To fill these gaps, we worked in a commercial forest concession in Belize where FCTs and trees to be felled were liberated from lianas in 500–1000 ha annual timber harvest blocks. We found that field crews assigned this and inventory-related tasks spent 11.8% of their time cutting lianas from FCTs at a cost of $0.11 per tree. Workers failed to cut 31.9% of the lianas that infested the 701 FCTs they were supposed to liberate; most of the missed lianas grew into the FCT crowns from neighbors or hung down far from the bole [an additional 48 FCTs (6%) were completely missed]. In a logging block treated 9-years prior to this study, 39% of the liberated Swietenia macrophylla FCTs 29–56 cm DBH were still liana-free whereas in an untreated stand, 94% of similar-sized conspecific control FCTs were liana-infested. Based on tree ring data for the same 9-year period, the liberated FCTs grew 38–63% faster than control FCTs. If the mean growth benefit is sustained over the entire 40-year cutting cycle, each liberated FCT will yield an average of 1.51 m3 (639 board feet) more roundwood than comparable FCTs in unliberated forest. Over this 40-year period with an annual discount rate of 4.5%, this added volume gives the $0.11 investment per tree a net present value of US $161.38 and a profitability index of 1467 for export quality timber. These results argue for the application of this inexpensive and effective treatment in managed forests where lianas abound.