Export Operations Research Articles

The African Cooperation within Egypt-Sudan using Multimodal Transportation: Systematic Review Paper

Purpose: Investigating the advancements and implementation facilities required in Egypt and Sudan in terms of Multimodal transport to maximize Egypt's economic gains within the footprints of the agreements between the two nations and African cooperatives. To strike a balance between social, economic, and environmental concerns, the Egyptian government prioritizes transportation projects as part of its ambitious objective of providing and integrating varied transportation networks and technologies.
 Methodology: Conducting a comprehensive, systematic literature review of 55 published studies in order to compile the most significant published papers matching the research keywords, supporting the theoretical contributions of the research and the previous researchers' recommendations for the subsequent studies, by assessing primary data collected through semi-structured interviews with Egyptian and African transport authority officials.
 Results: It has been shown that too few research studies have used the river connection to disrupt commerce flow in order to examine multimodal transportation. There has also been no further inquiry into the border terminals and route networks between Egypt and Sudan that might help in the enhancement of the countries' import and export operations, notably the upgrading and modernization of ports in Nile Basin countries, despite the fact that increased activities, services, and hubs might help both countries' transportation networks, seaports and logistics networks surrounded by Africa.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practices: The research provides an original contribution to the literature by identifying the impact of cooperation in terms of transport sector by improving inter-modality services and logistics services between the two countries. A network of highways linking Egypt and Sudan will gain better benefits using data from real investigations and theoretical models established by the researcher, but it will need considerable exploration and actuality.

Стейкхолдерский подход к развитию внешней торговли сельскохозяйственной продукцией (на примере Вьетнама)

The article substantiates the expediency of Vietnam's application of a stakeholder approach to the development of foreign trade in agricultural products, which forms the basis of export operations. The direct interest of the state in increasing turnover stimulates the public administration sector to look for new approaches to expand international exchange opportunities. The author structured the stakeholders with whom Vietnam interacts in the process of foreign trade in agricultural products, identified stakeholders with direct and indirect interest. The use of a stakeholder approach can become one of the effective tools for achieving strategic goals.

Impacts of COVID-19 on the Food Supply Chain for Arable Crops in Latvia

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented stress to food supply chains, pointing to weaknesses in the labour, processing, transport and logistics spheres, as well as significant changes in demand. Food supply chains have shown considerable resilience in the face of such stress. Monitoring of the food sector during the COVID-19 pandemic indicates that the effects of COVID-19 on food supply, demand and access are interlinked processes and have a complex impact on food systems. In addition, high-value food supply chains in developed countries are even more complex, so countries need to respond quickly to restore them and also develop mechanisms that balance business and public interests and protect farmers and food business workers during future potential pandemic crises. The research aims to identify the main demand and supply side factors that affect the resilience of local and global food supply chains during the COVID-19 crisis, as well as assess the resilience of the supply chain for arable crops during the COVID-19 crisis in Latvia, identifying the main risk factors. The research found that arable crop farmers were relatively less affected by the COVID-19 crisis than other agricultural employees. The impact of the crisis was larger on the crop processing industry than on the other industries, and the main risk factors related to changes in demand and the industry’s dependence on imported raw materials and the successful operation of export markets. Based on an in-depth risk analysis, the research developed recommendations for policy makers and actors in the agri-food chain that would improve the resilience of local (domestic) participants of the arable crop food supply chain in Latvia.

A Novel Artificial Multiple Intelligence System (AMIS) for Agricultural Product Transborder Logistics Network Design in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS)

In recent years, agriculture products have contributed to 28.75% of Thailand’s GDP. China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam are the main markets for agricultural products. The annual export volume exceeds 119,222 million THB. The majority of them are shipped over Thailand’s land borders to its neighbors. Small and medium-sized farmers make up more than 85% of those who produce agricultural items. Numerous scholars have studied the transportation methods used by the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) nations along the economic corridor, but the majority of them have concentrated on import–export operations involving sizable firms, which are not applicable to the transportation of agricultural products, particularly when attention is paid to small and medium-sized farmers. In this study, mixed-integer programming (MIP) is presented to design an agricultural product logistics network. In order to prolong the lifespan of the container used, the MIP’s primary goal is to maximize the total chain profit while maintaining the lowest container usage possible. The approach was developed to increase small and medium-sized farmers’ ability to compete. Small and medium-sized farmers bring their products to an agricultural product collecting center, also known as a container loading facility. After that, skilled logistics companies distribute the goods. In order to convey the goods to the final clients in neighboring nations, the proper locations of the containing loading centers, the correct transportation option and the borders must be decided. The issue was identified as multi-echelon location–allocation sizing (MELLS), an NP-hard problem that cannot be handled in an efficient manner. To solve a real-world problem, however, efficient techniques must be supplied. AMIS, an artificial multiple intelligence system, was created to address the suggested issue. AMIS was developed with the goal of leveraging a variety of methods for local search and development. There are several well-known heuristics techniques employed in the literature, including the genetic algorithm (GA) and the differential evolution algorithm (DE). With respect to the improved solutions obtained, the computational results show that AMIS exceeds the present heuristics, outperforming DE and GA by 9.34% and 10.95%, respectively. Additionally, the system’s farmers made a total of 15,236,832 THB in profit, with an average profit per container of 317,434 THB and an average profit per farmer of 92,344.44 THB per crop. The container loading center uses 48 containers, with a 5.33 container average per container loading center (CLC). The farmers’ annual revenues were previously less than 88,402 THB per family per year, so we can predict that the new network may increase customers’ annual income by 4.459% for each crop.

The Export Operation Mode and Optimization Strategy of Crossborder e-Commerce Enterprises Integrating Data Mining Algorithms

With the advent of the crossborder e-commerce (CE) boom, more and more traditional enterprises have transformed into the field of crossborder e-commerce. It has become a new outlet for enterprises in the international trade environment, and at the same time, it has some problems in the utilization of resources and the maximization of benefits. In response to this problem, it is very important to optimize the export operation model of crossborder e-commerce enterprises (CEE). With the development of intelligent algorithms, research on the application of intelligent algorithms to the economic field has gradually been carried out. Its characteristics and advantages are of great significance to the optimization of CEE export operation mode. The purpose of this paper is to study the CEE export operation mode and optimization strategy based on data mining algorithm (DMA). Through the analysis and research of DMA, it can be applied to the optimization of CEE export operation mode to cope with the world trade in the new environment. This paper explains the basic theory of DMA and CEE export operation mode. Its effect is experimentally analyzed, and the relevant theoretical formulas are used to explain. The results show that the comprehensive trade quality index of the CEE export operation mode integrating DMA is higher, and the adaptability is stronger. Compared with the traditional operating model, the difference between the two indices is 3.175 index points. It has guiding significance in terms of CEE export operation mode and optimization strategy.

UKRAINE’S EXPORTS IN CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL LAW: PROBLEMS AND WAYS OF SOLUTION

Introduction. Russia’s full-scale military aggression against Ukraine is accompanied by the total destruction of the national economy due to the destruction of production and logistics infrastructure, existing economic ties, and the blocking of exports. Therefore, ways to solve Ukraine's export problems under martial law need thorough research. Methods. A number of methods were used in the course of the research. Comparative analysis was used to compare exports of goods before and after the war; the monographic method was used in the review of government policy on regulating the export of a number of agricultural products of Ukraine, as well as customs clearance of exports of goods; dialectical, abstract and logical methods were used to substantiate the conclusions. Results. The scale of losses in Ukraine’s economy caused by the blockade of export operations as a result of Russia’s full-scale aggression were analysed in the article. The risks of the global food crisis and global famine due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine were outlined. Alternative corridors for the export of Ukrainian products were identified. The government’s policy on regulating the export of a number of agricultural products in order to prevent the food crisis directly in Ukraine and meet the consumer needs of the population, as well as customs clearance of exports of goods were reviewed. Measures to support Ukraine’s foreign economic activity by partner countries and the EU were highlighted. Discussion. Prospects for further research in this area are to further substantiate the possibilities of restoring Ukraine’s export potential. Keywords: export, martial law, agricultural products, world food crisis, export regulation, logistics chains.

BUSINESS AUDITS IN UKRAINE DURING WARTIME AND QUARANTINE RESTRICTIONS

Abstract. The article reveals the specifics of conducting business tax audits by controlling bodies. Tax audit is a form of control carried out by authorized control bodies and institutions of state power to ensure compliance by natural and/or legal entities – taxpayers – with tax legislation. The Tax Code of Ukraine (TCU) distinguishes between three types of inspections: cameral audits, factual audits, documentary audits. It is emphasized that starting from March 18, 2020, there is a ban on conducting tax audits in Ukraine – both during quarantine and during martial law – but with a number of exceptions. With the beginning of the war, a number of changes were made to the Tax Code of Ukraine and some legislative acts of Ukraine regarding the administration of certain taxes during the period of martial law. There are a lot of innovations, in particular, regarding the conduct of tax audits, which require thorough study and analysis. The changes that were made during the first five months of martial law to the Tax Code of Ukraine by separate legislative acts were analyzed. The first «wartime» law extended the quarantine moratorium on tax audits under martial law conditions, and the next four laws made corresponding changes to the TCU, introducing some exceptions to the moratorium on certain types of tax audits. Thus, during the period of martial law on the territory of Ukraine, tax audits are not getting started, and the audits that have started are being stopped. The exceptions are cameral and factual audits, as well as documentary unscheduled audits, which are carried out at the request of the taxpayer and/or for reasons, and/ or documentary unscheduled audits of taxpayers, for which tax information was obtained, which indicates that the taxpayer has violated currency legislation in terms of compliance with deadlines for receipt of goods for import operations and/or foreign exchange earnings for export operations. Keywords: tax control, tax audits, cameral audits, factual audits, documentary audits, martial law, quarantine restrictions.

Development of strategic alliances between Russia and Hungary in the field of pharmaceuticals

The development of strategic alliances between Russian and foreign pharmaceutical companies allows not only to introduce biotechnologies in the domestic market, but also to strengthen the policy of import substitution and increase export volumes. That is why it is important to support the creation and functioning of strategic alliances at the state level. The purpose of this article is to study the creation and development of strategic alliances between Russia and Hungary, paying attention to the formation of alliances in the field of pharmaceuticals. In order to achieve this goal, the indicators of export-import operations between Russia and Hungary in the field of “pharmaceutical products”, as well as the main strategic alliances operating between the two countries were considered. It is assumed that the development of Russian-Hungarian strategic alliances in the field of pharmaceuticals with localization of production will help to achieve the goals of the import substitution policy in the field of drug production, as well as to intensify export operations. To test this hypothesis, documents published in the public domain were analyzed, including statistical data on export-import operations in the pharmaceutical market between Russia and Hungary. In general, it was proved that at the present stage of development of the pharmaceutical market of the Russian Federation, it is important to support the creation and functioning of strategic alliances, which will strengthen Russian positions not only in the domestic market, but also in the international market. Thus, the Russian Federation should actively develop and support the development of localized strategic alliances using various methods, which will increase the share of domestic biotechnologies and ensure their export.

THE INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION ASPECTS ON OPEC MEMBER COUNTRIES’ EXPORT OPERATIONS

Modern resource markets are globalized, which gives significant advantages to countries that own these resources. The proceeds from the sale of resources to global markets can serve as a financial phase for the implementation of important government development programs for a country. The paper examines the influence of the economic and political aspects of globalization on the export operations of the OPEC and OPEC+ member countries. A statistical study of the dependence of export volume dynamics on the KOF Globalization Index and its components was carried out, which made it possible to quantitatively assess the impact of political and economic globalization on OPEC countries’ exports by developing a mathematical model that would describe the relationship of these indicators. The OPEC and OPEC+ countries were grouped depending on those components of the globalization indicator that affect export volumes, that is, according to the level of countries’ involvement in globalization.

Офшорні юрисдикції як інструмент мінімізації податкового навантаження

The importance of offshore jurisdictions as a tool to minimize the tax burden is researched in the article. The main reasons for the emergence and development of offshore zones, which include money laundering, reducing tax pressure, protection and increase of assets, optimization of transaction costs, lack of bureaucracy and over-regulation, risk management are analyzed. Thus, the main purpose of the emergence and development of offshore jurisdictions is a certain disagreement between the state, which seeks to fully control the financial situation within national borders, and citizens who do not want to be controlled and give their profits in the form of taxes. Offshore jurisdictions are also a tool for shading the state's economy. It was found out that the use of offshore schemes has a negative impact on the state economy, in particular through tax evasion leads to reduced fiscal flows, deteriorating economic environment, negative macroeconomic consequences, including balance of payments distortion, withdrawal of capital, additional pressure on the exchange rate, deepening corruption schemes. It is established that one of the reasons for the popularity and spread of offshore is favorable conditions for investment and business development. Part of the capital withdrawn from the country is later returned in the form of foreign investment. Such investments in the modern economy are called «round-trip» investments. A number of measures have been proposed to combat the minimization and optimization of taxation and tax evasion, the use of offshore zones, in particular, the control of transfer pricing; providing conditions for coverage of real financial results by business entities; regulation of offshore jurisdictions at the legislative level, improvement and compliance with current tax legislation; control over intentional distortion or change of information on the tax base; exercising control over the conduct of export operations with the use of intermediaries, which are companies located in offshore zones; identification and liquidation of affiliated companies, branches, which are registered in offshore jurisdictions

Machine Learning- and Feature Selection-Enabled Framework for Accurate Crop Yield Prediction

Agriculture is crucial for the existence of humankind. Agriculture provides a significant portion of the income for many people all around the world. Additionally, it provides a large number of work possibilities for the general public. Numerous farmers desire for a return to the old-fashioned techniques of farming, which provides little profit in today’s market. Long-term economic growth and prosperity are dependent on the success of agriculture and associated companies in the United States. Agribusiness crop yields may be increased by carefully selecting the right crops and putting in place supportive infrastructure. Weather, soil fertility, water availability, water quality, crop pricing, and other factors are taken into consideration while making agricultural predictions. Machine learning is critical in crop production prediction because it can anticipate crop output based on factors such as location, meteorological conditions, and season. It is advantageous for policymakers and farmers alike to be able to precisely estimate crop yields throughout the growing season since it allows them to anticipate market prices, plan import and export operations, and limit the social cost of crop losses. The use of this tool assists farmers in making informed decisions about which crops to grow on their land. In this study, a machine learning framework for agricultural yield prediction is presented. Crop information is collected in an experiment’s data set. Then, feature selection is performed using the Relief algorithm. Features are extracted using the linear discriminant analysis algorithm. Machine learning predictors, namely, particle swarm optimization-support vector machine (PSO-SVM), K-nearest neighbor, and random forest, are used for classification.

DEVELOPMENT OF RESPONSIBLE PRACTICES OF ENTERPRISE AND PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT IN THE OIL INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE

Topicality. The publication is devoted to the areas of corporate social development in the processes of production management and personnel relations. The relevance of the article is justified by the fact that national production is in a state of convergence of directions of development of the manufacturing sector with the strategies and processes taking place in the European economic space. Aim and tasks. The main challenge for national governments, supranational regulators is the formation of a food security system for both national and global society. The rapid growth of the world's population encourages consideration of trends in export and domestic production opportunities in this perspective, as 9 billion people are expected to live on Earth by 2050. So far, the demand for food is expected to double, including the demand for oilseeds. This encourages the assessment of the possibility of increasing the production of oil and fat industry, taking into account the potential increase in demand. Materials and methods. In the process of preparing the material of the article were used materials of own research, analytical statistics, publications of leading practitioners and scientists. The following research methods were also used: monographic (for comprehensive and in-depth study of individual phenomena, processes and identification of causal links of their development), system (consists in studies of certain objects as complex systems), statistical (when working with statistical information and analytical calculations). Research results. Based on the analysis, the main directions of further development of the national oil and fat industry are identified, which are to strengthen export orientation and increase sales of oil oils in traditional (EU, Arab countries, India) and new areas (China and USA). The study revealed that in the national oil and fat industry continues to increase capacity for processing, storage and logistics of export operations. Issues of further development and prospects of the national oil and fat industry, as well as problems related to its effective functioning in the deep economic crisis, the introduction of advanced technologies that increase profitability and minimize losses in production, improve the quality of finished products to expand markets In European countries, modern scientific publications are devoted to modern methods of quality control at all stages of the technological process, reform of technical regulation and new aspects of standardization. Scientific controversy continues between supporters of economic performance and supporters of maintaining soil productivity. Conclusion. It was found that the most appropriate for the development of the market for processing sunflower seeds are: compliance with EU Regulations and traceability procedures, which increases the possibility of selling products at reasonable prices, introduction of organic production, increasing the competitiveness of processing plants, more active implementation of European social responsibility practices. relations and formation of relations with the staff.

IMPORT EXPORT OPERATIONS: ACCOUNTING AND TAX ASPECTS

IMPORT EXPORT OPERATIONS: ACCOUNTING AND TAX ASPECTS

Wool smuggling from England's eastern seaboard,c. 1337–45: An illicit economy in the late middle ages

AbstractThe medieval English wool trade was a commercial activity of huge economic importance. The historiography of the medieval wool trade, however, has focused overwhelmingly on its legitimate side. This article uses the evidence of legal proceedings prosecuted in the royal courts to provide the first detailed account of wool smuggling in the fourteenth century, a time of heavy governmental regulation and hugely increased taxation. It demonstrates that a substantial number of merchants responded to these challenges by participating in a flourishing trade in smuggled wool which was considered a serious threat to crown fiscality. In particular, the article explores how smaller‐scale smuggling took place along under‐regulated areas of coastline away from customs ports; how major export operations were able to smuggle wool through the customs system itself; and how concerns over smuggling influenced a series of administrative reforms designed to improve the efficiency of commercial regulation.

Procedure for VAT taxation of export operations

Procedure for VAT taxation of export operations

Specific Features of Transboundary Movement of Intellectual Property Items in the EAEU

The article studies a problem, which has not previously been explored in the Russian legal science and it relates to the specific features of legal protection of intellectual property items in transboundary movement in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It evaluates the process and prospects for the development of a common intellectual property market within the EAEU, highlights the features and problems arising in the process of declaring and controlling intellectual property items in export and import operations, and the difficulty of determining the amount of customs payment. The conclusions define promising trends of legislative development in the field of intellectual property protection in transboundary movement. Protection of intellectual property rights, civil and customs law, tax and non-tax payments, counterfeit, parallel import, customs register

ІНСТИТУЦІЙНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ РОЗВИТКУ ЕКСПОРТНОГО БІЗНЕСУ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

The article reveals the state and features of institutional support for the development of Ukraine's export business under martial law. The aim of the article is to identify the status, features and mechanisms of institutional support for the functioning of export business in Ukraine under martial law and post-war development of the domestic economy. The directions and forms of activity of key state institutions to promote export activities of Ukrainian economic entities in the conditions of military aggression are characterized. The use of financial instruments for exporters by the Export Credit Agency of Ukraine is described. which It enables allow export on terms of deferment or installments, and creates the possibilities to get to obtain an export loan in conditions of absence or lack of security, to obtain a bank guarantee for the performance of an export loan, and accordingly to work safely with new foreign markets. Current instruments contribute to the adaptation and transformation of domestic business activities in the context of becoming export-oriented. The need to expand the instruments of financing, crediting and insurance of export operations and contracts in the conditions of growing political, commercial, market, currency, investment and other risks is substantiated. Aspects of institutional support of business entities of Ukraine in the context of attracting foreign investment are determined for the implementation of the economic recovery program of Ukraine. The problems and areas of activity of the export business of Ukraine in the conditions of war, which require strengthening of institutional support, have been identified. It is proposed to expand the forms and tools of activity of the state institutions of Ukraine to promote the development of export business based on the study of world experience.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ УГЛУБЛЕНИЯ ТОРГОВО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА РЕГИОНОВ РОССИИ И БЕЛАРУСИ

One of the main directions of economic development within the framework of the Union State is the expansion of cooperation between Russia and Belarus in the trade and economic sphere at the regional level. The article provides a statistical analysis of the macroeconomic parameters of the trade and economic potential of the Mogilev region, which made it possible to assess the contribution of the Mogilev region to the macroeconomic indicators for the foreign trade activity of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation; to identify the proportions of the share of exports / imports in gross domestic product and gross regional product; to present trends in exports, imports, and the foreign trade balance in the whole region, including within the framework of the region’s cooperation with the Russian Federation. The analytical block of the geography of the foreign trade turnover of the Mogilev region with an emphasis on trade and economic turnover with the regions of the Russian Federation is relevant. There was a decrease in the share of export operations in the system of the trade and economic cooperation of the Union State countries and a corresponding increase in the share of imports, which requires studying the commodity structure of foreign trade turnover with entry into the position of import substitution within the framework of the strategy for sustainable development of the Mogilev region. An assessment of the risk and need for diversification was carried out in the study based on the results of statistical analysis of the concentration level of exports and imports of the Mogilev region by country for 2016–2019. The characteristics of the contribution of small, medium and microorganisms in the foreign economic turnover of the Mogilev region are briefly presented. The article analyzes the structural dynamics of exports / imports of the Mogilev region in the context of enlarged groups of goods, as well as the commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activity. The exporting enterprises with the largest export capacity of the region are identified. Following the results of the study, the authors generalize main proportions and trends of trade and economic cooperation, and worked out promising directions for the development of the trade and economic potential of the Mogilev region with an emphasis on the border areas of Russia and Belarus

Конкурентоспособность экспорта высоких технологий российских предприятий малого и среднего бизнеса

The relevance of the article lies in the need to identify the competitive advantages of Russian small and medium-sized enterprises in the foreign markets of high-tech products as conductors of domestic goods abroad in the context of tightening Western sanctions. The subject of the study is approaches to establishing the competitiveness of exports of high—tech products of Russian small and medium-sized enterprises. The purpose of the work is to establish the main types of economic activities in which Russian small and medium—sized enterprises have competitive advantages and are able to compete with foreign analogues. The results of the study are presented, which make it possible to identify the structure of the necessary grant support for Russian small and medium-sized enterprises to enter the foreign market. Based on the methods of economic-statistical, comparative and graphical analysis, it has been established that the essential problem of supporting and financing the export activities of Russian small and medium-sized enterprises is not so much the lack of assistance provided by the state, as the undeveloped capital structure of organizations, distortions in the assessment of the current market value and capitalization in the case of initial public offerings. Based on the data obtained on the export operations of Russian small and medium-sized enterprises in the regional context, it is proved that during the period under review, state aid was concentrated in the leading most developed settlements of the Russian Federation. It is concluded that in order to stimulate the export of high-tech products of Russian small and medium-sized enterprises, it is necessary to diversify the regional financing system, attract exchange resources and external financing through initial public offerings, as well as balance the real value of material and intellectual assets of enterprises with their current market value..

Формирование национальной экспортной политики в аграрной сфере экономики как один из основных факторов ее развития

The necessity of forming a national export policy in the agricultural sector of the economy is revealed. At this historical stage, a sharp tightening of economic, political and financial sanctions against our country will lead to significant changes in the conditions for the development of its agricultural sector of the economy and export potential, for reliable food security. In such a situation, not only will a number of additional difficulties of an internal and external nature arise, but also new opportunities will appear to overcome or mitigate them. The development of exports of food products and agricultural raw materials should not undermine the domestic agro-food market, disrupt the food supply system of the country and its individual regions, the formation of insurance funds and state reserves. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the effective demand and improvement of the nutrition structure of the population, the most likely fluctuations in agricultural production in the country and the conjuncture of the world agro-food market, the improvement of export operations with agricultural and food products. The national export policy in the agricultural sector of the economy should not only rely on the modern state agrarian policy, but also specify its individual positions related to foreign economic activity. Such an approach will have a significant positive impact on the agricultural sector and the country’s economy, its economic and geopolitical situation, and will make a worthy contribution to solving the world food problem, which will only worsen in the near future.