Export Projects Research Articles

Strategic insights: Unveiling the potential of Pharmaceutical exports from India to Regulated markets

India is a major exporter of medicinal products in the world. India's pharmaceutical sector has grown significantly to contribute largely to the GDP of the nation because of its rapidly expanding economy and abundance of highly skilled labor. However, exporting pharmaceuticals to markets that are subject to regulations can be a difficult procedure that requires a lot of paperwork. This all-inclusive handbook will assist in navigating the documentation and export regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical exports from India to regulated markets. It also provides export projections for the future, enabling exporters to adapt their export strategy. This handbook will give you the knowledge needed to be successful in the pharmaceutical export business, regardless of whether an experienced exporter or a recent entry into the market. A study on Indian Pharmaceutical Exporter together with future forecasts and SWOT Analysis of Indian Pharmaceutical manufacturers.

The carbonate pump feedback on alkalinity and the carbon cycle in the 21st century and beyond

Abstract. Ocean acidification is likely to impact all stages of the ocean carbonate pump, i.e. the production, export, dissolution and burial of biogenic CaCO3. However, the associated feedback on anthropogenic carbon uptake and ocean acidification has received little attention. It has previously been shown that Earth system model (ESM) carbonate pump parameterizations can affect and drive biases in the representation of ocean alkalinity, which is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and provides buffering capacity towards associated acidification. In the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), we show divergent responses of CaCO3 export at 100 m this century, with anomalies by 2100 ranging from −74 % to +23 % under a high-emission scenario. The greatest export declines are projected by ESMs that consider pelagic CaCO3 production to depend on the local calcite/aragonite saturation state. Despite the potential effects of other processes on alkalinity, there is a robust negative correlation between anomalies in CaCO3 export and salinity-normalized surface alkalinity across the CMIP6 ensemble. Motivated by this relationship and the uncertainty in CaCO3 export projections across ESMs, we perform idealized simulations with an ocean biogeochemical model and confirm a limited impact of carbonate pump anomalies on 21st century ocean carbon uptake and acidification. However, we highlight a potentially abrupt shift, between 2100 and 2300, in the dissolution of CaCO3 from deep to subsurface waters when the global-scale mean calcite saturation state reaches about 1.23 at 500 m (likely when atmospheric CO2 reaches 900–1100 ppm). During this shift, upper ocean acidification due to anthropogenic carbon uptake induces deep ocean acidification driven by a substantial reduction in CaCO3 deep dissolution following its decreased export at depth. Although the effect of a diminished carbonate pump on global ocean carbon uptake and surface ocean acidification remains limited until 2300, it can have a large impact on regional air–sea carbon fluxes, particularly in the Southern Ocean.

Роль региональных научных центров в преодолении кадрового голода в сфере внешнеэкономической деятельности

Reformatting the international economics makes practice-orientation of higher education especially relevant. The article assesses impact of regional scientific centers on overcoming the FEA’s staff hunger. Methodological basis are concepts about practice-oriented education. Information basis were data of Customs and Statistical services, Central bank of Russia. Research methods were comparative and economic-statistical analysis. Methodical approach is substantiated to assessment of influence of dependence between specialists’ preparing and the indicators characterizing the Russia’s export development. It’s proposed to assess education through students’, graduates’ and researchers’ number and expenses on science, and the FEA’s results – through volume of export, including non-primary and non-energetic. The authors’ approach is tested on 85 Russian regions for 2021. Results of correlation analysis demonstrate: there’s link between considered indicators, especially between researchers’ number and expenses on science – and non-primary export. The algorithm is developed of organizing the interaction of participants of export project activity. As a tool of development is considered creation of campuses and their influence on region’s development. Theoretical and practical relevance consists in that trend is ascertained of activation of involvement of tools of practice-oriented education by preparing the FEA’s staff, and in that directions and ways of its realizing in Russian regions are defined.

Projecting sediment export from two highly glacierized alpine catchments under climate change: exploring non-parametric regression as an analysis tool

Abstract. Future changes in suspended sediment export from deglaciating high-alpine catchments affect downstream hydropower reservoirs, flood hazard, ecosystems and water quality. Yet, quantitative projections of future sediment export have so far been hindered by the lack of process-based models that can take into account all relevant processes within the complex systems determining sediment dynamics at the catchment scale. As a promising alternative, machine-learning (ML) approaches have recently been successfully applied to modeling suspended sediment yields (SSYs). This study is the first, to our knowledge, exploring a machine-learning approach to derive sediment export projections until the year 2100. We employ quantile regression forest (QRF), which proved to be a powerful method to model past SSYs in previous studies, for two nested glaciated high-alpine catchments in the Ötztal, Austria, above gauge Vent (98.1 km2) and gauge Vernagt (11.4 km2). As predictors, we use temperature and precipitation projections (EURO-CORDEX) and discharge projections (AMUNDSEN physically based hydroclimatological and snow model) for the two gauges. We address uncertainties associated with the known limitation of QRF that underestimates can be expected if values in the projection period exceed the range represented in the training data (out-of-observation-range days, OOOR). For this, we assess the frequency and extent of these exceedances and the sensitivity of the resulting mean annual suspended sediment concentration (SSC) estimates. We examine the resulting SSY projections for trends, the estimated timing of peak sediment and changes in the seasonal distribution. Our results show that the uncertainties associated with the OOOR data points are small before 2070 (max. 3 % change in estimated mean annual SSC). Results after 2070 have to be treated more cautiously as OOOR data points occur more frequently, and glaciers are projected to have (nearly) vanished by then in some projections, which likely substantially alters sediment dynamics in the area. The resulting projections suggest decreasing sediment export at both gauges in the coming decades, regardless of the emission scenario, which implies that peak sediment has already passed or is underway. This is linked to substantial decreases in discharge volumes, especially during the glacier melt phase in late summer, as a result of increasing temperatures and thus shrinking glaciers. Nevertheless, high(er) annual yields can occur in response to heavy summer precipitation, and both developments would need to be considered in managing sediments, as well as e.g., flood hazard. While we chose the predictors to act as proxies for sediment-relevant processes, future studies are encouraged to try and include geomorphological changes more explicitly, e.g., changes in connectivity, landsliding, rockfalls or vegetation colonization, as these could improve the reliability of the projections.

Increasing Information Transparency of the Results of a Regional Export Project in the Urals Federal District

The influence of information on the activities of the authorities is increasing. The problem of the low popularity of the national project "International Cooperation and Export" remains. The purpose of the article is to generalize the theory and develop a methodology for assessing the information transparency of the results of the regional project "Systemic measures for the development of international cooperation and exports" of the regions of the Ural Federal District and to develop applied recommendations. The author has developed signs of information transparency: relevance (relevance, focus, timeliness),sufficiency (completeness, structuring) of information. A program of research and methodological tools for score assessment based on content analysis of government websites and open sources has been developed. The applied signifi cance lies in the systematization of the economic practice of information transparency in the regions of the Ural Federal District. The most significant problem is the lack of linking information with the approved project results. The value of the information relevance subindex (from 0.11 points in the Kurgan Region to 2.50 points in the Tyumen Region) and the information sufficiency subindex (from 0.02 points in the Sverdlovsk Region to 2.22 points in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug) were calculated. Practical recommendations have been developed for the authorities: relevance and focus, reliability of information, comparability of planned and actual values, structuring and detailing of information. The obtained principles of information relevance can be used as a basis for the development of appropriate standards for the provision of information.

Marketing of games--Take Genshin Impact for example

Genshin impact is an open-world game that was released in September 2020 and has attracted a lot of foreign fans in the months since its launch. It has been included in the list of national key cultural export projects and is a successful case of Chinese cultural export. This article focuses on the capabilities of Genshin Impact's operating company and why the game is so popular with gamers. A game and its company are not perfect, so this article will also mention the problems of game promotion, solutions and suggestions. Now Chinese culture is going to the world, more and more people like Chinese culture and want to know more about Chinese culture. Therefore, this paper also discusses the cultural exchange and cultural transmission in Genshin. Combined with the epidemic situation in the world and considering that many people are unable to travel, this game shows the characteristics of combining culture and travel on the whole.

Debt and Optionality in U.S. LNG Export Projects

U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG) export projects have substantially more spot trading of LNG than traditional projects. While this reduces the debt capacity of the projects, it allows project developers to better exploit many types of real options. Exploiting those options greatly increases the positive skewness of project cash flows. While the modal operating profits for a representative U.S. LNG export project are unlikely to cover fixed costs, interest and taxes at usual leverage ratios, the mean real equity return is likely to be positive. Some quarters could return extremely high profits. Understanding determinants of spot trading of LNG matters because increased spot trading will better integrate global natural gas markets.

Экспорт продукции российского АПК: опыт южно-российских территорий и новые возможности развития

The implementation of the Federal project “Export of agricultural products” strengthens and expands the export potential of the country, contributing to positions’ strengthening in the ranking of the world’s major exporters. Over the past three years, the Russian Federation has risen by three points, taking 17th rank in this aspect. This result was predetermined by the accepted and implemented concepts of agricultural products’ promotion to foreign markets. In turn, they allow us to increase export revenue, implement investment projects, modernize existing sites and open new production lines. The article demonstrates the dynamics of exports of agricultural products, presents the structure and volume of exports of agricultural products by regions of the Southern Federal District, studies the increase in exports. The given statistical indicators of exports of products in the context of industries confirm the expanding potential of the regions of the Southern Federal District. The investment opportunities for the export of agricultural products of Russia were studied; conclusions were drawn about the restriction of the implementation of export projects by small and medium-sized businesses due to the lack of financial resources. It is of interest to create a concept of a national distributor of agro-industrial complex products, contributing to the expansion of exports in target markets and entering new ones. Solving the current problems of prospective exporters (insufficient experience in organizing the process of deliveries to retail chains, lack of connections and contacts with foreign buyers, barriers in finding appropriate foreign partners, high logistics costs (mainly when shipping batches of trial products), a fairly low level of marketing support and expertise in promotion) will also be included in the main tasks of the national distributor. Realizing the importance in the development of such a mechanism, the task of the state is to expand financial support measures for enterprises involved in the promotion of agricultural products in this way.

Analysis of the first onshore wind farm installation near the Morocco-United Kingdom green energy export project

Morocco put an enthusiastic plan aim to develop its energy resources to meet the expanding local demand each year. Morocco's vision for 2030 gives a central role to the development of renewable energies in the light of increasing the investment in clean energy by reducing the reliance on oil and its derivatives. This article analyzes the wind energy potential in the Tiznit province with 24-years wind speed data at a height of 10 m using two-parameter Weibull distribution with the intention of developing this desert region that suffers from long dry seasons and poor developed energy resources. The choice of this province is justified by the benefit of the inauguration of a large renewable energy project, between Morocco and the United Kingdom, for the export of green energy using four subsea cables HVDC, each 3800 km long. This cable will follow the shallow water route from the Moroccan site (Guelmim-Oued Noun) to a grid location in Great Britain (Alverdiscott in Devon), passing through Spain, Portugal and France. The main advantage of this location is a significant reduction in maintenance costs and other costs associated with wind energy in the region. The results proved that the development of the onshore wind sector in the Tiznit province is beneficial. Wind speed and energy density were calculated on a monthly average. The performance indicators used in the analysis showed that the VESTAS V82-0.9 MW-70 m wind turbine, among the four technologies selected, provided the best capacity factor of 36.91 % and an annual power production of 3.0 GWh. Based on the Present Value Cost method, the economics aspects was discussed. As a result, the production cost in the Tiznit province for one kWh is 3.8 US cent.

Providing Export Credit Support Right: Consequences for Public Budgets

This analysis tries to address the problem of the insufficiency of premium rates used by export credit agencies. This paper aims to answer why and how states should run agencies that may create losses. We see that each supported exporter brings some other benefits to the public budget, and we try to propose how it could be measured. This paper therefore focuses on benefits and costs of the domestic economy. This analysis aims to develop a model that calculates the impacts of each supported export project. The results must be comparable between projects so that projects can be ranked and decisions made on which ones should receive support under current capacity restraints. The current state of knowledge has been analysed, and little attention has been paid to this microeconomic area of export support. The model structure also helps us understand why governments tend to maintain export credit agencies even though they may be temporarily loss-making.

Greenhouse Gas Estimates of LNG Exports Must Include Global Market Effects.

We conduct a consequential lifecycle analysis (LCA) of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from North American liquefied natural gas (LNG) export projects, estimating the change in global natural gas and coal use resulting from the market effects of increased LNG trade. We estimate that building a 2.1 billion cubic feet per day (Bcfd) LNG export facility, equivalent to one of the larger LNG projects under development in the US today, will change global GHG emissions -39 to 11 Mt CO2e (90% range) with a median value of -8 Mt CO2e. Previous attributional LCA methods for electricity generation with LNG replacing coal find a much larger benefit of LNG exports, a median value of -36 Mt CO2e for this size project. The smaller decrease in GHGs is attributable to higher domestic coal use and a smaller decrease in international coal use than assumed by previous methods. Net global emission change estimates are most sensitive to the uncertainty in economic elasticities outside of North America. Given the scale of planned and proposed LNG export terminals, project regulators and policymakers must account for market effects to more accurately estimate the global net change in GHG emissions.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CORN MARKETS IN TURKEY AND THE NETHERLANDS TO DETERMINE THE COUNTRY OF IMPORT OF UKRAINIAN PRODUCTS

This paper presents a method of study and comparison of the markets of two countries – potential trading partners, which can be used by Ukrainian small and medium-sized businesses in the export decision-making process. The domestic markets of Turkey and the Netherlands were selected for a detailed study. The countries were selected based on data from the Kherson Regional Statistics Office, which shows the largest volumes of corn export in the EU region – to the Netherlands, in the Asian region – to Turkey. Corn was chosen because Ukraine ranks fourth in the ranking of world exporters of this product, and the growing demand in the world market for corn grain has been an impetus for national producers to increase production. The Trade Map tool was used to analyze the state of export and import operations in the global corn market. As a result of the study, several market characteristics were determined for both countries. They are the number of partner countries; the list of top 5 countries-importers of corn; the amount of import in 2020; market share of Ukrainian corn; market concentration (calculated based on the Herfindahl-Hirschman index); the price per ton of Ukrainian corn and competing countries; average duties, quotas; phytosanitary norms; means of protection of the internal market. On the example of a hypothetical company, the possibility of implementing a corn export project by an enterprise using the proposals of trading companies is modeled. Comparison of competitive prices and distances allowed choosing the approximate purchase price and the nearest company. A specific division of responsibilities between the seller and the buyer under the FOB in INCOTERMS 2020 has been made. On this basis, the company’s costs as a seller per ton of corn are calculated, which includes the purchase price of corn, loading and unloading, and the railroad transportation tariff. The economic calculations show that the Netherlands is a more attractive market for Ukrainian corn export. The main advantages are the free trade agreement between countries and therefore a zero duty rate, fewer documents to be processed in the export process, long experience of cooperation between countries, higher prices for Ukrainian corn in the Netherlands.

THE CASPIAN REGION: DEVELOPMENT RESULTS AND NEW TRENDS

The Caspian region came into the focus of attention of the Caspian and non-regional states even prior to the collapse of the U.S.S.R. The increased global attention to this region was associated with the presence of proven and potential reserves of hydrocarbon resources, which increased the region’s geopolitical significance. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Caspian region found itself in the center of geopolitical rivalry. From that time on, the subject of energy acquired a new meaning in the Caspian region. Western oil and gas companies and government agencies began to demonstrate an increased interest in the hydrocarbon resources of the Caspian region. Moreover, for decades the West has maintained a close focus on the Eurasian space, in particular, on the problems associated with the production and transportation of hydrocarbon resources. The most acute geopolitical standoff occurred between Russia and the United States, which supported various pipeline projects. For Russia, the key task was to preserve its regional dominance, which had been growing over the course of several centuries. The United States supported the geopolitical turn of the new Caspian states, advocating the creation of new hydrocarbon supply routes that would bypass Russian territory. The key task for the Caspian states was to increase hydrocarbon production and provide reliable routes for their export to foreign markets. Based on these goals, the Caspian states built their own foreign policy, including intraregional policy. Thirty years later, the results of geopolitical rivalry are visible. The Caspian countries, which rely on financial resources and political support from non-regional actors, have implemented large-scale hydrocarbon export projects. The new pipeline architecture has changed the balance of power in the Caspian region, increasing the involvement of the Caspian states in the energy policy of Turkey, China, and the EU. At the same time, the regional states have managed to solve the problem of the international legal status of the Caspian Sea in a five-sided format. A new trend of the last decade has involved projects related to the construction of coastal infrastructure and expansion of shipping. The Caspian countries are growing increasingly more interested in participating in international transport projects, considering them as an important component of their foreign policy. Despite the attained agreements and solutions to key problems, competition between the Caspian states, which is greatly influenced by non-regional actors, is intensifying.

Identification of Breakout Behind Casing: Methodology to Obtain Openhole-Equivalent Caliper Measurements Through Slotted Liner Using the Density Tool

Growth in the coal seam gas industry in Queensland, Australia, has been rapid over the past 15 years, with greater than USD 70 billion invested in three liquified natural gas export projects supplied by produced coal seam gas. Annual production is of the order of 40 Bscm or 1,500 PJ, with approximately 80% of this coming from the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures of the Surat Basin and 20% from the Permian Coal Measures of the Bowen Basin. The Walloon Coal Measures are characterized by multiple thin coal seams making up approximately 10% of the total thickness of the unit. A typical well intersects 10 to 20 m of net coal over a 200- to 300-m interval, interbedded with lithic-rich sandstones, siltstones, and carbonaceous mudstones. The presence of such a significant section of lithic interburden within the primary production section has led to a somewhat unusual completion strategy. To maximize connection to the gas-bearing coals, uncemented slotted liners are used; however, this leaves fluid-sensitive interburden exposed to drilling, completion, and produced formation fluids over the life of a well. External swellable packers and blank joints are therefore used to isolate larger intervals of interburden and hence minimize fines production. Despite these efforts, significant fines production still occurs, which leads to the failure of artificial lift systems and the need for expensive workovers or lost wells. Fines production has major economic implications, with anecdotal reports suggesting up to 40% of progressive cavity pump artificial lift systems in Walloon Coal Measures producers may be down at any one time. The first step in solving this problem is to identify the extent and distribution of fines production. The wellbore completion strategy above, however, precludes the use of mechanical calipers to identify fines-production-related wellbore enlargement. A new caliper-behind-liner technique has therefore been developed using a multiple-detector density tool. Data from the shorter-spacing detectors are used to characterize the properties of the liner as well as the density of the annular material. This is particularly important to evaluate as the annulus fill varies between gas, formation water, drilling and completion fluids, and accumulated fines. The longer-spacing detector measurements are then used in conjunction with pre-existing openhole formation density measurements to determine the thickness of the annulus, and hence hole size, compensating for liner and annulus properties.

State support of export for enterprises of the medical and pharmaceutical industry

The pharmaceutical and medical industries of Russia are socially significant and high-tech industries that have great potential for the development of non-primary exports. This paper examines the existing measures of state support for the development of the export potential of Russian manufacturers of medicines and medical devices, including measures provided for by the national projects “Health”, “International Cooperation and Export” and the strategy “Pharma-2030”. The relevance of the study is caused by the necessity to achieve national development goals, which include improving the quality and life expectancy of the country’s population as well. Recommendations are also formulated for the implementation of export projects, taking into account the industry specifics.

Перспективы газогидратных технологий на рынке морских перевозок природного газа

The article considers the modern problems and prospects of the development of technologies of transporting the natural gas by sea due to the fact that gas hydrate deposits are found on the bottom of Lake Baikal, the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea and the Okhotsk Sea. It has been stated that despite the proved gas hydrate deposits the fields have not been explored yet. Introducing the technology for transporting gas by sea in gas hydrate form is being substantiated. Comparative analysis of LNG, CNG and NGH technologies for sea transportation of natural gas proved that the transport component of the NGH technological chain has significant advantages over LNG and CNG technologies. The process of converting thermal energy of the ocean has been proposed to use for increasing the energy efficiency of methane production from subsea gas hydrate deposits in the gas hydrate cycle, which can save 10-15% of the produced methane for electricity generation. A schematic and technological solution of a gas production complex is presented, according to which carbon dioxide is introduced into the gas hydrate layer to extract methane from gas hydrates. To improve the kinetics of replacing methane with carbon dioxide in gas hydrates it is proposed to recycle a portion of CO2. Due to the specific and diversified geographic, economic, political and other conditions the conventional technologies for pipeline transportation of gas and LNG cannot fully meet the requirements of gas export and production projects. It has been inferred that NGH technology is most suitable for solving the problem of diversifying natural gas supplies from the Arctic regions, the Black Sea and in the development of offshore gas and oil fields.

Community Participation and Performance of Fruit Export Project in Rwanda: A Case of NAEB Fruit Project

Community Participation and Performance of Fruit Export Project in Rwanda: A Case of NAEB Fruit Project

Nuclear power in Russia’s national projects

Population supports the need for switching to green power, which is most often understood to mean the use of solar and wind energy. It would be however a mistake to think that solar and wind power plants will solve in full the problem of uninterrupted power supply for all sectors of economy due to the instability of generation modes and the scale of such energy production. Experts suggest that the only possible way to address global energy and environmental issues is further evolution of nuclear power. Nuclear power is not listed explicitly as a national priority project but it is a component of the Science national project and is expected to contribute to the implementation of the Ecology, Education, and International Cooperation and Export projects. In the context of the Ecology project, nuclear power is capable to play a key role in preventing environmental contamination. In the framework of the International Cooperation and Export project, it is possible to export high-technology fast neutron reactors. The experience of interaction with the interested public, and the developed and implemented occupational training programs will provide for the shaping of radiological literacy among young people as part of the Education project.

The Impact of Investments on the Development of the Industrial Sector in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq During the Period (2010-2017)

This research aims to know the impact of investments on the development of the industrial sector in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. In order to achieve the research aim, the reality of investments and the extent of the contribution on the impact of existing investments in the industrial sector have analyzed. The research presented the possible ways, mechanisms, and procedures to develop the industrial sector. The research adopted a descriptive and analytical approach to answer the research questions and determine the impact of investments on the industrial sector. It reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: The industrial sector in the Kurdistan region is one of the most important economic sectors because it enjoys appropriate economic resources which assist the sector to develop and grow, where the governorate of Sulaymaniyah is considered as the first rank in terms of the size of invested capital for establishing industrial plants. Finally, the research suggested a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: Rationalizing tax incentives to attract more investments by focusing on directing investments towards productive projects, especially export projects As well as working to use the resources in the region that have not been used so far because there are no industrial companies in this field, in order to diversify industrial products.

Methods for Improving Efficiency of the Innovative Logistics System

The article studies factors that complicate the development of Russian export-oriented companies. The purpose of the current research is to create an innovative macro-logistics system to increase the traffic of export-oriented companies. The article describes an innovative algorithm for the interaction of export delivery counterparties that involves various modes of transport, foreign trade payment methods, costs and time under the Incoterms rules. Counterparties can choose any optimal delivery option. This algorithm provides export-oriented companies with an opportunity to find a balance between contract costs and benefits taking into account the time factor. An innovative logistic method has been developed for calculating delivery costs under the Incoterms rules. It accounts for bank guarantees and insurance, various modes of transport and short-term lending methods. The research results allow export-oriented companies to choose optimal delivery terms taking into account most of the key factors of the logistics strategy. The conclusions drawn can be used when implementing various export projects that solve urgent problems of optimization of logistics strategies and contribute to the entry into new markets.